بررسی عملکرد و بهره‌وری آب در تناوب گندم-کلزا-ذرت تحت تاثیر سامانه‌های مختلف خاک‌ورزی در شرایط اقلیمی یزد
محورهای موضوعی : بهینه سازی مصرف آب
غلامحسن رنجبر
1
*
,
محمد حسن رحیمیان
2
,
حسین بیرامی
3
,
سید علی طباطبایی
4
,
محمدرضا فلاطونی
5
1 - دانشیار مرکز ملی تحقیقات شوری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، یزد، ایران
2 - استادیار مرکز ملی تحقیقات شوری، یزد، ایران
3 - استادیار، مرکز ملی تحقیقات شوری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، یزد، ایران
4 - دانشیار، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی یزد، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، یزد، ایران
5 - کارشناس، سازمان جهاد کشاورزی استان یزد، ایران
کلید واژه: بسترهای بلند دائمی, بقایای گیاهی, بی‌خاک‌ورزی, جاب پلنتر, کشاورزی حفاظتی ,
چکیده مقاله :
این مطالعه به‌منظور مقایسه روش‌های خاک‌ورزی مرسوم و حفاظتی بر روی بسترهای بلند دائمی و بی‌خاک‌ورزی با ماشین‌های اسفوجیا (SFOGGIA) و جاب پلنتر (Jab Planter) در یک تناوب گندم-کلزا-ذرت علوفه‌ای، در استان یزد به عنوان یک منطقه خشک طی ساله‌های 1399-1397 انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که عملکرد دانه گندم در تیمار بسترهای بلند دائمی به‌طور معنی‌داری بیشتر از سایر تیمارها بود. عملکرد دانه گندم در تیمارهای خاک ورزی مرسوم، كاشت بر روی بسترهای بلند دائمی، بدون خاک‌ورزی با ماشین اسفوجیا و کاشت با ماشین بدون خاک‌ورزی جاب پلنتر به‌ترتیب 4/4422، 4/5186، 5/3761 و 1/3547 کیلوگرم در هکتار بود. بیشترین عملکرد دانه در کلزا بدون اختلاف معنی‌دار در تیمارهای خاک‌ورزی مرسوم و کاشت بر روی پشته های دائمی بدست آمد. بیشترین وزن‌تر علوفه ذرت (71021 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار كاشت بر روی بسترهای بلند دائمی بدست آمد که از نظر آماری با تیمار بی‌خاک‌ورزی کاشت با ماشین اسفوجیا و جاب پلنتر تفاوت معنی‌دار نداشت. وزن تر علوفه ذرت در تیمار خاک‌ورزی مرسوم به میزان 29 درصد کمتر از تیمار کاشت بر روی بسترهای بلند دائمی بود. همچنین کاربرد روش کاشت روی بسترهای بلند حجم آب مصرفی را بین 20 الی 23 درصد در مقایسه با روش کاشت مرسوم کاهش داد. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که با اجرای خاک‌ورزی حفاظتی و حفظ بقایا در مناطق اقلیمی خشکی مانند استان یزد، می‌توان ضمن کاهش تبخیر از سطح خاک به بهبود بهره‌وری آب و افزایش عملکرد گیاهان زراعی کمک نمود. روش کاشت بر روی بسترهای بلند دائمی با توجه به مصرف آب کمتر و عملکرد بیشتر می‌تواند مناسب‌تر باشد.
This study was conducted to compare conventional tillage with conservation methods of permanent raised bed (PRB), no-till with SFOGGIA (NTs), and no-till with Jab Planter (NTj) equipment’s, in a wheat- rapeseed-corn cropping system in Yazd province as an arid region. Results showed wheat grain yield in PRB treatment was significantly higher than the other treatments. Wheat grain yield in CT, PRB and NTs and NTj treatments were 4422.4, 5186.4, 3762.5 and 3547.1 kg ha-1, respectively. The highest seed yield for rapeseed was obtained at CT and PRB treatments with no significant differences. The highest fresh weight of corn forage was observed in PRB treatment (71021 kg ha-1) which was not statistically different from fresh weight in NTs and NTj treatments. The fresh weight of corn forage in CT treatment was 29% lower than the fresh weight in PRB treatment. Application of PRB planting method also reduced the volume of applied water by 20% to 23% compared to the CT method. Results of the study showed that by using conservation tillage and preserving plant residues in arid regions such as Yazd province, it is possible to increase yield and water productivity as well as reducing evaporation from the soil surface. Due to less water consumption and higher yield, PRB planting method could be more suitable.
Afzalinia, S. and Karami, A., 2018. Effect of conservation tillage on soil properties and corn yield in the corn-wheat rotation. Iranian Journal of Biosysytem Engineering, 40(1), pp. 129-137. doi: 10.22059/IJBSE.2017.243058.664995 [In Persian].
Afzalinia, S., Behaeen, M.A., Karami, A., Dezfuli, A., and Ghasari, A., 2011. Effect of conservation tillage on the soil properties and cotton yield. In: Proceedings of 11th International Congress on Mechanization and Energy in Agriculture, Sept., pp. 21-23. Istanbul, Turkey, pp. 36.
Afzalinia, S., Dehghanian, S.I., Alijani, Kh., Hosseini, S.M., Estakhr, A., Alavimanesh, S.M. and Zare, M., 2024. Soil properties, crop yield, and water productivity of forage corn and wheat in conservation planting methods. 18th Iranian Soil Science Congress. 30 Jan. to 1 Feb., 2024, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan. Ahvaz, Iran [In Persian].
Ahmed, A., Hussain, I., Khalil, I. A., Ahmed, G., Ahmad, I., and Imtiaz, M., 2018. Effect of bed planting and zero tillage on productivity and water use of Irrigated maize-wheat cropping system in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 34(3), pp. 696-704. doi:10.17582/journal.sja/2018/34.3.
Aikins, S.H.M., Bart-Plange, A., and Opoku-Baffour. S., 2010. Performance evaluation of jab planters for maize planting and inorganic fertilizer application. Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 1(5), pp. 29-33.
Alvarez, R., and Steinbach, H.S., 2009. A review of the effects of tillage systems on some soil physical properties, water content, nitrate availability and crops yield in the Argentine Pampas. Soil and Tillage Research, 104, pp. 1-15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2009.02.005.
Amini, A., Rajaie, M. and Farsinezhad, K., 2014. Effects of different plant residue under different tillagepractices on yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Plant Ecophysiology, 16, pp. 27-37 [In Persian].
Asadi, M.E., and Faghani, M., 2021. Permanent raised bed cropping systems. Noruzi Publisher. Gorgan, Iran. 116 Pp.
Asadi, M.E., Feyzbakhsh, MT. and Razzaghi, MH., 2016. Study of silage maize yield and yield components under different managements of tillage. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 23(3), pp. 151-170. doi:10.22069/JWFST.2016.3191 [In Persian].
Asoodar, M.A., Zalaghi, F., and Shahrestani, S.A., 2017. Management Principles of plant residue, tillage and rotation in conservation agriculture. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. Agricultural education press. Publication no.: 51762.
Bahrani, M.J., Raufat, M.H., and Ghadiri. H., 2007. Influence of wheat residue management on irrigated corn grain production in a reduced tillage system. Soil and Tillage Research,94, pp. 305-309. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2006.08.004
Brunel, N., Seguel, O., and Acevedo, E., 2013. Conservation tillage and water availability for wheat in the dryland of central Chile. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 13, pp. 622–637. DOI:10.4067/S0718-95162013005000050.
Cai, L.Q., Luo, Z.Z., Zhang, R.Z., Huang, G.B., Li, L.L., and Xie, J.H., 2012. Effect of different tillage methods on soil water retention and infiltration capability of rainfed field. Journal of Desert Research, 32, pp. 1362–1368.
Cavalaris, C.K. and Gemtos. T.A., 2002. Evaluation of four conservation tillage methods in the sugar beet crop. Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal of Scientific Research and Development Manuscript LW 01 008, 6, pp. 1-24.
Choudhury, B.U., Bouman, B.M. and Sigh, A.K., 2007. Yield and water productivity y of rice-wheat on raised beds at New Delhi, India. Field Crops Research, 100, pp. 229-239. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2006.07.009
Cox, W.J., Zable, R.W., Vanes, H.M., and Otis, D.J., 1990. Tillage effects on some soil physical and corn physiological characteristics. Agronomy Journal, 82, pp. 806-812.
De Vita P., Di Paolo, E., Fecondo, G., Di Fonzo, N., and Pisante, M., 2007. No-tillage and conventional tillage effects on durum wheat yield, grain quality and soil moisture content in southern Italy. Soil and Tillage Research, 92(1-2), pp. 69-78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2006.01.012.
Fahong, W., Xuqing, W., Bo, F., Jisheng, S., Shengdong, L., and Zhongming, M., 2005. Raised bed planting for wheat in China. In: Roth, C.H., R.A. Fischer & C.A. Meisner. Evaluation and performance of permanent raised bed cropping systems in Asia, Australia and Mexico. ACIAR Proceedings No. 121. #3 Garcıa-Orenes, F., Cerda, A., Mataix-Solera, J., Guerrer, C., Bod, M.B., Arcenegui, V., Zornoza, R., and Sempere, J.G., 2009. Effects of agricultural management on surface soil properties and soil–water losses in eastern Spain. Soil and Tillage Research, 106, pp. 117-123. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2009.06.002.
Hassan, I., Hussain, Z., and Akbar, G., 2005. Effect of permanent raised beds on water productivity for irrigated maize –wheat cropping system. In: Roth, C.H., R.A. Fischer & Meisner, C.A. Evaluation and performance of permanent raised bed cropping systems in Asia, Australia and Mexico. ACIAR Proceedings No. 121.
Heydari, N., 2014. Water productivity in agriculture: Challenges in concepts, terms and values, Irrigation and Drainage. 63(1), pp.22-28. DOI:10.1002/ird.1816.
Holland, J.E., White, R.E., and Edis. R., 2007. The relation between soil structure and solute transport under raised bed cropping and conventional cultivation in south-western Victoria. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 45, pp. 577-585. doi:10.1071/SR07068.
Jin, H., Qingjie, W., Hongwen, L., Lijin, L., and Huanwen, G., 2007. Effect of alternative tillage and residue cover on yield and water use efficiency in annual double cropping system in North China Plain. Soil and Tillage Research, 104, pp. 198-205. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2008.08.015.
Jolaini, M. and Sharifi, H.R., 2019. Effect of tillage method, residue retention, and different levels of irrigation water on yield and water productivity of wheat in cold region of Khorasan Razavi. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture (Soil and Water Sci.), 33(3), pp. 371-382. doi:https://doi.org/10.22092/jwra.2019.120468 [In Persian].
Jolaini, M., & Ghasemzadeh Ganjehei, M., 2020. Conservation Agriculture and Preservation Soil Moisture. Razavi Khorasan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center. Office of Knowledge Network and Extensive Media. Agricultural Education Press. Issue no. 464 [In Persian].
Lafond, G.P., Boyetchko, S.M., Brandt, S.A., Clayton, G.W., and Entz, M.H., 1996. Influence of changing tillage practices on crop production. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 76, pp. 641-649.
Li, L., Huang, G., Zhang, R., Jin, X., Li, G., and Chan, K.Y., 2005. Effects of no-till with stubble retention on soil water regimes in rainfed areas. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 19(5), pp. 94–97.
Limon-Ortega, A., 2011. Planting System on Permanent Beds; A Conservation Agriculture Alternative for Crop Production in the Mexican Plateau. INTECH Open Access Publisher.
Limon-Ortega, A., Sayre, K.D., Drijber, R.A., and Francis, C.A., 2002. Soil attributes in a furrow-irrigated bed planting system in northwest Mexico. Soil and Tillage Research, 63, pp. 123-132. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00230-6
Madejón, E., Murillo, J.M., Moreno, F., López, M.V., Arrue, J.L., Alvaro-Fuentes, J., and Cantero, C., 2009. Effect of long-term conservation tillage on soil biochemical properties in Mediterranean Spanish areas. Soil and Tillage Research, 105 (1), pp. 55-62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2009.05.007.
Magdoff, F.R., Tabatabai, M.A., Hanlon, E.A., 1996. Soil Organic Matter: Analysis and Interpretation. Soil Science Society of America. Print ISBN: 9780891188223. Online ISBN:9780891189411. DOI:10.2136/sssaspecpub46. P. 67.
Majid, A., Muhmood, A., Niaz, A., Javid, S., Ahmad, Z.A., Shah, S.S.H., and Shah, A.H., 2015. Bed planting of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) improves nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield compared to flat planting. The Crop Journal, 3, pp. 118–124. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2015.01.003.
Mann, R.A. and Meisner, C.A., 2003. Proceedings of the national workshop on rice-wheat systems in Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan. A Rice Wheat Consortium Paper Series, 15, pp. 2-3. Najafinejad, H., Javaheri, M.A., Gheibi, M., and Rostami, M.A., 2007. Influence of tillage practices on the grain yield of maize and some soil properties in maize-wheat cropping system of Iran. Journal of Agriculture and Social Sciences, 3, pp. 87-90.
Peng, Z., Wang, L., Xie, J., Li, L., Coulter, J.A., Zhang, R., and Choudhary, S., 2019. Conservation tillage increases water use efficiency of spring wheat by optimizing water transfer in a semi-arid environment. Agronomy, 9(10), 583. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9100583.
Rusu, T., 2005. The influence of minimum tillage systems upon the soil properties, yield and energy efficiency in some arable crops. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 6(3), pp. 287-294.
Sayre, K., Limon, A., and Govaerts, B., 2005. Experiences with permanent bed planting systems CIMMYT, Mexico. In: Roth, C.H., Fischer, R.A. and Meisner, C.A. Evaluation and performance of permanent raised bed cropping systems in Asia, Australia and Mexico. ACIAR Proceedings No. 121.
Sessiz, A., Alp, A., and Gursoy, S., 2010. Conservation and conventional tillage methods on selected soil physical properties and corn yield and quality under cropping system in Turkey. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 16(5), pp. 597-608.
Shao, Y., Xie, Y., Wang, C., Yue, J., Yao, Y., Li, X., Liu, W., Zhu, Y., and Guo, T., 2016. Effects of different soil conservation tillage approaches on soil nutrients, water use and wheat-maize yield in rainfed dry-land regions of North China. European Journal of Agronomy, 81, pp. 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2016.08.014.
Su, Z., Zhang, J., Wu, W., Cai, D., Lv, J., Jiang, G., Huang, J., Gao, J., Hartmann, R., and Gabriels, D., 2007. Effects of conservation tillage practices on winter wheat water-use efficiency and crop yield on the Loess Plateau, China. Agricultural Water Management, 87, pp. 307–314. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2006.08.005.
Tao, Z., Li, C., Li, J., Ding, Z., Xu, J., Sun, X., Zhou, P., and Zhao, M., 2015. Tillage and straw mulching impacts on grain yield and water use efficiency of spring maize in Northern Huang–Huai–Hai Valley. The Crop Journal, 3, pp. 445–450. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2015.08.001.
Unknown. 2021. Climatic conditions of Yazd city. Yazd Meteorological Organization. Department of Applied Meteorological Research. Available on: https://www.yazdmet.ir/SC.php?type=static&id=510 [In Persian].
Unknown. 2022. Irrigation Requirement System of Agricultural and Garden Plants of the Country (Water Requirement). Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Soil and water Research Institute. Available on: http://niwr.ir/_Public/BookIR/Default.aspx [In Persian].
Wang, F., Xuqing, W., and Sayre, K.D., 2004. Comparison of conventional, flood irrigated, flat planting with furrow irrigated, raised bed planting for winter wheat in China. Field Crops Research, 87, pp. 35-42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2003.09.003.
Wright, A.L., Dou, F., and Hons, F.M., 2007. Soil organic C and N distribution for wheat cropping systems after 20 years of conservation tillage in central Texas. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 121(4), pp. 376-382. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.11.011.