تأثیر نیتروژن و ضایعات خاک‌اره بر شاخص‌های کیفیت خاک در کشت لوبیا چیتی
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت آب در مزرعه با هدف بهبود شاخص های مدیریتی آبیاری
فرزاد جلیلی
1
(استادیار علوم خاک، گروه کشاورزی، واحد خوی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، خوی، ایران .)
کلید واژه: ماده آلی, ساختمان خاک, عملکرد, خواص خاک,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: کمبود مواد آلی در بیش‌تر خاک‌های ایران موجب پدید آمدن مشکلاتی از قبیل ناپایداری ساختمان خاک، کاهش محصول و در نتیجه تخریب اراضی کشاورزی شده است. یکی از روش‌های بهبود کیفیت خاک و ارتقاء میزان تولید، استفاده از مواد زائد صنعتی ارزان قیمت مانند خاک‌اره می باشد. خاک‌اره به دلیل هدایت الکتریکی پائین، محتوای کم فلزات سنگین، توانایی ایجاد خلل و فرج و هوادهی بهتر و ظرفیت نگهداشت بالای آب، می‌تواند به‌عنوان یکی از گزینه ها جهت بهبود خواص فیزیکی و کیفیت خاک باشد. بنابراین هدف از انجام این پژوهش بررسی تأثیر نیتروژن و ضایعات خاک‌اره بر شاخص‌های کیفیت خاک در کشت لوبیا چیتی می باشد.روش پژوهش: آزمایش به‌صورت اسلپیت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در شهرستان خوی اجرا گردید. خاک‌اره در چهار سطح صفر، پنج، 10 و 15 تن در هکتار به‌عنوان فاکتور اصلی و کود نیتروژنی اوره در سه سطح، 75، 150 و 225 کیلوگرم در هکتار به‌عنوان فاکتور فرعی در نظر گرفته شد. خاک‌اره و نصف کود نیتروژنی مطابق تیمارهای آزمایش همزمان با آماده‌سازی کرت ها مصرف و با خاک مخلوط شد. باقیمانده کود نیتروژنی در مراحل استقرار کامل گیاه و شروع گلدهی مصرف شد. مطابق نتایج آزمون خاک کودهای پتاسیمی و فسفری در خاک مصرف نشد. صفات تعداد نیام در بوته، عملکرد دانه، شاخص برداشت و پروتئین در لوبیا اندازه‌گیری شد و پس از برداشت محصول برخی از شاخص‌های کیفیت خاک شامل کربن آلی، تخلخل، درصد اشباع رطوبتی، FC، PWP، جرم مخصوص حقیقی و ظاهری و میانگین وزنی قطر خاکدانه تر (MWDwet) اندازه گیری شد.یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که خاک‌اره و کود نیتروژنی تأثیر معنی‌داری بر صفات مورد مطالعه در لوبیا و خصوصیات خاک داشت. با افزایش در سطوح هر دو فاکتور تمامی صفات مورد مطالعه افزایش یافت. بر اساس نتایج مقایسه میانگین‌ها، بیشترین عملکرد دانه به میزان 1302 کیلوگرم در هکتار با مصرف 225 کیلوگرم در هکتار اوره به دست آمد که نسبت به سطوح 150 و 75 کیلوگرمی آن به ترتیب 9 و 44 درصد افزایش داشت. هم چنین با افزایش مصرف خاک‌اره، کلیه صفات مورد مطالعه در خاک ارتقاء یافت و چنین روندی در مصرف کود نیتروژنی در برخی صفات هم مشاهده شد. در سطوح خاک اره مصرفی نیز بیشترین عملکرد به میزان 2/1269 کیلوگرم در هکتار با مصرف 15 تن در هکتار خاک‌اره به‌دست آمد که در مقایسه با تیمار عدم مصرف آن 2/21 درصد افزایش داشت. از لحاظ خصوصیات خاک، خاک‌اره بر کلیه صفات مورد بررسی و کود نیتروژنی بر کربن آلی، جرم مخصوص ظاهری و MWDwet تأثیر معنی‌داری داشت.نتیجه گیری: کاربرد خاک‌اره به‌عنوان ماده آلی تأثیر مثبت بر خواص فیزیک و شیمیایی مورد مطالعه خاک داشت، به طوری که کاربرد آن در خاک، باعث بهبود تخلخل، کربن آلی و افزایش محتوای آب خاک در حالت ظرفیت زراعی و نقطه پژمردگی دائم شد. بنابراین خاک‌اره می‌تواند به‌عنوان یک کود آلی مناسب و مقرون به‌صرفه و هم‌چنین برای جبران کمبود مواد آلی در خاک و به دنبال آن بهبود شرایط نامناسب خاک استفاده شود.
The use of agricultural and industrial wastes as a organic materials are increased. In order to evaluate of the effect of sawdust and nitrogen on soil quality indices under bean cultivation, an experiment was conducted on split plot with RCBD design with three replications. Sawdust in 4 levels 0, 5, 10 and 15 ton/ha as a main factor and nitrogen fertilizer in 3 levels 75, 150 and 225 kg/ha. and then mixed with soil. In the use of nitrogen,the maximum grain yield was 1302.8 kg/ha were obtained of 225 kg/ha of urea application. In traits of soil properties, sawdust in all traits and nitrogen fertilizer on some traits had meaningful effects. With increasing of sawdust, all of trait increased, but the increasing of traits with increasing of nitrogen showed some of traits. The investigating of rates of sawdust on MWDwet showed the difference between 5 and 10 ton/ha of sawdust was not significant, but by applying of 15 ton/ha difference and was significant. The maximum effect of MWDwet was 0.84 mm were obtained of 15 ton/ha of sawdust, in compared with 10 ton/ ha and control increasing was 100 and 265% respectively. This research indicates that sawdust as an organic conditioner and nitrogen fertilizer improved the quality of soil and the use of this treatments increased porosity, water holding capacity in FC and PWP points and organic carbon. Thus, sawdust can be used as a suitable organic fertilizer to improve the organic matter of soil and unsuitable condition of soil.
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