تعيين مقدار بهينه زئوليت به منظور مهار رواناب و رسوب خاک آتش سوزي شده تحت شرايط آزمايشگاهي
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت بهینه منابع آب و خاکلیلا غلامی 1 , عطااله کاویان 2 , نبیه کریمی 3
1 - دانشيارگروه مهندسي آبخيزداري، دانشکده منابع طبيعي، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزي و منابع طبيعي ساري، ،ساري، ايران.
2 - استاد گروه مهندسي آبخيزداري، دانشکده منابع طبيعي، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزي و منابع طبيعي ساري، ايران.
3 - دانش آموخته دکتري، گروه علوم و مهندسي آبخيزداري، دانشکده منابع طبيعي، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزي و منابع طبيعي ساري، ايران.
کلید واژه: اصلاح کننده هاي خاک, حفاظت خاک و آب, مقدار بهينه زئوليت, مولفه هاي رواناب و رسوب,
چکیده مقاله :
aزمينه و هدف: تغييرات رطوبت خاك و پايداري خاکدانه ها چه در کوتاه مدت و چه در بلندمدت پس از آتش سوزي به دليل نقش مهمي که در رشد و تغذيه گياه و فرسايش خاك دارند از اهميت بالايي برخوردار است. در همين راستا استفاده از افزودني ها در حفاظت خاک و آب به منظور استفاده پايدار از منابع آب و خاک ضروري است. حفاظت خاک و آب نيازمند تعيين مقدار بهينه افزودني هاي خاک مي-باشد تا از آلودگي هاي آب با کاربرد کودهاي شيميايي جلوگيري گردد. با اين وجود، تعيين مقدار بهينه افزودني هاي مختلف خاک با هدف کمّي سازي اثر آن ها بر مؤلفه هاي رواناب و هدررفت اجزای خاک کم تر توجه شده است. پژوهش حاضر به منظور تعيين مقدار بهينه زئوليت در خاک تحت تاثير آتش سوزي در شرايط آزمايشگاهي انجام شد. روش پژوهش: در پژوهش حاضر از افزودني زئوليت با مقادير 250، 500 و 750 گرم بر مترمربع در خاک برداشت شده از کاربري مرتع استفاده شد. نتايج اوليه روي خاک نشان داد که بافت خاک، ماده آلي، کربن آلي و pH به ترتيب رسي، 47/0 درصد، 27/0 درصد و 86/7 بود. بعد از آماده‌سازي خاک و قرارگيري آن در داخل کرت ها (با مقياس 5/0 مترمربع)، تيمار آتش‌سوزي روي خاک اِعمال شد. براي اين منظور مقادير حدود 250 گرم بقاياي گونه‌هاي مرتعي هوا خشک در هر مترمربع ريخته شد و سپس آتش‌سوزي اِعمال شد. کرت ها تحت سامانه شبيه ساز باران براي شدت بارش 50 ميلي متر بر ساعت قرار گرفت. سپس نمونه هاي رواناب و رسوب در کرت هاي شاهد و حفاظت شده با زئوليت در سه تکرار جمع آوري شدند. حجم کل نمونه رواناب و غلظت رسوب آن به مدت 24 ساعت در حالت ثابت نگه داري شد و حجم آب اضافي نمونه ها تخليه و در نهايت نمونه ها به مدت 24 ساعت در آون با دماي 105 درجه سانتي گراد قرار گرفت. يافته ها: نتايج آماري دلالت بر اثر معني دار افزودني زئوليت با مقادير 250، 50 و 750 گرم بر مترمربع در سطح خاک آتش سوزي روي افزايش زمان شروع رواناب (در سطح اعتماد 95 درصد) و کاهش حجم رواناب (در سطح اعتماد 99 درصد)، هدررفت خاک (در سطح اعتماد 99 درصد) و غلظت رسوب (در سطح اعتماد 99 درصد) داشت. هم چنين نتايج نشان داد که درصد حفاظت زمان شروع رواناب در تيمار زئوليت با مقادير 250، 500 و 750 گرم بر مترمربع به ترتيب 61/1، 30/17 و 04/20 درصد بوده است. درصد تغييرات حجم رواناب در خاک آتش سوزي شده با کاربرد افزدني زئوليت با مقادير مختلف به ترتيب 00/8، 66/10 و 66/22 درصد بود. نتايج هدررفت خاک حاکي از آن است که درصد حفاظت افزودني زئوليت در خاک آتش سوزي شده پس از کاربرد زئوليت با مقادير استفاده شده به-ترتيب 24/14، 03/32 و 33/38 درصد بود. در نهايت درصد تغييرات افزودني زئوليت در خاک آتش سوزي شده روي غلظت رسوب نيز به ترتيب 13/21، 90/24 و 41/21 درصد بود. نتايج: پديده آتش سوزي در تيمار شاهد موجب کاهش تخلخل خاک و ايجاد لايه آبگريزي شده که مقدار نفوذپذيري خاک نيز کاهش يافته و همچنين منجر به خشک شدن خاک به ويژه در لايه سطحي شده و به طور قابل توجهي رواناب و انتقال رسوب را افزايش مي دهد. نتايج زيرگروه بندي تيمارهاي مختلف زئوليت روي زمان شروع رواناب نشان داد که زئوليت با مقدار 750 گرم بر مترمربع در زيرگروه سوم قرار گرفت که به عنوان مقدار بهينه براي افزايش زمان شروع و کاهش حجم رواناب در شرايط پس از آتش سوزي خاک انتخاب شد. هم چنين، بررسي اثر حفاظتي و گروه بندي مقادير مختلف زئوليت نشان داد که زئوليت با مقادير 250 و 500 گرم بر مترمربع به ترتيب روي غلظت رسوب و هدررفت خاک به دليل اثر يکسان آن با ساير مقادير و نيز بحث صرفه اقتصادي آن بهتر بودند. بنابراين براي بررسي تغييرات مولفه هاي غلظت رسوب و هدررفت خاک به عنوان مقدار بهينه و کاربردي پيشنهاد مي گردند.
Background and Aim: Changes in soil moisture and aggregates stability both in the short term and in the long term after fire are important because of their important role in plant growth and nutrition and soil erosion. On the other hand, the conditioners usage in soil and water conservation is necessary for the sustainable usage of water and soil resources. The soil and water conservation requires the determining the optimal amount of soil conditioners in order to prevent water pollution with the application of chemical fertilizers. Nevertheless, determining the optimal amount of various soil conditioners less has been note with the quantification aim of their effect on the runoff and soil loss components. The present study was conducted in order to determination of the optimal amount of zeolite in fire soil under laboratory conditions. Method: In the current research, zeolite additive with amounts of 250, 500 and 750 g m-2 was used in the collected soil from the rangeland. The preliminary results on the soil showed that the soil texture, organic matter, organic carbon and pH, EC were clay, 0.47 percent, 0.27 percent, 7.86, respectively. After preparing the soil and placing inside plots (with scale of 0.5 m2), fire treatment applied to the soil surface. For this purpose, the remains of air-dried rangeland species with amounts about 250 g m-2 were poured and then fire was applied. The plots were placed under rainfall simulator system for a rainfall intensity of 50 mm h-1. Then, the runoff and sediment samples were collected in control and conserved plots with zeolite in three replicates. The total volume of the runoff sample and its sediment concentration were take constant for 24 h and the excess water volume of the samples was drained and finally the samples were placed in an oven at a temperature of 105˚c for 24 h. Results: The statistical results indicated the zeolite conditioner with rates of 250, 50, and 750 g m-2 on the surface of fire soil had the significant effect on the increasing the time to runoff (in confidence level of 99 percent) and decreasing the runoff volume (in confidence level of 99 percent), soil loss (in confidence level of 99 percent) and sediment concentration (in confidence level of 99 percent). Also, the results showed that the conservation percentage of time to runoff in zeolite treatment with rates of 250, 500 and 750 g s-2 was 1.61, 17.30 and 20.04 percent, respectively. The changes percent of the runoff volume in the fire soil with the zeolite application with different amounts was 8.00, 10.66 and 22.66 percent, respectively. The results of soil loss indicated that the conservation percent of zeolite conditioner in fire soil after the zeolite application with the used amounts was 14.24, 32.03 and 38.33 percent, respectively. Finally, the changes percent of zeolite conditioner in the fire soil on sediment concentration were 21.13, 24.90 and 21.41 percent, respectively. Conclusion: The fire phenomenon in the control treatment caused the decreasing the soil porosity and the creation of the hydrophobic layer, which also decreased the infiltration amount of soil and also caused to drying of the soil, especially in the surface layer, and significantly increased the runoff and sediment transportation. The subgrouping results of the different zeolite treatments on the time to runoff showed that zeolite with the amount of 750 g m-2 was placed in the third subgroup, which it was selected as the optimal amount to increasing the time to runoff and reducing the runoff volume in the post-fire soil conditions. Also, the investigation of the conservation effect and grouping the different zeolite amounts showed that the zeolite with the amount of 250 and 500 g m-2 were the better for sediment concentration and soil loss, respectively, its same effect with other amounts and also its discussion of the economic efficiency. Therefore, they are suggested as optimal and practical values for changes study of sediment concentration and soil loss components.
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