رابطه متغیرهای روانشناختی و علائم روانشناختی با اعتیاد به اینترنت (یک مطالعه مروری)

محورهای موضوعی : روانشناسي اجتماعي

فائزه خانلری ¹ , هادی فرهادی ²

1 - دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد،گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان(خوراسگان)، اصفهان، ایران
2 - استادیار گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان(خوراسگان)، اصفهان، ایران

تاریخ دریافت : 1401/06/01 تاریخ پذیرش : 1402/01/08 تاریخ انتشار : 1401/10/01

کلید واژه: متغیرهای روان‌شناختی#علائم روان‌شناختی# اعتیاد به اینترنت# مطالعه مروری,

چکیده مقاله :

هدف از این پژوهش تعیین رابطه متغیرهای روان‌شناختی و علائم روان‌شناختی با اعتیاد به اینترنت به عنوان یک مطالعه مروری بود. در انجام این پژوهش از مقـالات مرتبط موجود در پایگاه‌های علمی معتبر انگلیسـی: Google scholar، Science direct،Scopus، Pubmed، springer link و liebertpub ، researchgate و همچنین پایگاه‌های معتبر فارسی همچون: مگیران، ایرانداک، سیویلیکا و پرتال جامع علوم انسانی استفاده شد. این پژوهش مروری-توصیفی به بررسی مرور ادبیات پرداخته و از بین کلیه مطالعات انجام‌شده در ارتباط با اعتیاد به اینترنت در طی 15 سال اخیر (از سال 2007 میلادی تا ماه جولای سال 2021) بود که با روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی انتخاب شده بودند. در نهایت به 157 متن اصلی به عنوان نمونه پژوهش حاضر دست پیدا شد. داده‌ها که به شکل مقالات و کتب بودند متن آن‌ها از بعد پیامدهای حاصل از اعتیاد به اینترنت به 16 دسته تقسیم شدند که شامل افسردگی، اضطراب، سرمایه اجتماعی، خودکارآمدی، کیفیت خواب، پنج ویژگی بزرگ شخصیت، افکار خودکشی، سلامت روان، هوش هیجانی، عزت‌نفس، پرخاشگری، خودکنترلی، سیستم پاداش، کارکرد جسمی، بدرفتاری کودک و سبک فرزند پروری شدند. نتایج نشان داد متغیر افسردگی، اضطراب، کیفیت خواب، افکار خودکشی، سلامت روان، عزت‌نفس، پرخاشگری، خودکنترلی، سیستم پاداش، بدرفتاری با کودک بیشترین یکدستی را در یافته‌ها، در جهت ارتباط با اعتیاد اینترنتی نشان داده‌اند. متغیرهای هوش هیجانی و سرمایه اجتماعی نیز نتایج ضدونقیضی ارائه دادند. از بین پنج ویژگی بزرگ شخصیتی، درون‌گرایی، برونگرایی، روان‌رنجوری بیشترین سهم از پیش‌بینی کنندگی و ارتباط با اعتیاد اینترنتی را تشکیل دادند. از بین انواع سبک فرزند پروری، سبک سهیل‌گیرانه و مستبدانه بیشترین ارتباط مثبت و سبک مقتدرانه بیشترین بازدارندگی را برای اعتیاد اینترنتی ثبت نمود. متغیر خودکارآمدی و فعالیت جسمانی نیز از جمله متغیرهای بودند که با داده‌های متعارض نتیجه‌گیری را دشوار نمودند.

چکیده انگلیسی:

AbstractThis research aimed to determine the relationship between psychological variables and psychological symptoms with Internet addiction.Reputable English scientific databases were used, including Google scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, Pubmed, Springer link, Liebertpub, and Researchgate. Also, valid Persian databases were used to find relevant Iranian papers, including Migiran, Irandak, Civilica, and the Comprehensive portal of humanities. Reputable English scientific databases were used, including Google scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, Pubmed, Springer link, Liebertpub, and Researchgate. Also, valid Persian databases were used to find relevant Iranian papers, including Migiran, Irandak, Civilica, and the Comprehensive portal of humanities. The study's results showed that, in general, previous researchers had found a significant relationship between the psychological symptoms defined in the current research and Internet addiction. The researchers also found some conflicting data discussed in the present study. As a therapeutic and educational guideline, this research showed how traumatic psychological components play a role in Internet addiction from the psychological, personality, emotional and educational aspects. Also, the current research clarifies the necessity of screening children and adolescents with the mentioned characteristics to provide specialized psychological services and empower them.

منابع و مأخذ:

اکبرزاده، نجیبه، فلاح، وحید، رسولی، سیده عصمت. (1399). مقایسه هوش هیجانی و اجتماعی، اضطراب تحصیلی و باورهای معرفت‌شناختی در دانش‌آموزان معتاد و غیرمعتاد به اینترنت. نشریه علمی روانشناسی اجتماعی، 8(57)، 13-23.

جعفری˛ نسیم. فاتحی زاده˛ مریم (1391). رابطه بین اعتیاد به اینترنت با افسردگی، اضطراب، فشار روانی و هراس اجتماعی در دانشجویان دانشگاه اصفهان. مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان، 17(1)، 9-1.

طیوری˛ امیر. میری˛ محمد رضا. بهشتی˛ داود. یاری ˛ الهه. خدا بخشی˛ حوریه (1393). شیوع اعتیاد به اینترنت و ارتباط آن با اضطراب، استرس و افسردگی در دانش آموزان متوسطه شهر بیرجند. مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بیرجند. 22(1): 67-75

منصوری، محبوبه و فرهادی، هادی. (1398).رابطه اعتیاد به بازی­های رایانه­ای، اضطراب اجتماعی و هیجانی­خواهی با عملکرد تحصیلی نوجوانان: نقش تعدیل کنندگی خودکنترلی. .فصلنامه فن آوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات در علوم تربیتی، 9(3 (پیاپی 35))، 97-117.

نوروزی، سهراب و اسدی، آلیس، (1393)، بررسی رابطه سلامت روان و اعتیاد به اینترنت دانش آموزان، اولین کنفرانس ملی توسعه پایدار در علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، مطالعات اجتماعی و فرهنگی، تهران.

Agbaria, Q. (2021). Internet Addiction and Aggression: The Mediating Roles of Self-Control and Positive Affect. Int J Ment Health Addiction 19, 1227–1242.

Alrekebat, Amjad. (2016). Internet addiction and its relationship to self-efficacy level among Al-Hussein Bin Talal University students.

Andrade, A. Scatena, A. Bedendo, A. Enumo, S. Lovato D, Letícia, Prebianchi, H. Machado, Wagner & De Micheli, D. (2020). Findings on the relationship between Internet addiction and psychological symptoms in Brazilian adults. International Journal of Psychology. 55.

Berte, D.Z. Mahamid, F.A. & Affouneh, S. (2021). Internet Addiction and Perceived Self-Efficacy Among University Students. Int J Ment Health Addiction 19, 162–176.

Buckner, J. E. V. Castille, C. M. & Sheets, T. L. (2012). The five factor model of personality and employees’excessive use of technology. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 1947-1953.

Buctot, D. B. Kim, N. & Park, K. E. (2018). Development and evaluation of smartphone detox program for university students. International Journal of Contents, 14(4), 1–9.

Chung, S. Lee, J. & Lee, H. K. (2019). Personal Factors, Internet Characteristics, and Environmental Factors Contributing to Adolescent Internet Addiction: A Public Health Perspective. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(23), 4635.

Craparo, G. Messina,R. Severino,S. Fasciano,S. Cannella,V. Gori,A. Cacioppo,M. &Baiocco,R. (2014). The relationships between self-efficacy,internet addiction&shame. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine.36 (3).304-307.

Dargahi, H. & Razavi, S. (2007). Internet Addiction And Its Related Factors: A Study Of An Iranian Population. Payesh, 6(3), 265-272.

Davoudi, M. Shirvani, S. Foroughi, A. & Rajaeiramsheh, F. (2021). Online Gambling in Iranian Social Media Users: Prevalence, Related Variables and Psychiatric Correlations. Journal of gambling studies. Advance online publication.

De Vries HT, Nakamae T, Fukui K, Denys D, Narumoto J. (2018). Problematic internet use and psychiatric co-morbidity in a population of Japanese adult psychiatric patients. BMC Psychiatry.18(1):9.

Dogan,H. Bozgeyikli,H & Bozdas,C.(2015).Perceived parenting styles as predictor of internet addiction in adolescence.International Journal of Research in Education and Science(IJRES),1(2), 167-174

Dong X, Su F, Du J, Hu Y, Wang Z. (2021). Childhood trauma and internet addiction predict depression on left behind adolescents.The International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education.

Farhad A, Farhadi H. (2021). Predicting the divorce tendency through internet addiction, internet infidelity and computer game addiction in people seeking divorce. JNIP. 8 (12) :1-14.

Fayazi, M & Hasani, J. (2017). Structural relations between brain-behavioral systems, social anxiety, depression and internet addiction: With regard to revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (r-RST). Computers in Human Behavior. 72.

Fisoun, V. Floros, G. Geroukalis, D. Ioannidi, N. Farkonas, N. Sergentani, E. Angelopoulos, N. & Siomos, K.(2012). Internet addiction in the island of Hippocrates: the associations between internet abuse and adolescent off-line behaviours. Child and adolescent mental health, 17(1), 37–44.

Floros, G. D. Siomos, K. Fisoun, V. & Geroukalis, D. (2013). Adolescent online gambling: the impact of parental practices and correlates with online activities. Journal of gambling studies, 29(1), 131–150.

Forster, M. Rogers, C. J. Sussman, S. Watts, J. Rahman, T. Yu, S. & Benjamin, S. M. (2021). Can Adverse Childhood Experiences Heighten Risk for Problematic Internet and Smartphone Use? Findings from a College Sample. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(11), 5978.

Gatej, E & Rizeanu, S & Manolache, A. (2019). The effects of anxiety, aggressiveness and risk management on decision-making behavior in online gambling. Psychological Studies. 7. 3-11.

Gedam, S.R, Ghosh, S. Modi,L, Goyal, A. & Mansharamani, H. (2017). Study of internet addiction: Prevalence, pattern, and psychopathology among health professional undergraduates. Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry, 33, 305-11.

Guo, J. Huang, N. Fu, M. Ma, SH. Chen, M. Wang, X. Feng, X,L. Zhang, B. (2021). Social support as a mediator between internet addiction and quality of life among Chinese high school students. Children and Youth Services Review. Volume 129.

Jamil, Raja & Khatoon, Bibi & Akhtar, Andleeb & Rahman, Assad. (2017). The Study of Relationship between Internet Addictions and Aggression among Teenagers. Journal of Management Info. 3. 7-13.

Jovic, Jelena & Đinđić, Nataša. (2011). Influence of dopaminergic system on internet addiction. Acta Medica Medianae. 50.

Kim, J. & Kang, E. (2018). Internet Game Overuse Is Associated With an Alteration of Fronto-Striatal Functional Connectivity During Reward Feedback Processing. Frontiers in psychiatry, 9, 371.

KOÇ, M. (2011). Internet Addiction And Psychopatology. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, volume 10 Issue 1.

Kumar, M. & Mondal, A. (2018). A study on Internet addiction and its relation to psychopathology and self-esteem among college students. Industrial psychiatry journal, 27(1), 61–66.

Kuss, D. J. & Lopez-Fernandez, O. (2016). Internet addiction and problematic Internet use: A systematic review of clinical research. World journal of psychiatry, 6(1), 143–176.

Lam L. T. (2014). Internet gaming addiction, problematic use of the internet, and sleep problems: a systematic review. Current psychiatry reports, 16(4), 444.

Lebni, J. Y. Toghroli, R. Abbas, J. NeJhaddadgar, N. Salahshoor, M. R. Mansourian, M. Gilan, H. D. Kianipour, N. Chaboksavar, F. Azizi, S. A. & Ziapour, A. (2020). A study of internet addiction and its effects on mental health: A study based on Iranian University Students. Journal of education and health promotion, 9, 205.

Leeman, R. F. & Potenza, M. N. (2013). A targeted review of the neurobiology and genetics of behavioural addictions: an emerging area of research. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 58(5), 260–273.

Li, J. B. Lau, J. Mo, P. Su, X. F. Tang, J. Qin, Z. G. & Gross, D. L. (2017). Insomnia partially mediated the association between problematic Internet use and depression among secondary school students in China. Journal of behavioral addictions, 6(4), 554–563.

Li, S, Ren, P, Chiu, M, Wang, C, Lei, H. (2021). The Relationship Between Self-Control and Internet Addiction Among Students: A Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology. 12.5005.

Li, X. Feng, X. Xiao, W. & Zhou, H. (2021). Loneliness and Mobile Phone Addiction Among Chinese College Students: The Mediating Roles of Boredom Proneness and Self-Control. Psychology research and behavior management, 14, 687–694.

Lin, P. H. Lee, Y. C. Chen, K. L. Hsieh, P. L. Yang, S. Y. & Lin, Y. L. (2019). The Relationship Between Sleep Quality and Internet Addiction Among Female College Students. Frontiers in neuroscience, 13, 599.

Malaeb, D. Awad, E. Haddad, C. et al. (2020). Bullying victimization among Lebanese adolescents: The role of child abuse, Internet addiction, social phobia and depression and validation of the Illinois Bully Scale. BMC Pediatr 20, 520.

Masaeli, N & Farhadi, H. (2021). Internet Addiction and Depression in Iran: Investigating the Mediating Roles of Loneliness and Disordered Sleep and Moderating Role of Gender. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling. 43. 1-17.

Mboya, I. Leyaro, B. Kongo, A. Mkombe, C. Kyando, E. & George, Johnston. (2020). Internet addiction and associated factors among medical and allied health sciences students in northern Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychology. 8.

Moazedian, A. Taqavi, S. A. HosseiniAlmadani, S.A. Mohammadyfar, M. A. and Sabetimani, M. (2014). Parenting Style and Internet Addiction. J. Life Sci. Biomed. 4(1):9-14.

Mohammadbeigi A, Absari R, Valizadeh F, Saadati M, Sharifimoghadam S, Ahmadi A, Mokhtari M, Ansari H. (2016) .Sleep Quality in Medical Students; the Impact of Over-Use of Mobile Cell-Phone and Social Networks. J Res Health Sci ;16(1):46-50.

Mohammadkhani, P, Alkasir, E, Pourshahbaz, A, Jafarian Dehkordi, F & soleimani sefat, E. (2017). Internet Addiction in High School Students and Its Relationship With the Symptoms of Mental Disorders. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal. 15. 141-148.

Mortazavi S, Farhadi H. (2021). The relationship between addictions to computer games with sleep disorder in preschool children: the moderating role of relationship with parents. J Child Ment Health. 8 (1):61-79.

Müller, A. Mitchell, J. E. & de Zwaan, M. (2015). Compulsive buying. The American journal on addictions, 24(2), 132–137.

Mustafa, M & Rose, N & Ishak, A. (2020). Internet Addiction and Family Stress: Symptoms, Causes and Effects. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1529. 032017.

Neves, B.B. (2015). Does the Internet matter for strong ties? Bonding social capital, Internet use, and age-based inequality. International Review of Sociology, 25, 415 - 433.

Neves, B. B. (2013). Social capital and internet use: The irrelevant, the bad, and the good. Sociology Compass, 7(8), 599-611.

Neves, BB. Fonseca, J. Amaro, F. & Pasqualotti, A. (2018). Social capital and Internet use in an age-comparative perspective with a focus on later life. PloS one, 13(2), e0192119.

Odacı, H. & Kalkan, M. (2010). Problematic Internet use, loneliness and dating anxiety among young adult university students. Computers & Education, 55(3), 1091-1097.

Olsen C. M. (2011). Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions. Neuropharmacology, 61(7), 1109–1122.

Pan, Y. C., Chiu, Y. C., & Lin, Y. H. (2020). Systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiology of internet addiction. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 118, 612–622.

Rahmani, S. & Lavasani, M. G. (2011). The relationship between internet dependency with sensation seeking and personality. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30,272e277.

Raiha, S. Yang, G. Wang, L. Dai, W. Wu, H. Meng, G. Zhong, B. & Liu, X. (2020). Altered Reward Processing System in Internet Gaming Disorder. Frontiers in psychiatry, 11, 599141.

Randler, C. Horzum, M. B. & Vollmer, C. (2014). Internet addiction and its relationship to chronotype and personality in a Turkish university student sample. Social Science Computer Review, 32(4), 484e495.

Rod, N. H. Dissing, A. S. Clark, A. Gerds, T. A. & Lund, R. (2018). Overnight smartphone use: A new public health challenge? A novel study design based on high-resolution smartphone data. PloS one, 13(10), e0204811.

Rodríguez-García, A M, Moreno-Guerrero, A.-J.; López Belmonte, J. (2020). "Nomophobia: An Individual’s Growing Fear of Being without a Smartphone—A Systematic Literature Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2: 580.

Saraiva, J. Esgalhado, G. Pereira, H. Monteiro, S. Afonso, R. M. & Loureiro, M. (2018). The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Internet Addiction Among Youth and Adults. Journal of addictions nursing, 29(1), 13–22.

Sariyska,R. Reuter,M. Bey,K. Sha,P.et.al.(2014).Self-esteem,personality and Internet Addiction:A cross-cultural comparison study.Personality and Individual Differences.s 61–62. 28–33.

Servidio,R.(2014). Exploring the effects of demographic factors,Internet usage and personality traits on Internet addiction in a sample of Italian university students.Computers in Human Behavior, 35,85e92.

Shan, X. Ou, Y. Ding, Y. Yan, H. Chen, J. Zhao, J. & Guo, W. (2021). Associations Between Internet Addiction and Gender, Anxiety, Coping Styles and Acceptance in University Freshmen in South China. Frontiers in psychiatry, 12, 558080.

Shi X. Wang J. & Zou H. (2017). Family functioning and internet addiction among Chinese Adolescents: The mediating roles of self-esteem and loneliness, Computers in Human Behavior.

Shivam S, Chaudhari B, Chaudhury S, Saldanha D. Parenting style and personality correlates of internet addiction: A cross-sectional study. Med J DY Patil Vidyapeeth 2021;14:143-54.

Tabatabairad ES,Akbari A.(2017).Prediction of Internet Addiction and Social Anxiety Based on Parenting Styles in Adolescents of Sabzevar,Iran.J Educ Community Health.3(4):52-58

Torres-Rodríguez, A. Griffiths, M. D. Carbonell, X. & Oberst, U. (2018). Internet gaming disorder in adolescence: Psychological characteristics of a clinical sample. Journal of behavioral addictions, 7(3), 707–718.

van der Aa, N. Overbeek, G. Engels, R. C. Scholte, R. H. Meerkerk, G. J. & Van den Eijnden, R. J. (2009). Daily and compulsive internet use and well-being in adolescence: a diathesis-stress model based on big five personality traits. Journal of youth and adolescence, 38(6), 765–776.

Wang, W. Du, X. Guo, Y. Li, W. Zhang, S. Guo, L. & Lu, C. (2021). Association between problematic internet use and behavioral/emotional problems among Chinese adolescents: the mediating role of sleep disorders. PeerJ, 9, e10839.

Weinstein, A. & Lejoyeux, M. (2015). New developments on the neurobiological and pharmaco-genetic mechanisms underlying internet and videogame addiction. The American journal on addictions, 24(2), 117–125.

Whang, L. S. Lee, S. & Chang, G. (2003). Internet over-users' psychological profiles: a behavior sampling analysis on internet addiction. Cyberpsychology & behavior: the impact of the Internet, multimedia and virtual reality on behavior and society, 6(2), 143–150.

Xie, L. Yang, H. L. Lin, X. Y. Ti, S. M. Wu, Y. Y. Zhang, S. Zhang, S. Q. & Zhou, W. L. (2021). Does the Internet Use Improve the Mental Health of Chinese Older Adults? Frontiers in public health, 9, 673368.

Yang, S., Liu, Y., & Wei, J. (2016). Social capital on mobile SNS addiction: A perspective from online and offline channel integrations. Internet Res., 26, 982-1000.

Yang SY. (2020). Effects of Self-efficacy and Self-control on Internet Addiction in Middle School Students: A Social Cognitive Theory-Driven Focus on the Mediating Influence of Social Support. Child Health Nurs Res. ;26(3):357-365. Epub 2020 Jul 31.

Yang SY,Chen KL,Lin PH,Wang PY.(2019).Relationships among health-related behaviors, smartphone dependence,and sleep duration in female junior college students.Soc Health Behav.2:26-31

Yang, X & Zhu, L & Chen, Q & Song, P & Wang, Z. (2016). Parent marital conflict and Internet addiction among Chinese college students: The mediating role of father-child, mother-child, and peer attachment. Computers in Human Behavior. 59. 221-229.

Yates, T. M. Gregor, M. A. & Haviland, M. G. (2012). Child maltreatment, alexithymia, and problematic internet use in young adulthood. Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking, 15(4), 219–225.

Zavaleta-Valenzuela,RF. MendezVergaray,J. Hinostroza, LDV.  Flores,E & Huayta-Franco,YZ. (2021). Impact of social network addiction in adolescents. Review. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education. Vol.12 No.6 (2021), 4234-4239.

Zhang, R.P.& Bai, B.Y. Jiang, S. Yang, S. & Zhou, Q. (2019). Parenting styles and Internet addiction in Chinese adolescents: Conscientiousness as a mediator and teacher support as a moderator. Computers in Human Behavior. 101.