ارزیابی استفاده از پوشش‌های فیزیکی در کاهش تبخیر از سطح مخازن کوچک آب در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت منابع آبفاطمه هوشمندزاده 1 , محمد رضا یزدانی 2 , سید فرهاد موسوی 3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت و کنترل بیابان، دانشکده کویرشناسی، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران.
2 - دانشیار دانشکده کویر شناسی، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران.
3 - استاد دانشکده عمران، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران.
کلید واژه: توپ پلاستیکی, سمنان, توری سایبان, تلفات آب, تشت تبخیر کلرادو,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: کمبود منابع آب در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک مانند کشور ما و حجم بالای تلفات آب از طریق تبخیر موجب شده است تا اهمیت روش های مناسب و کاربردی به منظور کاهش تبخیر از مخازن آب، روز به روز بیش از پیش مشخص گردد. آب از جمله ضروری‌ترین نیازهای بشر است. تبخیر یکی از مهم‌ترین پدیده‌های اقلیمی در اتلاف آب دریاچه‌ها و مخازن روباز محسوب می گردد. روش‌های کاهش تبخیر با توجه به شرایط منطقه‌ای، توجیه اقتصادی و مسائل زیست محیطی، متفاوتند. از طرفی، پژوهش‌های انجام شده در کشور ایران در زمینه کاهش و کنترل تبخیر از مخازن آب محدود است. لذا، پژوهش حاضر با هدف استفاده از روش‌های جدید، اقتصادی، متناسب با شرایط اقلیمی و قابل دسترس برای کاهش تبخیر از مخازن آب، و به‌خصوص مخازن آب کشاورزی، در منطقه سمنان انجام شد.روش پژوهش: در این پژوهش، کارایی شش پوشش فیزیکی (توپ‌های پلاستیکی سفید، بطری‌های خالی، بطری های پر از کاه و کلش، توری سایبان سبز با تراکم 50%، توری سایبان سبز با تراکم 80% و توری سایبان سفید با تراکم 50%) بعد از آماده سازی روی تشت‌های تبخیر کلرادو، برای چهار دوره تقریباً 30 روزه در فصول پائیز و زمستان 1398 و بهار و تابستان 1400، ارزیابی شد. اندازه‌گیری‌ها به صورت روزانه، در ساعت 10:30 در شش ماهه اول سال 1398 و ساعت 9:30 در شش ماهه دوم سال1400 انجام شد. لازم به ذکر است که دمای آب نیز با استفاده از دماسنج الکلی هم‌زمان با قرائت سطح آب اندازه‌گیری شد.یافته‌ها: بر اساس نتایج اندازه‌گیری‌ها، میزان تبخیر از تیمارهای توپ‌های پلاستیکی سفید، بطری‌های خالی، بطری‌های حاوی کاه و کلش، توری سایبان سبز با تراکم 50%، توری سایبان سبز با تراکم 80%، توری سایبان سفید با تراکم 50% و شاهد به ترتیب برابر با 259، 320، 213، 277، 369، 283 و 754 میلی‌متر در چهار دوره مورد بررسی بود که به وضوح کاهش چشم‌گیر تبخیر پوشش های ششگانه به مقدار 66، 58، 72، 63، 52 و 61 درصد نسبت به تیمار شاهد را نشان می-دهد.نتایج: به طور کلی، با توجه به کارایی تمامی تیمارهای این پژوهش و کاربرد این پوشش‌ها با در نظر گرفتن شرایط اقتصادی، اجتماعی و امکان‌پذیر بودن اجرا، به منظور کاهش تبخیر از مخازن روباز آب، به‌خصوص استخرهای ذخیره آب کشاورزی، کارآمد و مناسب ارزیابی می‌شود. به‌طورکلی از بین روش‌های مورد استفاده بیشترین کارایی مربوطه به بطری پر شده با کاه و کلش و پس از آن نیز تیمارهای توپ پلاستیکی و توری سایبان سبز با تراکم 80 مناسبترین روش‌ها ارزیابی شدند.
Background and Aim: The lack of water resources in arid and semi-arid regions like our country and the high volume of water losses through evaporation have made the importance of appropriate and practical methods to reduce evaporation from water reservoirs to be more and more clear day by day. Water is one of the most essential human needs. Evaporation is one of the climatic phenomenon in lakes and open space water loss. Different types of decreasing evaporation varied according to regional and economic conditions and environmental issues. On the other hand, in Iran the research conducted regarding reducing and controlling evaporation from water reservoirs is limited. Therefore, the current research is carried out with the aim of using new, economic, and appropriate to climatic conditions and accessible methods to reduce evaporation from water reservoirs, especially agricultural water reservoirs, in the Semnan region.Method: The efficiency of 6 physical covers (white plastic balls, empty bottles, bottles filled with straw and stubble, green canopy net with 50% density, green canopy net with 80% density, and white canopy net with 50% density), after preparation on the sunken Colorado evaporation pans, is evaluated in four periods of about 30 days in fall 2018 and winter of 2019 and spring and summer of 2021. Measuring the amount of evaporation from pans during 4 periods of approximately 30 days in different seasons of the year are done daily at 10:30 in autumn and winter and at 9:30 in spring and summer. It should be noted that the water temperature is also measured using an alcohol thermometer at the same time as the water level reading.Results: Based on the results of measurements, the rate of evaporation from the treatments of white plastic balls, empty bottles, bottles containing straw and stubble, green canopy net with 50% density, green canopy net with 80% density, canopy net White with a density of 50% and the control is equal to 259, 320, 213, 277, 369, 283 and 754 mm, respectively in four periods, which clearly shows a significant reduction in the evaporation of the applying six covers to the amount of 66, 58, 72, 63, 52 and 61 percent compared to the control treatment.Conclusion: In general, according to the efficiency of all the treatments in this research and the application of these covers, taking into account the economic, social conditions and the feasibility of implementation, in order to reduce evaporation from open water reservoirs, especially agricultural water storage pools, it is evaluated as efficient and suitable. Generally, among the methods used, the most efficient related to the bottle filled with straw and stubble, followed by plastic ball treatments and green canopy netting with a density of 80 are evaluated as the most appropriate methods.
_||_
Afkhami, H., Malekinezhad, H., Esmailzadeh E., & Aziziyan A. (2017). Designing and construction of foamthalate physical coverage using polymeric waste for evaporation reduction from acidic effluents. Journal of Environment and Water Engineering, 1(3), 54-65.[in Persian]
Abedi Kopaei, J., Mazaheri, A., Serafrazi, R., Gershasbi, D., & Eshaghi, Gh. (2014). Reducing evaporation from farm water storage tanks as a scientific solution to preserve water resources in arid and semi-arid areas of Iran. First National Congress of Irrigation and Drainage of Iran, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. [in Persian]
Afkhami, H., Ekhtesasi, M., & Esmailzadeh, E. (2019). Evaluating the performance of Unoconcrete floating cover to reduce evaporation from open water resources. Iranian Journal of Watershed Management Science, 13(44), 48-51. http://doi: jwmsei.ir/article-1-695-fa.html. [in Persian]
Afkhami, H., Malekinezhad, H., & Esmailzadeh, E. (2018). Effect of floating balls on evaporation reduction from open water resources (case study: Tailing dam of Sarcheshmeh copper mine) Kerman. Arid Biome Scientific and Research Journal, 8(1), 59-73. http://doi: dx.doi.org/10.29252/aridbiom.8.1.59. [in Persian]
Abass Dawood, Kh., Lafta Rashid, F., & Hashim, A. (2013). Reduce evaporation losses from water reservoirs. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Research, 1(1), 23-29.
Alam, Sh., & Alshaikh, A. (2013). Use of palm fronds as shaded cover for evaporation reduction to improve water storage efficiency. Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences, 25(1), 55-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2012.01.003.
Al-Hassoun, S., Ahmed Mohammed, Th., & Nurdin, J. (2009). Evaporation reduction from impounding reservoirs in arid areas using palm leaves. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 4, 247-250. http://doi= ieasci.2009.2470250.
Alizadeh, A. (2014). Principles of applied hydrology. 28th edition, Imam Reza University Press. [In Persian]
Barnes, G. T. (1993). Optimum conditions for evaporation control by monolayer. Journal of Hydrology, 145, 165-173. [In Persian]
Craig, I. P. (2005). Loss of storage water due to evaporation A literature review. NCEA Publication, University of Southern Queensland, Australia. 1-75.
Ghazvinian, H. R. (2020). Field study of the effect of different physical coatings on reducing evaporation from the surface of water reservoirs. [Master Thesis, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Semnan University]. [In Persian]
Elsebaie, E. H., Fouli, H., & Amin, M. (2017). Evaporation reduction from open water tanks using palm–frond covers: Effects of tank shape and coverage pattern. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 21(7), 2977-2983. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-017-0539-4.
Emadi, A., Zamanzad ghavidel, S., Fazeli, S., Zareie, S., & Rashid-Niaghi, A. (2022). Modeling of monthly evaporation using single and hybrid-wavelet data- driven methods in basins of Iran with climate variety. Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Water Engineering, 12(48), 354-373. [in Persian]
Ejlali, F. 2004. Climates and weather Explained. Payame Noor Publication.University, 306p.
Farzin, S., Hajiabadi, R., Ahmadi, M. H. (2017). Application of chaos theory and artificial neural networks to evaluate evaporation from lakes water surface. Journal of Water and Soil, 30(1), 61-74.
Irmak, S., Haman, D.Z., & Jones, J. W. (2002). Evaluation of Class A pan coefficients for estimating reference evapotranspiration in humid location. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 128(3), 153-159. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733.
Hashemi Garmdare, S. A., & Islamian, S. (2014). Use of coating materials to reduce evaporation from open water surface. The second national conference on watershed management and water and soil resources management, Bahner Kerman University.
Khan, M. A., & Issac, V. C. (1990). Evaporation reduction in stock tanks for increasing water supplies. Journal of Hydrology, 119(1-4), 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90031-R.
Kamyabi, S., Mesgariyan, H. 2013. Evaluation of the effect of climate on architecture in different urban areas in Semnan province. The Second International Congress of Structure, Architecture and Urban Development.
Manousou, D., Gardelis, S., Calamiotou, M., & Syskarkis, E. (2021). VO2 thin films fabricated by reduction of thermal evaporated V2O5 under N2 flow. Materials Letters, 299, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2021.130086.
Mazaheri, E., & Abdei Koupai, J. (2017). Reduction of evaporation from water reservoirs using floating covers in isfahan. Journal of Water and Soil Research in Iran, 49(3), 597-605..doi:10.22059/ijswr.2017.233481.667681. [in Persian]
Moradimazraeno, h. R., Talebi, M. p., & Hassanzadeh, M. (2013). Evaluation of reduction of evaporation from agricultural water storage ponds using unilith cover (case study: Aqda region). The first National Conference on the Application of Modern Science and Technology in Agriculture and Natural Resources. [In Persian]
Martinez Alvarez, V., Bille, A., Molina Martinez, J. M., & Gonzalez Real M. M. (2006). Effects black polyethylene shade covers on the evaporation rate of agricultural reservoirs. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 4(4), 280-288. doi:10.5424/sjar/2006044-205.
Martinez-Grandos, D., Maestre–Valero, J. F., Calatrava, J., & Martinez-Alvarez, V. (2011). The economic impact of water evaporation losses from water reservoirs in the Segura Basin SE Spain. Journal of Water Resources Management, 25, 3153-3175.
Piri, M., Hesam, M., Dehghani, A. A., & Meftah H. (2011). Experimental study on the effect of physical and chemical approach in reducing the evaporation from water surface. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 17(4), 141-154. [in Persian]
Ranjbar, E., Mahdovian, A., & Maknoun, R. (2013). Investigating the possibility of using perlite light concrete floating plates to reduce the evaporation of reservoirs of dams. The First International Conference and the 3rd on Dams and Hydropower Plants, Tehran. [in Persian]
Shalaby, M. M., Nassar, I. N., & Abdalla, A. M. (2021). Evaporation suppression from open water surface using various floating covers with consideration of water ecology. Journal of Hydrology, 598, 126482. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126482.
Soltani, Z., Khani, A., Mahanpour, K., & Marjani, A. (2020). Reducing Evaporation of standing waters by fresh and Non-Living duckweed covering. Journal of Water and Wastewater, 31(3), 43-50 Doi:org/10.22093/wwj.2019.169339.2834. [in Persian]
Safari, S., Abbasi, A., & Hafizi Moghadis, N. (2019). Technical and economic evaluation of using natural aggregates to reduce water evaporation. 12th National Congress of Civil Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz. [in Persian]
Simon, K., Shanbhag, R., & Slocum A. H. (2015). Reducing evaporation water losses from irrigation ponds through the reuse of polyethylene terephthalate bottles. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 142(2), 06015005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943.
Stanhill, G. (2002). Is the Class-A evaporation pan still the most practical and accurate meteorological method for determining irrigation water requirements. Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 112, 233-236.