Chemical compounds of essential oil in Satureja mutica and Satureja spicigera under dry farming: extraction, identification and comparison
الموضوعات : مجله گیاهان دارویی
برزو یوسفی
1
,
فاطمه سفیدکن
2
,
حسن خمیس آبادی
3
,
نسترن جلیلیان
4
1 - مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کرمانشاه، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرمانشاه، ایران;
2 - موسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع، سازمان آموزش و ترویج تحقیقات کشاورزی (AREEO)، ایران;
3 - مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کرمانشاه، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی (AREEO)، ایران؛
4 - مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کرمانشاه، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی (AREEO)، ایران؛
الکلمات المفتاحية: Carvacrol, Thymol, GC/MS, Gc, Essential oil, Satureja spicigera, Satureja mutica,
ملخص المقالة :
Background & Aim: The genus Satureja has 38 species distributed throughout the Mediterranean Area, Caucasus and West Asia. Satureja Mutica and Satureja spicigera is two Iranian native species that are distributed in the North of Iran. Essential oil (EO) of Satureja specious was used to some medicinal, food and industrial purposes. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical compounds of EO in Satureja mutica and Satureja spicigera under dry farming. Experimental: In early April, before the effective rain fall, the seedlings were transferred to the main land in mid-March. In the %50 flowering stage, plants were harvested and 100 g of plant dried powder used for EO extraction. The EO was extracted by water distillation method and chemical components of essential oils were identified and subsequently characterized using GC and GC/MS techniques.Results: The EO percent in S. spicigera was 2.52% in first year and 3.08% in second years. The EO percent of S. mutica was 2.04% in first year and 2% in second year. In creeping savory EO, thirteen compounds were identified that were formed the major constituents of EO (about 98.74% in first year and 97.53% in second year). The main compounds of essential oil (more than 5%) were thymol (28.60- 28.96%), carvacrol (23.18- 24.47%), ρ-cymene (21.00- 24.25%) and γ-terpinene (18.57-13.05%). In white savory EO, nine different chemical compounds were identified which made up more than about 95.32% of EO content in the first year and 97.48% in the second year. The major compounds of EO were Thymol (48.25-48.60%), γ-terpinene (20.84- 21.89%), ρ-cymene (12.34- 12.61%) and Carvacrol (6.71- 6.95%) respectively.Recommended applications/industries: Thymol and carvacrol contents in savory essential oil are the two important factors in pharmaceutical properties of savory EO. White and Creeping Savory can be used to pharmaceutical and food industries. Also we recommended the increase of EO content, thymol and carvacrol compounds in white and creeping savory using different cropping and breeding methods for further studies.
Adams, R.P. 2017. Identification of essential oils by Ion Trap Mass Spectroscopy. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. USA.
Ahmadi, L., Mirza, M., Kalirad, A. 2001. Effect of dry farming date on yield and chemical composition of cumin oil. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 7(1):89-100.
Bahreininejad, B., Lebaschi, M.H, Sefidkon, F. and Jaberalansar, Z. 2022. Effects of planting bed on vegetative characteristics and yield of Satureja sahendica and S. spicigera Species in Rainfed conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 19(4): 407-419.
Bahtiyarca Bagda, R. 2010. Essential oil composition of culture materials of Satureja spicigera (c. Koch) Boiss. from Turkey. 6th conference on Aromatic and Medicinal Plants of Southeast European Countries, Antalya, Turkey.
British Pharmacopoeia Commission. British Pharmacopoeia, 1993. Vol. 3. HMSO Publication, London. pp. 384.
Chorianopoulos, N., Kalpoutzakis, E., Aligiannis, N., Mitaku, S., Nychas, G.J., Czabajska, W., Seidler-Lozykowska, K. and Kazmierczak, K. 1994. The comparison of five new bred strains of Savory (Satureja hortensis L.) to a cultivated population. Herba Polonica, 40:164-167.
Dardioti, A., Karousou, R., Lanaras, T. and Kokkini, S. 2012. Diversity of Satureja pilosa subsp. Origanita essential oils: a new ‘‘oregano’’ from East Mediterranean. Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 40:178-183.
Davies, N.W. 1990. Gas chromatographic retention index of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes on methyl silicon and carbowax 20M phases. J. Chromatogr. A., 503(1):1-24.
Farzaneh, M., Kiani, H., Sharifi, R., Reisi, M. and Hadian, J. 2015. Chemical composition and antifungal effects of three species of Satureja (S. hortensis, S. spicigera, and S. khuzistanica) essential oils on the main pathogens of strawberry fruit. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 109:145-151.
Ghorbanpour, M., Hadian, J., Hatami, M., Salehi-Arjomand, H. and Aliahmadi, A. 2016. Comparison of chemical compounds, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of various Satureja Species growing wild in Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 15(59): 58-72.
Gohari, A. R., Hadjiakhoondi, A., Shafiee, A., Ebrahimi, E.S. and Mozaffarian, V.A. 2011. Comparison of chemical composition of the essential oils of Satureja atropatana and Satureja mutica growing wild in Iran. J. Essential Oil Res., 17:17–18.
Gokturk, T. 2021. Chemical composition of Satureja spicigera essential oil and its insecticidal effectiveness on Halyomorpha halys nymphs and adults. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung - Section C Journal of Biosciences. 25:76(11-12):451-457.
Hadian, J., Nejad Ebrahimi, S. and Salehi, P. 2010. Variability of morphological and phytochemical characteristics among Satureja hortensis L. accessions of Iran. Industrial Crops and Products, 32:62-69.
Hadian, J., Mirjalili, M.H., Kanani, M.R., Salehnia, A. and Ganjipoor, P. 2011. Phytochemical and morphological characterization of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad populations from Iran. Chemistry and Biodiversity., 8:902 -915.
Haroutounian, S.A. 2004. Essential oils of Satureja, Origanum, and Thymus species: chemical composition and antibacterial activities against food borne pathogens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(26):8261–8267.
Hejja, M., Bernath, J. and Szentgyorgyi, E. 2002. Comparative investigation of Satureja hortensis of different origins. Acta Horticalturae., 576: 65 - 68.
Ibraliu, A., Mi, X. and Elezi, F. 2011. Variation in essential oils to study the biodiversity in Satureja montana L. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research., 2011(5):2978-2989.
Juven, B. J., Kanner, J., Schved, F. and Weisslowicz, H. 1994. Factors that interact with the antibacterial action of thyme essential oil and its active constituents. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 76:626–631.
Karimi, E., Ghasemnezhad, A., Hadian, J and Ghorbanpour, M. 2016. Assessment of essential oil constituents and main agromorphological variability in Satureja mutica populations. Brazilian Journal of Boany., 39 (1):77-85.
Khorshidi, j., Fakher Tabatabaei, M., Omidbaigi, R., Sefidkon, F. 2009. Effect of densities of planting on yield and essential oil components of fennel (Foeniculum vulgar Mill var. Soroksary). Journal of Agricultural Science, 1(2): 62-73.
Kim, S. and Fung, D.Y. 2004. Antibacterial effect of water-soluble arrowroot (Puerariae radix) tea extracts on foodborne pathogens in ground beef and mushroom soup. Journal of Food Protection, 67:1953–1956.
Martín-Mosquero, M.A., Juan, R. and Pastor, J. 2006. Estudio de las núculas de Satureja (Lamiaceae) en el suroeste de España. Lazaroa, 27:13-20.
Miladi, H., Ben Slama, R., Mili, D., Zouari, S., Bakhrouf, A. and Ammar, E. 2013. Chemical composition and cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Satureja montana L. essential oil and its antibacterial potential against salmonella Spp. strains. Journal of Chemistry, https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/275698
Nooshkam, A. 2014. The effects of irrigated and rainfed conditions on vegetative yield and essential oil yield of two medicinal species, Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad and S. rechingeri Jamzad in North of Khuzestan. Electronic Journal of Crop Production, 7 (2): 61-76.
Palmer, B., Jones, R.J., Wina, E. and Tangendjaja, B. 2000. The effect of sample drying conditions on estimates of condensed tannin and fibre content, dry matter digestibility, nitrogen digestibility and PEG binding of Calliandra calothyrsus. Anim. Feed Science and Technology, 87(1-2):29-40.
Pank, F., Pfefferkorn, A. and Kruger, H. 2004. Evaluation of a summer savory (Satureja hortensis L) collection with regard to morphology, precocity, yield components and essential oil and carvacrol content. Zeitschrift für Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen, 9(2):72-79.
Runyoro, D., Ngassapa, O., Vagionas, K., Aligiannis, N., Graikou, K. and Chinou, I. 2010. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of four Ocimum species growing in Tanzania. Food Chemistry, 119:311-316.
Rustaiyan, A. and Alireza Feizbakhsh, A. 2004. Comparison of the volatile oils of Satureja atropatana Bung. and Satureja mutica Fisch. et C.A. Mey. from Iran. Journal of Essential Oil Research., 16:594-596.
Salehi-Arjmand, H., Mazaheri. D, Hadian, J., Majnoon Hosseini, N. and Ghorbanpour, M. 2014. Essential oils composition, antioxidant activities and phenolics content of wild and cultivated Satureja bachtiarica Bunge plants of Yazd origin. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 13(51):6-14.
Sefidkon, F., Abbasi, K. and Bakhshi, G. 2006. Influence of drying and extraction methods on yield and chemical composition of the essential oil of Satureja hortensis. Food Chemistry, 99: 19-23.
Sefidkon, F. and Jamzad, Z. 2004. Essential oil composition of Satureja spicigera (C. Koch) Boiss. from Iran. Flavour Fragrance Journal, 19:571–573.
Sefidkon, F. and Jamzad, Z. 2005. Chemical composition of the essential oil of three Iranian Satureja species (S. mutica, S. macrantha and S. intermedia). Food Chem.istry, 91:1-4.
Sefidkon, F., Sadeghzadeh, L., Teimouri, M., Asgari, F. and Ahmadi, S.H. 2007. Antimicrobial effects of the essential oils of two Satureja species (S. Khuzistanica Jamzad and S. bachtiarica Bunge) in two harvesting time. Iran. Journal of Medicinal Aromatic Plants, 23:174-82.
Skocibusic, M., Bezic, N. and Dunkic, V. 2006: Phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils from Satureja subspicata Vis. growing in Croatia. Food Chemistry., 96:20–28.
Tabaei-Aghdaei, S. R., Mahdi Navesi, F., Lebaschi, M. H., Najafi-Ashtiani, A., Sefidkon, F., and Jafari, A. A. 2017. Evaluation of genetic variation of performance in Satureja mutica and S. isophylla under dry farming in Damavand. Iranian Journal of Rangelands Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research, 25 (1): 72-81.
Tümen, G. and Baser, K.H.C. 1996. Essential oil of Satureja spicigera (C. Koch) Boiss. from Turkey. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 8(1):57-58.
