Sulfonated porous carbon catalyzed esterification of free fatty acids
الموضوعات : Iranian Journal of Catalysis
Arash Shokrolahi
1
(Chemistry Department, Malek-ashtar University of Technology, Shahin-shahr, P.O.Box 83145-115, I.R. Iran)
Abbas Zali
2
(Chemistry Department, Malek-ashtar University of Technology, Shahin-shahr, P.O.Box 83145-115, I.R. Iran)
Hamid Pouretedal
3
(Chemistry Department, Malek-ashtar University of Technology, Shahin-shahr, P.O.Box 83145-115, I.R. Iran)
الکلمات المفتاحية: Solid acid, Sulfonated Porous Carbon, Esterification, fatty acids,
ملخص المقالة :
The esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) with methanol is studied using Sulfonated Porous Carbon (SPC) as catalyst. In compare to the amorphous sugar catalyst and protonated Nafion, the proposed catalyst shows stability and high efficient performance in biodiesel production. The highest initial rate of oleic acid conversion is obtained at catalyst loading of 1 mmol H+ and mole ratio of MeOH/Oleic acid of 10. The prepared Sulfonated Porous Carbon reused at least three times without loss of activity.
[1] J. Otera, Esterification Methods, Reactions and Applications., Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2003.
[2] J. Otera, Chem. Rev. 93 (1993) 1449-1470.
[3] F. Maa, M.A. Hannab, Bioresour. Technol. 70 (1999) 1-15.
[4] G. Knothe, J. Krahl, J. Van Gerpen, The Biodiesel handbook., Champaign: AOCS press, 2005.
[5] Vogel’s Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry. 5th edn., Singapore: ELBS, Longman Group Ltd, p 695, 1989.
[6] M.J. Ramos, A. Casas, L. Rodriguez, R. Romero, A. Perez, Appl. Catal. A, Gen. 346 (2008) 79-85.
[7] Q. Shu, B.L. Yang, H. Yuan, S. Qing, G.L. Zhu, Catal. Commun. 8 (2007) 21-26.
[8] P.P. Joaquín, D. Isabel, M. Federico, S. Enrique, Appl. Catal. A, Gen. 254 (2003) 173-188.
[9] M.M.R. Talukder, J.C. Wu, S.K. Lau, L.C. Cui, G. Shimin, A. Lim, Energy Fuels 23 (2009) 1-4.
[10] K. Ngaosuwan, E. Lotero, K. Suwannakarn, J.G. Goodwin, P. Praserthdam, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 48 (2009) 4757-4767.
[11] M. Toda, A. Takagaki, M. Okamura, J.N. Kondo, S. Hayashi, K. Domen, M. Hara, Nature 438 (2005) 178-179.
[12] M. Hara, T. Yoshida, A. Takagaki, T. Takata, J.N. Kondo, S. Hayashi, K. Domen, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43 (2004) 2955-2958.
[13] A. Takagaki, M. Toda, M. Okamura, J.N. Kondo, S. Hayashi, K. Domen, Catal. Today 116 (2006) 157-161.
[14] M.H. Zong, Z.Q. Duan, W.Y. Lou, T.J. Smith, H. Wu, Green Chem. 9 (2007) 434-437.
[15] Q. Shu, J. Gao, Z. Nawaz, Y. Liao, D. Wang, J. Wang, Appl. Energ. 87 (2010) 2589-2596.
[16] M. Mirza-Aghayan, R. Boukherroub, M. Bolourtchian, M. Hosseini, Tetrahedron Lett. 44 (2003) 4579-4580.
[17] V.A. Likholobov, V.F. Surovikin, G.V. Plaksin, M.S. Tsekhanovich, Y.V. Surovikin, O.N. Baklanova, Catal. Ind. 1 (2009) 11-16.
[18] S.M. Manocha, Sādhanā 28 (2003) 335-348.
[19] F.C. Wu, R.L. Tseng, J. Colloid. Interf. Sci. 294 (2006) 21-30.
[20] H. Marsh, F. Rodriguez-Reinoso, Activated Carbon, Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2006
[21] R.Q. Sun, L.B. Sun, Y. Chun, Q.H. Xu, Carbon 46 (2008) 1757-1764.
[22] T.C. Miller, J.A. Holcombe, Anal. Chim. Acta 455 (2002) 233-238.
[23] K.M. Thomas, Catal. Today 120 (2007) 389-398.
[24] Y. Nakagawa, M. Molina-Sabio, F. Rodrı´guez-Reinoso, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 103 (2007) 29-34.
[25] A. Caiazzo, S. Dalili, C. Picard, M. Sasaki, T. Siu, A.K. Yudin, Pure Appl. Chem. 76 (2004) 603-613.
[26] J. Blanco, A.L. Petre, M. Yates, M.P. Martin, S. Suarez, J.A. Martin, Adv. Mater. 18 (2006) 1162-1165.
[27] C. Xu, Y. Liu, D. Yuan, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 2 (2007) 674-680.
[28] S. Kudo, T. Maki, K. Miura, K. Mae, Carbon 48 (2010) 1186-1185.
[29] W. Shen, Z. Li, Y. Liu, Recent Pat. Chem. Eng. 1 (2008) 27-35.
[30] J. Machnikowski, B. Grzyb, H. Machnikowska, J.V. Weber, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 82 (2005) 113-120.
[31] M. Olivares-Marín, G.C. Fernández-González, A. Macías-García, V. Gómez-Serrano, Appl. Surf. Sci. 252 (2006) 5967-5971.
[32] M. Kitano, K. Arai, A. Kodama, T. Kousaka, K. Nakajima, S. Hayashi, M. Hara, Catal. Lett. 131 (2009) 242-249.
[33] J.B. Lee, Y.K. Park, O. Yang, Y. Kanga, K. Jun, Y.J. Lee, H.Y. Kima, K.H. Lee, W.C. Choi, J. Power Sources 158 (2006) 1251-1255.
[34] A. Shokrolahi, A. Zali, M.H. Keshavarz, Chin. J. Catal. 31 (2010) 1427-1432.
[35] J.-Y. Park, Z.-M. Wang, D.-K. Kima, J.-S. Lee, Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 614–618.
[36] R. Liu, X. Wang, X. Zhao, P. Feng, Carbon, 46 (2008) 1664–1669.
[37] Q. Shu, Z. Nawaz, J. Gao, Y. Liao, Q. Zhang, D. Wang, J. Wang, Bioresource Technology 101 (2010) 5374–5384.
[38] L. Peng, A. Philippaerts, X. Ke, J. V. Noyen, F. D. Clippel, G. V. Tendeloo, P. A. Jacobs, B. F. Sels, Catalysis Today 150 (2010) 140–146.
