تاثير نوع و ميزان ماده آلي برفرايند خاکدانه سازي دربافت‌هاي مختلف خاک در تناوب کشت گندم و ذرت
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت بهینه منابع آب و خاک
مسعود میرزابیکی
1
(دانش آموخته دکتري دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي، واحد علوم و تحقيقات. تهران، ايران.)
نیازعلی ابراهیمی پاک
2
(دانشيار بخش تحقيقات آبياري، موسسه تحقيقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقيقات، آموزش و ترويج کشاورزي، کرج، ايران.)
ابراهیم پذیرا
3
(استاد گروه خاکشناسي دانشگاه آزادا اسلامي، واحد علوم و تحقيقات. تهران، ايران.)
سعيد سماوات
4
(دانشيار بخش تحقيقات حاصل خيزي، موسسه تحقيقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقيقات، آموزش و ترويج کشاورزي، کرج، ايران.)
کلید واژه: ساختمان خاک, بافت خاک, کود دامي, کمپوست و خاکدانه ,
چکیده مقاله :
زمينه و هدف: بسياري از پژوهشگران نقش مواد آلي در فرايند خاکدانه سازي را مورد بررسي قرار داده اند، ليکن هرکدام از آنها اين ويژگي‌ها را براي منطقه محدودي به کاربرده اند. در اين پژوهش هدف اين بود که اثرات را در چند اقليم و با دو نوع متفاوت کود آلي در بافت‌هاي مختلف خاک و در تناوب زراعي به مدت دو سال مورد ارزيابي قرار دهيم. روش پژوهش: به منظور بررسي ميزان تاثير ماده آلي بر فرآيند خاکدانه سازي اين پژوهش در سه نوع بافت خاک و در 6 محدوده وزني قطر خاکدانه‌ها شامل 105-75، 250-105، 500-250، 1000-500، 2000-1000 و 4750-2000 ميکرون که از جامعيت نسبتا بالايي شامل ريزترين تا درشت ترين قطر خاکدانه‌ها بود تحت تاثير سال‌هاي تناوب کشت (گندم و ذرت) بر ميانگين وزني قطر خاکدانه‌ها در 11 منطقه کشورانجام شد. همچنين تغييرات ميانگين وزني قطر خاکدانه‌ها در حالت شاهد (قبل از کشت) و سال اول و دوم کشت در گياهان گندم و ذرت به طور متوسط مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. در اين آزمايش تاثير ماده آلي بر فرايند خاکدانه سازي در 5 تيمار : 10 ، 20 تن در هکتار کود حيواني، 10 ، 20 تن در هکتار کمپوست و شاهد در آزمايش فاکتوريل در غالب طرح کاملا تصادفي مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. يافته ها: نتايج حاکي از تجمع غالب خاکدانها در محدوده 500-250(40% وزني) و 1000-500 (30%) براي بافت لوم رسي، 250-105 (25%وزني) و 500-250 (30%وزني) براي بافت لوم و 250-105 (40%وزني) براي بافت لوم شني در پيش از آغاز کشت دارد که اين محدوده با توجه به نقش کاملا موثر و مثبت رس در افزايش خاکدانه سازي، بهبود ساختمان خاك و به تبع آن پايداري منافذ خاك شده است. افزايش کودهاي آلي موجب افزايش ميانگين وزني قطر خاکدانه‌ها شده و باعث تشکيل خاکدانه هايي با اندازه 500-250 و 1000-500 ميکرون شد. نتايج تاثير کشت‌هاي متناوب گندم و ذرت بر مقادير ميانگين وزني قطر خاکدانه‌ها در مقايسه با قبل کشت بخصوص در سال اول کشت نشان داد که با افزايش کودهاي آلي، تشکيل خاکدانه هايي با قطر 1000-500 ميکرون بيشتر شد و درصد فراواني خاکدانه‌هاي با قطر 250-105 و 1000-250، کمترشد. هم چنين نتايج نشان داد که بهبود خاکدانه سازي با افزايش کودهاي آلي در خاک با بافت لوم شني بيشترين و در خاک با بافت لوم رسي کمترين شد. همچنين در تيمارهاي مختلف کود حيواني و کمپوست در هيچ يک از قطر خاکدانه‌ها و در هيچ يک از کلاسهاي بافتي اختلاف معني داري مشاهده نگرديد. و نتايج حاکي از اين است که اعمال تيمارهاي مختلف کودهاي آلي بيشترين تاثير را در خاک لوم شني نسبت به خاک لوم و لوم رسي دارد. نتيجه گيري: به طور کلي و با توجه به نتايج آماري افزودن مواد آلي سبب بهبود فرايند خاکدانه سازي مي گردد و همچنين خاک با بافت لوم شني بيشترين تاثيرپذيري را نسبت به افزايش کودهاي آلي دارد.
Introduction: Many researchers have investigated the role of organic matter in the soil aggregation process, but each of them has used these characteristics for a limited area. In this research, the aim was to evaluate the effects in several climates and with two different types of organic fertilizers in different soil textures and in crop rotation for two years. Methods: In order to investigate the effect of organic matter on the soil granulation process in this research in three types of soil texture and in 6 weight ranges of soil grain diameter including 75-105, 105-250, 250-500, 500-1000, 1000-2000 and 2000-4750 Micron, which has a relatively high comprehensiveness, including the smallest to the largest diameter of soil grains, was carried out under the influence of alternating years of cultivation (wheat and corn) on the weighted average of the diameter of soil grains in 11 regions of the country. Also, changes in the average weight of the diameter of the soil grains in the control state (before cultivation) and the first and second year of cultivation in wheat and corn plants were investigated. In this experiment, the effect of organic matter on the soil granulation process was investigated in 5 treatments: 10, 20 tons per hectare of animal manure, 10, 20 tons per hectare of compost and control in a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. Results: The results indicate the predominant accumulation of clay in the range of 250-500 (40% by weight) and 500-1000 (30%) for clay loam texture, 105-250 (25% by weight) and 250-500 (30% by weight) for loam texture. and 105-250 (40% by weight) for the texture of sandy loam before the start of cultivation, this range is due to the completely effective and positive role of clay in increasing soil granulation, improving soil structure and consequently the stability of soil pores. The increase of organic fertilizers increased the weight average diameter of soil grains and caused the formation of soil grains with sizes of 250-500 and 500-1000 microns. The results of the effect of alternative crops of wheat and corn on the weight average values of the diameter of soil grains compared to before cultivation, especially in the first year of cultivation, showed that with the increase of organic fertilizers, the formation of soil grains with a diameter of 500-1000 microns increased and the percentage of abundance of soil grains with Diameter 105-250 and 250-1000 decreased. Also, the results showed that the improvement of soil granulation with the increase of organic fertilizers was the highest in soil with sandy loam texture and the lowest in soil with clay loam texture. Also, in different treatments of animal manure and compost in none of the diameters of soil grains and in any of No significant difference was observed between tissue classes. And the results indicate that the application of different treatments of organic fertilizers has the greatest effect on sandy loam soil compared to loam and clay loam soil. Conclusion: Generally and according to the statistical results, the addition of organic matter improves the soil granulation process, and also the soil with sandy loam texture is the most effective for the increase of organic fertilizers
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