اثر تاج درختان و پستی و بلندی بر برخی خصوصیات شیمیایی خاک جنگل (مطالعه موردی: تنگ دالاب استان ایلام)
محورهای موضوعی : جنگلداری
1 - دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه کردستان دانشکده منابع طبیعی سنندج ایران
2 - استادیار گروه جنگلداری دانشگاه کردستان دانشکده منابع طبیعی سنندج ایران
کلید واژه: ایلام, عوامل رویشگاهی, تنگ دالاب, ویژگی های خاک, جنگل های زاگرس,
چکیده مقاله :
از آنجا که پایداری طولانی مدت اکوسیستم های جنگلی وابسته به حفظ کیفیت خاک است، آگاهی از وضعیت خاکهای مناطق جنگلی و بررسی آثار فعالیت های مختلف صورت گرفته بر خصوصیات خاک بسیار مهم بوده و در مدیریت جنگل مؤثر است. تخریب فزاینده جنگلهای زاگرس سبب می شود که اهمیت حفظ، نگهداری و احیاء این جنگلهای با ارزش بیشتر شود. هدف از این مطالعه یافتن ارتباط بین ارتفاع از سطح دریا، میزان شیب و تاج پوشش بر برخی از خصوصیات شیمیایی خاک است. نمونه برداری از خاک در منطقه تنگ دالاب استان ایلام روی دامنه شمالی با سه ترانسکت ارتفاعی در زیر گونه بلوط ایرانی انجام شد. نمونه برداری روی هر ترانسکت به فواصل 50 متری از یکدیگر انجام شد. در هر ترانسکت از عمق 0 تا 20 سانتی متری خاک، 10 نمونه از زیر تاج درخت و 10 نمونه از خارج تاج درخت و در مجموع 60 نمونه خاک در سه ترانسکت برداشت شد. در هر محل نمونه برداری، ارتفاع از سطح دریا و درصد شیب نیز ثبت شد. مطابق نتایج به دست آمده پتاسیم تبادلی، منیزیم تبادلی و هدایت الکتریکی در هر دو موقعیت زیر و خارج تاج با افزایش ارتفاع کاهش یافتند ولی اسیدیته با ارتفاع از سطح دریا رابطه ای مستقیم از خود نشان داد. همچنین با افزایش میزان شیب پتاسیم تبادلی، منیزیم تبادلی، هدایت الکتریکی و اسیدیته در هر دو موقعیت زیر و خارج تاج کاهش یافت در صورتی که کلسیم تبادلی زیر تاج با افزایش ارتفاع و شیب رابطه ای معکوس ولی خارج تاج با این عوامل رابطه ای مستقیم نشان داد.
The sustainability of forest ecosystems a dependent on soil quality in duration time, conesquantly knowledge of forest soil situation and effects of land use on soil properties is very important for forest management. Degradation of zagros forest is caused that restoration those be very important. The purpose of this study was determination of relationship between altitude, slope and canopy on soil chemical properties. The study was carried out in Tang-e-Dalab in Ilam province on northern slope. Three transects were sampled in oak stand (Quercus brantii). In each transect, samples had 50 meters interval. Soil samples were collected from soil surface (0- 02 cm). Then Samples separately were located inside and outside of canopy in each transect. Overall were collected 60 samples. In each sample, altitude from sea level and slope percent were recorded. The results showed exchangeable K and Mg, EC decreased by increasing altitude in both inside and outside of canopy but pH has direct relationship with altitude. Moreover increasing of slope percent exchangeable K and Mg, EC , pH decreased in both inside and outside of while there was inverse relationship between exchangeableCa and altitude and slope inside canopy, but outside canopy it had direct relationship.
References
1-Alban, D.H., D.A. Perala, & B.E Schlaegal, 1978. Biomass and nutrient distribution in aspen, pine and spruce stand on the same soiltype in Minnesota, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 8(3): 290-299.
2-An, S.Q., Z.L. Liu, B.G. Hong, & R.L. Zhao, 1997. Effects of soil factors on species diversity in secondary forest communities, Acta Ecologica Sinica, 17(1): 45–50.
3-Beckett, P.H.T, 1964. The “immediate” Q/I relations of labile potassium in the soil,Soil Science, 15: 9-23.
4-Bruland, G.L., & C.J. Richardson, 2005. Hydrologicedaphic, and vegetative responses to microtopographic reestablishment in a restored wetland, Restoration Ecology, 13(3):515–523.
5-Chaplot, V., M. Bernoux, C.Watler, P.Curmi, & U. Herpin, 2001. Soil carbon storage prediction in temperate hydromorphic soils using a morphologic index and digital elevation model, Soil Science,166(1): 48– 60.
6-Chen, Z.S., C.F. Hsieh, F.Y. Jiang, T.H. Hsieh, & I.F. Sun, 1997. Relations of soil properties to topography and vegetation in a subtropical rain forest in southern Taiwan, Plant Ecology, 132 (2):229–241.
7-Dahlgren, R., & M.J. Singer, 1991. Nutrient cycling in managed and unmanaged oak woodland grass ecosystems, Symposium on Oak Woodlands and Hardwood Rangeland Management. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-126. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 337-341.
8-Dahlgren, R.A., J.L. Boettinger, G.L. Huntington, & R.G. Amundson, 1997. Soil development along an elevationaltransect in the western Sierra Nevada, California, Geoderma, 78 (3-4):207-236.
9-Damizadeh, Gh.R., Kh. Sagheb Talebi, & M. Damizadeh, 2009. Impact of canopy of Tooth Brush tree (Salvadora persica) as a nurse plant on primary establishment of forest trees and shrubs. Iranian Journal of Forest 1(1): 11-23.
10-Dijkstra, F.A., 2001. Effect of tree species in a forest of the northeastern united states, wageningen university, 119 pp.
11-Gallardo, A., 2003. Effect of tree canopy on spatial distribution of soil nutrients in a Mediterranean Dehesa, Pedobiologia, 47: 117-125.
12-Habibi Kasseb, Hossein., 1992. Fundamentals of Forest Soil Science, Tehran University Publications, 424 pp.
13-Hattar, B.I., A.Y. Taimeh, & F.M. Ziadat, 2010. Variation in soil chemical properties along toposequences in an arid region of the Levant, Catena, 83: 34-45.
14-Jafari Haghighi, M., 2003. Methods of Soil Analysis, Sampling and Important Physical & Chemical Analysis (With emphasis on theoretical & applied principles), Nedaye zoha, Tehran, 240 pp.
15-Jazirehi, M. H. & Ebrahimi Rostaghi, M., 2003. Silviculturoin Zagros, Tehran University Publications, 560 pp.
16-Kargar, M., Z. Jafarian, & J. Ghorbani, 2010. The effect of Artemisia aucheri canopy and density on soil properties (Case study: Vavsar Rangeland Kiasar). Rangeland, 4(2): 240-249.
17-Mahdavi Ardakani, S.R., M. Jafari, N. Zargham, M.A. Zare Chahouki, N. Baghestani Meibodi, & A. Tavili, 2011. Investigation on the effects of Haloxylon aphyllum, Seidlitzia rosmarinus and Tamarix aphylla on soil properties in Chah Afzal-Kavir (Yazd). Iranian Journal of Forest, 2(4): 357-365.
18-Mahmoudi, S., & M. Hakimian, 1998. Fundamentals of Soil Sciences (translation), Tehran University Publications, 701 pp.
19-Moore, I.D., & J.P. Wilson, 1992. Length-slope factors in the revised universal soil loss equation, Soil and Water Conservation, 47(5): 423-428.
20-National Data Bases of The Country (http://www.ngdir.ir)
21-Norbakhsh, F., & M. Karimian Eghbal, 1997. Soil Fertility, Ghazal Publisher, 328pp.
22-Park, A.D., 2001. Environmental influences on postharvest natural regeneration in Mexican pine-oak forests, Forest Ecology and Management, 144(1-3):213-228.
23-Pennock, D.J., & E.De. Jong, 1990. Spatial pattern of soil redistribution in Boroll landscapes, southern Saskathewan, Canada, Soil Science, 150(6): 867-873.
24-Rostami, A., & H. Heidari, 2009. Typology of Forest Stands and Evaluation of Their Overall Status in Natural Forests of Daalaab Region, Ilam Province. Journal. Agric. Sci. Natur. Resour, 15(6):274-277.
25-Seibert, J., J. Stendahl, & R. Sørensen, 2007. Topographical influences on soil properties in boreal forests, Geoderma, 141 :139–148.
26-Shahoei, S., 2006. The Nature and Properties of Soils (translation). Kurdistan University Publications, 900 pp.
27-Smitha, J.L., J.J. Halvorsonb, & J.R. Harvey Bolton, 2002. Soil properties and microbial activity across a 500 elevation gradient in a semi-arid environment, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 34 :1749–1757.
28-Sollins, P., C.C. Grier, F.M. Crison, K.J.R Cromack, R. Fogel, & R.L. Fredriksen, 1980. The internal element cycles of an old-growth Douglad-firecosystem in western Oregon, Ecological Monogrraphs, 50(3): 261-285.
29-Talebi, M., Kh. Sagheb Talebi, & H. Jahanbazi, 2006. Site demands and some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Persian Oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) in Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari Province (western Iran). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 14 (1): 67-79.
30-Tsuia, Ch.Ch., Z.S. Chen, & C.F. Hsieh, 2004. Relationships between soil properties and slope position in a lowland rain forest of southern Taiwan, Geoderma,123(1-2): 131–142.
31-Zarrinkafsh, M.K., 2002. Forestry Soil (Interaction of Soil and Plants Regarding Ecological Factors Forests Ecosystems), Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, 361pp.
32-Zhu, X.M, 1984. Land resource development and conservation of the Chinese Loess Plateau. (in Chinese with English abstract) Geogr. Science. 2: 97–102.
33-Zinke, P .J, 1962. The patterns of influence of individualforest tree on soil properties, Ecology, 43: 130-133.