مطالعه بوم شناسی فردی گونه مرتعی Galium verum در دره شهدای استان آذربایجان غربی
محورهای موضوعی : مرتعداری
رضا احمدخانی
1
(مسئول مکاتبات و کارشناس ارشد مرتعداری، اداره کل منابع طبیعی و آبخیزداری استان آذربایجان غربی، ایران.)
علی آریاپور
2
(گروه مرتعداری، واحد بروجرد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بروجرد، ایران.)
کلید واژه: فنولوژی, آت اکولوژی, رویشگاه, ارزش غذایی, شیرپنیر,
چکیده مقاله :
در این پژوهش بوم شناسی فردی گونه Galium verumبا توجه به آب هوای منطقه ای، در دره شهداء استان آذربایجان غربی طی سال های 1390-1389 بررسی شد. نمونه برداری ها به روش تصادفی سیستماتیک در سه طبقه ارتفاعی 1600-1400، 1800-1600، 1800< متر از سطح دریا و در جهت های جغرافیایی شمال، شمال شرقی، شرق و غرب مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. در این تحقیق فاکتور های مختلف با استفاده از آزمون های تجزیه واریانس و دانکن و مشخصات مربوط به شیب و ارتفاع با به کارگیری نقشه های توپوگرافیک و نرم افزار GIS و انجام بازدیدهای صحرایی استخراج گردید. نتایج نشان داد که رویشگاه های این گونه در دامنه ارتفاعی 1400 تا 1800 متر واقع شده و دامنه گسترش گونه مورد بررسی در اقلیم نیمه خشک فراسرد می باشد. سازند منطقه آهکی روته بوده و بیشترین پراکنش این گونه در خاک هایی با اسیدیته 2/7%، آهک و ماسه 20%،10%، فسفر خاک و هدایت الکتریکی به ترتیب 12% تا 32% ، 42/0 تا 44/0 دسی زیمنس بر متر می باشد. بیشترین میزان تراکم، درصد تاج پوشش و وزن خشک در طبقه ارتفاعی 1600-1400 در جهت شمال جغرافیایی و شیب های کمتر از 50 درجه بدست آمد. ریشه گیاه تا عمق 50 سانتی متری نفوذ کرده و میزان قوه نامیه بذور 92% می باشد. بررسی فنولوژیکی نشان می دهد که گونه از اواخر اسفند ماه شروع به رشد ابتدایی کرده و از اواسط خرداد ماه وارد مرحله گلدهی شده و مرحله تشکیل بذر از اواخر تیر ماه شروع شده و ریزش بذر نیز از اواخر مرداد تا اواسط شهریور ماه به طول می انجامد و پس از این مرحله گونه دچار رکود می شود. شروع رشد پائیزه عموماً اواخر مهر و اکثراً تا نیمه دوم آبان ماه به طول می انجامد و اواخر پاییز شروع خواب زمستانه است. بررسی ترکیبات شیمیایی نشان داد در مراحل مختلف فنولوژیکی میزان نیتروژن و فسفر گیاهی با افزایش ارتفاع کاهش می یابد. بیشترین میزان نیتروژن، پتاسیم و پروتئین گیاهی در طبقات ارتفاعی مختلف در مرحله رشد فعال و کمترین مقدار در مراحل گلدهی و بذردهی بدست آمد. این گونه به دلیل بالا بودن ارزش رحجانی و پراکنش در جهت ها، شیب و ارتفاعات مختلف می توان اقدام به کشت مصنوعی در مراتع نمود.
In this study the ecology of individual species, Galium verum, according to regional climates, martyrs valley West Azarbaijan Province during the years 2010-2011 were reviewed. A systematic random sampling method in three height classes 1600-1400, 1800-1600, 1800 < meters above sea level and the geographic North, Northeast, East and West were studied. In this study various factors using analysis of variance and Duncan tests and specifications related to the slope and elevation using topographic maps field survey and GIS software and data were extracted. Results showed that the habitat of this species in the altitude range of 1400 to 1800 meters and the range is expanding ultracold species in semi-arid climate. Ruteh Formation limestone area and the largest distribution of this species in soils with pH 2/7% lime and 20% sand, 10% phosphorus, soil electrical conductivity, respectively, 12% to 32%, 42/0 to 44/0 dB Siemens is m. The highest density, canopy cover and dry in the north, longitude and elevation class 1600-1400 slopes less than 50 degrees, respectively. Plant roots penetrate to a depth of 50 cm and seed viability rate is 92%. After this step is so depressed. Autumn generally begins in late October and most of the second half of November, lasts until late autumn, winter, sleep is the beginning. Evaluation of chemical compounds found in different phonological stages of plant nitrogen and phosphorus decreases with increasing altitude. The maximum amount of nitrogen, potassium and plant protein elevation in the active growth phase, and the lowest value was obtained at flowering and seeding. Preference value and distribution of this species due to the high value for the slope and different heights can be attempted artificial cultivation in rangelands.
1. Abolghasemi, M., A.A. Shahmoradi & N. baghestani, 2008. Autoecology species Stipa grostis pennata in Yazd province. Journal of Research Desert and Grassland, Volume 16 (2), pp. 261-254.
2. Abrsnjy, G., 2008. Determine forage guality Hedysarum coronarium in various stages of phenology. Journal of Research and construction, 78, pp. 51-55.
3. Ahmdkhani, R., A. Ariapour, A. Ahmadi & H.R, Mehrabi, 2011. Effect of phenological stages and height classes on the quality of pasture forage species Galium verum in Martyrs Valley West Azarbaijan province. Iran Journal of natural ecosystems, Year 2, Issue 2.
4. Ardakani, M., 2006. Ecology. Tehran University Press.
5. Aria, Kh. & R. Asadpour. 2010. Review some ecological characteristicsOriganum vulgare in the province Hormozgan. Journal of Range, Year 4, Number 4, Winter 2010, pp. 501-494.
6. Arzani, H., H. Piri Sahragard, J. Turkan & k. Saedi, 2009. Comparison of phenological stages on forage quality of rangelands species in rangeland of Saral kordestan. Journal of Range, Year 4, Number 2, Summer 2009, pp. 167-160.
7. Azrnivnd, H., 1999. Ecological study range of species Smirnovia iranica sabeti. PhD thesis, School of Natural Resources, Tehran University.
8. Baghestani, N., 1996. Relations vegetation and soil In rangelands arid and semi arid areas. Research institute of forests and rangelands, No. 146.
9. Baghestani, N., H, Arzani, M. zare & J. Abdullahi, 2004. Study forage quality important species of steppe rangelands of Yazd Poshtkuh. Journal of Research desert and grassland, Volume 11, Issue 2, pp. 138-162.
10. Blaisdell, J.P & J.F. pechanec .1949. Effects of herbage removal at variusdates on vigor of bluebuch wheatgrass and arrow leaf balsamroot. Ecol. 30: 298-305.
11. Chrkhchyan, M., A. Akbari nia & S. Abtahi, 2008. Introduced flora Alamut Qazvin province. Journal of Research and construction, No. 81 Winter 2008.
12. Duke, J.A., 1983. Cenchrus ciliaris L. Hand book of Energy Crops. Unpublished.
13. Fagih, A.R., R. Ebadi, H. Nazaryan & M. Norouzi, 2004. Determination Attractiveness of different plant species for Honeybees in the areas of Khansar and Fereidan. Volume 36, Issue 3, pp. 536-521.
14. Fakhyrh, A., A.R. Shahriari, S. Nori & A. Phlvanrvy, 2010. Survey Autoecology species Demostachiya bipinnata in sistan Plain. The scientific and Research journal of Iranian society of range management, the fourth year (1), pp. 71-60.
15. Goldansaz, M., 2008. Autoecology Eurotia ceratoides in pastures Nadooshan Yazd. MS Thesis Islamic Azad University of Tehran Research.
16. Goldansaz, M., H. Azrnyvand, M. Jafari & M.A. Zare Chahvky, 2009. Ecology of individual species Eurotia ceratoides in pastures Nadooshan steppe. Journal of Range, Third Year, No. IV, pp. 578-571.
17. Grim, J.P., J.G. Hodgeson & R. Hunt, 1987. Comparative plant ecology a Fanctionl approach to common British species.
18. Heady, H. F & R. Dennis Child. 1994. Rangeland Ecology and Management. West View Press,USA. 520 pages.
19. Hickman, J.C., 1993. The Iepson manual: plants of California. University Of California.
20. Holechek, J. L., C.H. Herbel & R.D. Pieper, 2001. Range Management Principles and Practices. Prentice Hall Pub.USA.forth Edition. 587 pages.
21. Hoveizeh, H & A.A. Shahmoradi, 2009. Autoecology species Cenchrus ciliaris in Khuzestan province. Journal of Research desert and grassland, Volume 16 (2), pp. 208-200.
22. Jangjo, M., A. Bozorgmehr & F. Noadost, 2010. Ecology of individual species of Artemisia turanica Krasch in North Khorasan Province Gheshlaghi Pastures. Rangeland Journal, Year 4, Number 4, Winter 1389, pp. 551-540.
23. Kardavani, P., 2003. Soil Geography. Tehran University Press.
24. Kaya, Y & O. Akskal, 2007. The morphological and autecological properties of salvia rosifolia. (Lamiaceae) grown in Erzurum and its Environs in Turky. Pakistan journal of Biological sciences, 10(13): 2178-2184.
25. Kazanov. O., H.H. Vernik, R.S. Rakhimov & V.T. Tadziev, 1989. Results Of plant relation Studies on rangelands of the fergana adyrs of Uzbekistan. Problems of deseart development, No 2:2, 75.
26. McDonald, P., R.A. Edwards, J.F.D. Green halgh & C.A. Morgan, 1996. Animal Nutrition. 5th ed. Longman. London.
27. Minson, D.j., 1987. Estimation of the nutritive value of forage, inTemperate pasture, their production, use and management, Eds.J.L.Wheeleer, C.J. pearson and G.E. Roberts, Australian Wool Corporation, pp: 415-422.
28. Mogaddam, M., 2005. Pasture and Range Management. Tehran University.
29. Moghimi, J., 2005. Some introduced species for pasture and rangeland reform in Iran. Aaron Publishing.
30. Mokhtari Gadim, S., 2010. Byvsystmatyk study Species of the genus (Galium) of the Dark (Rubiaceae) in North-East Iran. Iran dock site.
31. Mozaffarian, V., 2007. Names of cultures of Iranian plants.
32. Muhammadpori Naeem, Sh., 2009. Ecology and the quality of Forage Agropyrun libanoticum in Nezh Valley Uromia. MS Thesis Islamic Azad University of Tehran Research.
33. Norton, W & M.H. Waterfall, 2000. The nutrient value of tipunatiou and calliandra calochrasus as supplements to low-guality straw for goats, Small Ruminant Research, 38,pp: 175-182.
34. Qeytory, M., 2005. Review some Ecological characteristics Jashyr plant. MS Thesis University TTC Department of Natural Resources.
35. Sabaghi, Sh., H. Nazaryan & Gh. Tahmasebi, 2001. Used to identify plants Honeybee And determine Attraction in the region Northern city of Damavand. Research in livestock and aquaculture, No. 65 Winter 87.
36. Safi Khani, k., M.R. Rahiminejad & R. Klondy, 2004. Floristic survey and the life forms of plants protected Area in Khan Grmz. Journal of Research and Construction, No. 70.
37. Saghafi Khadem, F., H. Amir Abedizadeh & b. Gholami, 2004. Review of pasture plant habitats.
38. Sanjari, S., 2010. Practical Guide to ARC GIS.
39. Schellberg, B. M., W. Moseler Kuhbauch & I. F. Rademacher, 1999. Long- term effect of fertilizer on soil nutrient concentration, yild, forage guality and floristic composition of a hay meadow in the eifel mountains, Germany, of Grass & Forage Science 54(3), 195-207.
40. Seyedmosavy, M. S, 2011. Autoecology pasture plant species Caragana grandiflora in the City of West Azarbaijan province. MS Thesis, Islamic Azad University Nor.
41. Sharifi Yazdi, M., A.A. Shahmoradi & S. Zarekia, 2007. Autoecology species Ferula oopoda in pastures Kerman province. Journal of Research Desert and Grassland, Volume 15 (4), pp. 447-454.
42. Tavili, A., A. Shafiee, H. Pozesh, A. Farajollahi, M. Saberi & A.A. Shahmoradi, 2010. Ecological study of individual Vicia villosaspecies in the province Kohgiluyeh Boyer Ahmad. Journal of Range, Year 4, No. 3, pp. 433-422.
43. Vallentine, J. F, 2001. Grazing Management, San Diego, Academic Press. P.350.
44. Yazdi Samadi, B., 2002. Statistical design of agricultural research. Tehran University Press.
45. Zare Kia, S. & R. omid Beigi, 2006. Autoecology of species Silybum marianum in Mazandaran province. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Iran, Volume 22 (2), pp. 139-135.
46. Zrrif Ketabi, H., A.A. Shahmoradi, M. Dashti, A. Paryab, Gh. Ybmrod & S. Zare Kia, 2010. Autoecology species Melica persica Kunth in Khorasan region. Journal of Research desert and grassland of Iran, Volume 17, No. 3, pp. 430-421.
_||_1. Abolghasemi, M., A.A. Shahmoradi & N. baghestani, 2008. Autoecology species Stipa grostis pennata in Yazd province. Journal of Research Desert and Grassland, Volume 16 (2), pp. 261-254.
2. Abrsnjy, G., 2008. Determine forage guality Hedysarum coronarium in various stages of phenology. Journal of Research and construction, 78, pp. 51-55.
3. Ahmdkhani, R., A. Ariapour, A. Ahmadi & H.R, Mehrabi, 2011. Effect of phenological stages and height classes on the quality of pasture forage species Galium verum in Martyrs Valley West Azarbaijan province. Iran Journal of natural ecosystems, Year 2, Issue 2.
4. Ardakani, M., 2006. Ecology. Tehran University Press.
5. Aria, Kh. & R. Asadpour. 2010. Review some ecological characteristicsOriganum vulgare in the province Hormozgan. Journal of Range, Year 4, Number 4, Winter 2010, pp. 501-494.
6. Arzani, H., H. Piri Sahragard, J. Turkan & k. Saedi, 2009. Comparison of phenological stages on forage quality of rangelands species in rangeland of Saral kordestan. Journal of Range, Year 4, Number 2, Summer 2009, pp. 167-160.
7. Azrnivnd, H., 1999. Ecological study range of species Smirnovia iranica sabeti. PhD thesis, School of Natural Resources, Tehran University.
8. Baghestani, N., 1996. Relations vegetation and soil In rangelands arid and semi arid areas. Research institute of forests and rangelands, No. 146.
9. Baghestani, N., H, Arzani, M. zare & J. Abdullahi, 2004. Study forage quality important species of steppe rangelands of Yazd Poshtkuh. Journal of Research desert and grassland, Volume 11, Issue 2, pp. 138-162.
10. Blaisdell, J.P & J.F. pechanec .1949. Effects of herbage removal at variusdates on vigor of bluebuch wheatgrass and arrow leaf balsamroot. Ecol. 30: 298-305.
11. Chrkhchyan, M., A. Akbari nia & S. Abtahi, 2008. Introduced flora Alamut Qazvin province. Journal of Research and construction, No. 81 Winter 2008.
12. Duke, J.A., 1983. Cenchrus ciliaris L. Hand book of Energy Crops. Unpublished.
13. Fagih, A.R., R. Ebadi, H. Nazaryan & M. Norouzi, 2004. Determination Attractiveness of different plant species for Honeybees in the areas of Khansar and Fereidan. Volume 36, Issue 3, pp. 536-521.
14. Fakhyrh, A., A.R. Shahriari, S. Nori & A. Phlvanrvy, 2010. Survey Autoecology species Demostachiya bipinnata in sistan Plain. The scientific and Research journal of Iranian society of range management, the fourth year (1), pp. 71-60.
15. Goldansaz, M., 2008. Autoecology Eurotia ceratoides in pastures Nadooshan Yazd. MS Thesis Islamic Azad University of Tehran Research.
16. Goldansaz, M., H. Azrnyvand, M. Jafari & M.A. Zare Chahvky, 2009. Ecology of individual species Eurotia ceratoides in pastures Nadooshan steppe. Journal of Range, Third Year, No. IV, pp. 578-571.
17. Grim, J.P., J.G. Hodgeson & R. Hunt, 1987. Comparative plant ecology a Fanctionl approach to common British species.
18. Heady, H. F & R. Dennis Child. 1994. Rangeland Ecology and Management. West View Press,USA. 520 pages.
19. Hickman, J.C., 1993. The Iepson manual: plants of California. University Of California.
20. Holechek, J. L., C.H. Herbel & R.D. Pieper, 2001. Range Management Principles and Practices. Prentice Hall Pub.USA.forth Edition. 587 pages.
21. Hoveizeh, H & A.A. Shahmoradi, 2009. Autoecology species Cenchrus ciliaris in Khuzestan province. Journal of Research desert and grassland, Volume 16 (2), pp. 208-200.
22. Jangjo, M., A. Bozorgmehr & F. Noadost, 2010. Ecology of individual species of Artemisia turanica Krasch in North Khorasan Province Gheshlaghi Pastures. Rangeland Journal, Year 4, Number 4, Winter 1389, pp. 551-540.
23. Kardavani, P., 2003. Soil Geography. Tehran University Press.
24. Kaya, Y & O. Akskal, 2007. The morphological and autecological properties of salvia rosifolia. (Lamiaceae) grown in Erzurum and its Environs in Turky. Pakistan journal of Biological sciences, 10(13): 2178-2184.
25. Kazanov. O., H.H. Vernik, R.S. Rakhimov & V.T. Tadziev, 1989. Results Of plant relation Studies on rangelands of the fergana adyrs of Uzbekistan. Problems of deseart development, No 2:2, 75.
26. McDonald, P., R.A. Edwards, J.F.D. Green halgh & C.A. Morgan, 1996. Animal Nutrition. 5th ed. Longman. London.
27. Minson, D.j., 1987. Estimation of the nutritive value of forage, inTemperate pasture, their production, use and management, Eds.J.L.Wheeleer, C.J. pearson and G.E. Roberts, Australian Wool Corporation, pp: 415-422.
28. Mogaddam, M., 2005. Pasture and Range Management. Tehran University.
29. Moghimi, J., 2005. Some introduced species for pasture and rangeland reform in Iran. Aaron Publishing.
30. Mokhtari Gadim, S., 2010. Byvsystmatyk study Species of the genus (Galium) of the Dark (Rubiaceae) in North-East Iran. Iran dock site.
31. Mozaffarian, V., 2007. Names of cultures of Iranian plants.
32. Muhammadpori Naeem, Sh., 2009. Ecology and the quality of Forage Agropyrun libanoticum in Nezh Valley Uromia. MS Thesis Islamic Azad University of Tehran Research.
33. Norton, W & M.H. Waterfall, 2000. The nutrient value of tipunatiou and calliandra calochrasus as supplements to low-guality straw for goats, Small Ruminant Research, 38,pp: 175-182.
34. Qeytory, M., 2005. Review some Ecological characteristics Jashyr plant. MS Thesis University TTC Department of Natural Resources.
35. Sabaghi, Sh., H. Nazaryan & Gh. Tahmasebi, 2001. Used to identify plants Honeybee And determine Attraction in the region Northern city of Damavand. Research in livestock and aquaculture, No. 65 Winter 87.
36. Safi Khani, k., M.R. Rahiminejad & R. Klondy, 2004. Floristic survey and the life forms of plants protected Area in Khan Grmz. Journal of Research and Construction, No. 70.
37. Saghafi Khadem, F., H. Amir Abedizadeh & b. Gholami, 2004. Review of pasture plant habitats.
38. Sanjari, S., 2010. Practical Guide to ARC GIS.
39. Schellberg, B. M., W. Moseler Kuhbauch & I. F. Rademacher, 1999. Long- term effect of fertilizer on soil nutrient concentration, yild, forage guality and floristic composition of a hay meadow in the eifel mountains, Germany, of Grass & Forage Science 54(3), 195-207.
40. Seyedmosavy, M. S, 2011. Autoecology pasture plant species Caragana grandiflora in the City of West Azarbaijan province. MS Thesis, Islamic Azad University Nor.
41. Sharifi Yazdi, M., A.A. Shahmoradi & S. Zarekia, 2007. Autoecology species Ferula oopoda in pastures Kerman province. Journal of Research Desert and Grassland, Volume 15 (4), pp. 447-454.
42. Tavili, A., A. Shafiee, H. Pozesh, A. Farajollahi, M. Saberi & A.A. Shahmoradi, 2010. Ecological study of individual Vicia villosaspecies in the province Kohgiluyeh Boyer Ahmad. Journal of Range, Year 4, No. 3, pp. 433-422.
43. Vallentine, J. F, 2001. Grazing Management, San Diego, Academic Press. P.350.
44. Yazdi Samadi, B., 2002. Statistical design of agricultural research. Tehran University Press.
45. Zare Kia, S. & R. omid Beigi, 2006. Autoecology of species Silybum marianum in Mazandaran province. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Iran, Volume 22 (2), pp. 139-135.
46. Zrrif Ketabi, H., A.A. Shahmoradi, M. Dashti, A. Paryab, Gh. Ybmrod & S. Zare Kia, 2010. Autoecology species Melica persica Kunth in Khorasan region. Journal of Research desert and grassland of Iran, Volume 17, No. 3, pp. 430-421.