Effects of Thymol and Carvacrol on Productive Performance, Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Certain Blood Metabolites in Heat Stressed Broilers

الموضوعات :

ح. سعادت شاد ¹ ( Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran )
م. مظهری ² ( Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran )
ا.ع. اسماعیلی‪پور ³ ( Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran )
ح. خسروی‪نیا ⁴ ( Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Lorestan, Iran )

تاريخ الإرسال : 07 الأحد , رجب, 1436 تاريخ التأكيد : 28 الإثنين , شعبان, 1436 تاريخ الإصدار : 21 الثلاثاء , جمادى الأولى, 1437

الکلمات المفتاحية: Stress, Essential Oil, lymphocyte, heterophil, Glutathione peroxidase,

ملخص المقالة :

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of thymol and carvacrol supplementation on performance, immune response, antioxidant enzyme activity and blood parameters of heat stressed broilers. Broilers were fed with commercial diet till 25 d of age, then they were allocated to a completely randomized design with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement with 6 treatments including 3 levels of carvacrol (0, 300 and 500 mg/kg of diet) and 2 levels of thymol (0 and 250 mg/kg of diet) in 4 replicates of 9 birds each. To induce heat stress, diurnal cyclic temperature at 35 ˚C for 8 h from 09:00 h to 17:00 h, were used from 26 day of age until the end of the experiment. Dietary carvacrol did not affect performance parameters of broilers but feeding 250 mg/kg thymol increased body weight gainand decreased feed conversion ratio by 6 and 4%, respectively (P<0.05). Red and white blood cells, hematocrit and hemoglobin were not influenced by treatments, but heterophile and heterophile to lymphocyte ratio decreased in the birds fed on thymol- and carvacrol- added diets (P<0.05). Carvacrol and thymol supplementation decreased (P<0.05) serum cholesterol level but had no effect on triglyceride, low and high density lipoproteins and glucose. Both thymoland carvacrol elevated(P<0.05) serum glutathione peroxidase activity compared to the control group. Carcass and breast percentage were increased (P<0.05) in the birds received thymol-added diet (P<0.05). No carvacrol and thymol effect were observed on relative weight of internal organs in broilers. It was concluded that dietary thymol at an inclusion rate of 250 mg/kg diet might positively modulate the negative effect of heat stress in broiler chickens through improved feed conversion ratio (FCR), increased water intake and antioxidative potential of blood tissue.

المصادر:

Al-Kassie G.A.M. (2009). Influence of two plant extracts derived from thyme and cinnamon on broiler performance. Pakistan Vet. J. 29(4), 169-173.

Altan O., Pabuccuoglu A., Altan A., Konyalioglu S. and Bayraktar H. (2003). Effect of heat stress on oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and some stress parameters in broilers. Br. Poult. Sci. 44, 545-550.

Aviagen. (2007). Ross 308: Broiler Nutrition Specification. Aviagen Inc., Huntsville, Alabama.

Baker F.J. and Silverton R.E. (1985). Introduction to Medical Laboratory Technology. Butterworths, Boston, UK.

Barton T.L. (1996). Relevance of water quality to broiler and turkey performance. Poult. Sci. 75, 854-856.

Basmacioglu H., Baysal S., Misirlioglu Z., Polat M., Yilmaz H. and Turan N. (2010). Effects of oregano essential oil with or without feed enzymes on growth performance, digestive enzyme, nutrient digestibility, lipid metabolism, and immune response of broilers fed on wheat-soybean meal diets. Br. Poult. Sci. 51, 67-80.

Basmacioglu H., Tokusoglu O. and Ergul M. (2004). The effects of oregano and rosemary essential oils or alpha-tocopheryl acetate on performance and lipid oxidation of meat enriched with n-3 PUFAs in broilers. South Africa J. Anim. Sci. 34, 197-210.

Botsoglou N.A., Florou Paneri P., Christaki E., Fletouris D.J. and Spais A.B. (2002). Effect of dietary oregano essential oil on lipid oxidation in raw and cooked chicken during refrigerated storage. Meat Sci. 62, 259-265.

Brenes A. and Roura E. (2010). Essential oils in poultry nutrition: main effects and modes of action. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 158, 1-14.

Bub A., Watzl B., Blockhaus M., Briviba K., Liegibel U., Muller H., Pool-Zobel B.L. and Rechkemmer G. (2003). Fruit juice consumption modulates antioxidative status, immune status and DNA damage. J. Nutr. Biochem. 14, 90-98.

Case G.L., He L., Mo H. and Elson C.E. (1995). Induction of geranyl pyrophosphate pyrophosphatase activity by cholesterol-suppressive isoprenoids. Lipids. 30, 357-359.

Cross D.E., Svoboda K., McDevitt R.M. and Acamovic T. (2003). The performance of chickens fed diets with and without thyme oil and enzymes. Br. Poult. Sci. 44(1), 18-19.

Cross D.E., Mc Devitt R.M., Hillman K. and Acamovic T. (2007). The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, dietary digestibility and gut microflora in chickens from 7 to 28 days of age. Br. Poult. Sci .48, 496-506.

Deyoe C.W., Davies R.E., Krishnan R., Khaund R. and Couch J.R. (1962). Studies on the taste preference of the chick. Poult. Sci. 41, 781-784.

Elliott J.C. and DoverS.D. (1985). X-ray microscopy using computerized axial tomography. J. Microscop. 138(3), 329-331

Elson C.E. (1995). Suppression of mevalonate pathway activities by dietary isoprenoids: protective roles in cancer and cardiovascular disease. J. Nutrition. 125, 1666-1672.

Grizzle J.M., Armbrust T.A., Bryan M.A. and Saxton A.M. (1997). Water quality II: the effect of water nitrate and bacteria on broiler growth performance. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 6, 48-55.

Guenther E. (1949). The Essential Oils. van Nostrand Co., New York.

Hashemipour H., Kermanshahi H., Golian A. and Veldkamp T. (2013). Effect of thymol and carvacrol feed supplementation on performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, fatty acid composition, digestive enzyme activities and immune response in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 92(8), 2059-2069.

Hernandez F., Madrid J., Garcia V., Orengo J. and Megias M.D. (2004). Influence of two plant extracts on broiler performance digestibilities and digestive organ size. Poult. Sci. 83, 169-174.

Jain M.C. (1986). Essential of Veterinary Hematology. WB. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.

Khaksar V., Golian A. and Kermanshahi H. (2012a). Immune response and ileal microflora in broilers fed wheat-based diet with or without enzyme Endofeed W and supplementation of thyme essential oil or probiotic PrimaLac. African J. Biotechnol .11(81), 14716-14723.

Khaksar V., van Krimpen M., Hashemipour H. and Pilevar M. (2012b). Effects of thyme essential oil on performance, some blood parameters and ileal microflora of Japanese quail. Poult. Sci. 49, 106-110.

Khosravinia H., Ghasemei S. and Rafiei Alavi E. (2013). The effect of savory (Satureja khuzistanica) essential oils on performance, liver and kidney functions in broiler chickens. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 22(1), 50-55.

Lee K.W., Everts H., Kappert H.J., Frehner M., Wouterse H. and Beynen A.C. (2004a). Cinnamanaldehyde, but not thymol, counteracts the carboxymethyl cellulose-induced growth depression in female broiler chickens. Int. J .Poult. Sci. 3, 608-612.

Lee K.W., Everts H. and Beynen A.C. (2004b). Essential oils in broiler nutrition. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 3, 738-752.

Lee K.W., Kappert H.J., Frehner M., Losa R. and Beynen A.C. (2003). Effects of dietary essential oil components on growth performance, digestive enzymes and lipid metabolism in female broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 44, 450-457.

Lei K.Y. and Slinger S.J. (1970). Energy utilization in the chick in relation to certain environmental stresses. Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 50, 285-292.

Lin H., Decuyper E. and Buyse J. (2006). Acute heat stress induces oxidative stress in broiler chickens. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A: Mol. Integr. Physiol. 144, 11-17.

Maxwell M.H. (1993). Avian blood leucocyte responses to stress. World’s. Poult. Sci. 49, 34-43.

Moran E.T. (1982). Comparative nutrition of fowl and swine. The gastrointestinal system. University of GuelphPulisher, Ontario NIG 2W1, Canada.

Najafi P. and Torki M. (2010). Performance, blood metabolites and immunocompetence of broiler chickens fed diets included essential oils of medicinal herbs. Anim. Vet. Adv. 9(7), 1164-1168.

Ocak N., Erener G., Burak A.K.F., Sungu M., Altop A. and Ozmen A. (2008). Performance of broilers fed diets supplemented with dry peppermint (Mentha piperita) or thyme (Thymus vulgaris) leaves as growth promoter source. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 53(4), 169-175.

Quinteiro-Filho W.M., Ribeiro A., Ferraz-de-Paula V., Pinheiro M.L., Sakai M., Sa L.R.M., Ferreira A.J.P. and Palermo- Neto J. (2010). Heat stress impairs performance parameters, induces intestinal injury, and decreases macrophage activity in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 89, 1905-1914.

Rahimi S., Teymouri Zadeh Z., Karimi Torshizi M.A., Omidbaigi R. and Rokni H. (2011). Effect of the three herbal extracts on growth performance, immune system, blood factors and intestinal selected bacterial population in broiler chickens.J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 13, 527-539.

Sahin K., Sahin N. and Kucuk O. (2003). Effects of chromium, and ascorbic acid supplementation on growth, carcass traits, serum metabolites, and antioxidant status of broiler chickens reared at a high ambient temperature (32 ˚C). Nutr. Res. 23, 225-238.

SAS Institute. (2001). SAS^®/STAT Software, Release 8. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.

Sohail M.U., Rahman Z.U., Ijaz A., Yousaf M.S., Ashraf K., Yaqub T., Zenab H., Anwar H. and Rehman H. (2011). Single or combined effects of mannan-oligosaccharides and probiotics supplements on the total oxidants, total antioxidants, enzymatic antioxidants, liver enzymes and serum trace minerals in cyclic heat stressed broilers. Poult. Sci. 90, 2573-2577.

Wallace R.J., Oleszek W., Franz C., HahnI., Baser K.H.C., Mathe A. and Teichmann K. (2010). Dietary plant bioactives for poultry health and productivity. Br. Poult. Sci. 51, 461-487.

Windisch W., Schedle K., Plitzner C. and Kroismayr A. (2008). Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. J. Anim. Sci. 86, 140-148.

Yanishlieva N.V., Marinova E.M., Gordon M.H. and Raneva V.G. (1999). Antioxidant activity and mechanism of action of thymol and carvacrol in two lipid systems. Food Chem. 64, 59-66.

Youdim K.A. and Deans S.G. (1999). Beneficial effects of thyme oil on age related changes in phospholipid C20 and C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of various rat tissues. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1438, 140-146.

Youdim K.A. and Deans S.G. (2000). Effect of thyme oil and thymol dietary supplementation on the antioxidant status and fatty acid composition of the ageing rat brain. Br. J. Nutr. 83, 87-93.

Zulkifli I., Che Norma M.T., Israf D.A. and Omar A.R. (2000). The effect of early age feed restriction on subsequent response to high environmental temperatures in female broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 79, 1401-1407.