تبیین مولفه های تاثیرگذار فرهنگ معماری غرب در دوران مدرن بر ساختار کالبدی و تزئینی عمارت باغ های دوره قاجار شهر شیراز
محورهای موضوعی : دو فصل‌نامه فضای زیست
فاطمه نکویی مهر
1
,
حسین سلطان زاده
2
,
شروین میرشاهزاده
3
1 - گروه معماری، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی،تهران،ایران
2 - گروه معماری، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی،تهران،ایران
3 - گروه معماری، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: هنر و معماری غرب, هنر و معماری دوران قاجار, عمارت باغ های قاجار شیراز, کالبد و تزئینات بنا,
چکیده مقاله :
در دوره قاجاریه به دلیل ارتباط ایران با سایر کشورها و تحولاتی که در زمینه‌های فرهنگی و سیاسی رخ داد، تفاوت‌هایی نیز در تفکرات، گرایش و شیوه‌های هنر و معماری ایران ایجاد شد. این تأثیرات که بیشتر در بناهای مسکونی اشراف نمود پیدا کرده بود، در تمامی اجزای بنا از کالبد تا تزئینات رخ داده است. این تأثیرپذیری تا به حدی بوده است که در اواخر دوره ناصری سبک معماری بناها تلفیقی از معماری سنتی ایران و غرب بود. لذا این پرسش مطرح می‌شود که چه مؤلفه‌هایی از فرهنگ و معماری غرب بر ساختار کالبدی و تزئینی عمارت باغ‌های دوره قاجار در شیراز تأثیرگذار بوده است؟ بنابراین در پژوهش انجام‌شده سعی بر آن است تا با بررسی ویژگی‌های کالبدی و تزئینی عمارت باغ‌های دوران قاجار موجود در شهر شیراز تأثیر هنر و فرهنگ معماری غرب را بر آن‌ها بررسی شود نماید. طرح پژوهشی ترکیبی مورداستفاده در این پژوهش از نوع طرح همسوسازی و مدل همگرا است. در بخش کیفی مطالعه موردی چهارباغ عمارت مربوط به عصر قاجار در شهر شیراز (عمارت باغ ارم، عمارت باغ عفیف‌آباد، عمارت باغ نارنجستان قوام و عمارت باغ منشی باشی) صورت گرفته است. داده‌های مربوطه از طریق مراجعه پژوهشگر و مشاهده سازه‌ها و ثبت ویژگی‌های کالبدی و تزیینی متناسب با سؤال پژوهش گردآوری گردیدند. تحلیل یافته‌ها نشان داد در مؤلفه تزئینات نتایج یافته‌های کیفی و کمّی مؤید یکدیگر هستند و نشان می دهند عناصر معماری غربی در اجزای تزئینی این عمارت‌ها به شکل گسترده ای مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. درعین‌حال، در مورد مؤلفه کالبدی هرچند یافته‌های کیفی نشان از حضور قابل ملاحظه عناصر غربی در معماری کالبدی این عمارت‌ها دارد، بااین‌حال به‌زعم پاسخگویان عناصر معماری غربی تا حدودی در ترکیب حجمی و عناصر این عمارت ها مشاهده گردید اما حضور پررنگی در کالبد عمارت‌ها نسبت به مؤلفه‌های تزئینات ندارد.
During the Qajar period, due to Iran's relationship with other countries and the changes that occurred in the cultural and political fields, differences were also created in the thoughts, trends and styles of Iranian art and architecture. These effects, which were mostly seen in the residential buildings of the nobility, have occurred in all the building components from the body to the decorations. This influence was to such an extent that at the end of the Nasrid period, the architectural style of the buildings was a fusion of the traditional architecture of Iran and the West. Therefore, the question is raised, what components of western culture and architecture have influenced the physical and decorative structure of the Qajar period garden mansion in Shiraz? Therefore, in the conducted research, it is tried to investigate the influence of Western architectural art and culture on them by examining the physical and decorative features of the Qajar era gardens in Shiraz city. The combined research design used in this research is the type of alignment design and convergent model. In the qualitative part, a case study Chaharbagh mansions related to the Qajar era in Shiraz city (Eram Bagh mansion, Afifabad Bagh mansion, Narenjestan Qavam Bagh mansion and Manshibashi Bagh mansion) has been done. The relevant data were collected through the researcher's visit and observation of the structures and the registration physical and decorative features in accordance with the research question. The analysis the findings showed that in decoration component, the results qualitative and quantitative findings support each other and show that the elements of western architecture are widely used in the decorative components of these buildings. At the same time, regarding the physical component, although the qualitative findings show the significant presence of western elements in the physical architecture of these buildings, according to the respondents, western architectural elements were seen to some extent in the volume composition and elements of these buildings, but they do not have a strong presence the body of the buildings compared to the decoration components. .As mentioned earlier, the art and architecture of the Qajar era, affected by the currents modernism and the changes and developments of modernism and westernism, took on a new shape and color, and the achievements the modern era can be clearly seen in the buildings and mansions this era. to be Although the Qajar architecture is derived from the traditional architecture of Iran, especially the architecture of the Safavid and Zandiya eras, but at the end of the Qajar era, the elements western architecture can be seen in all parts of the building, especially in the appearance of the building and decorations. Even the use of new materials that were used in Europe were also used abundantly in the buildings of this period.As seen in the theoretical foundations of the research, the art and architecture of the Qajar era was influenced by the art and architecture of the West and European countries, and the trends of the modernity and developments that were the results of the Western modernity era entered Iran in different ways during this period. The art and architecture of this era had an impact. These effects can be seen in the aristocratic houses and mansions built in the big cities of Iran such as Shiraz. In this research, the effects of western art and architecture were investigated in two areas, physical and decorative, in four mansions of Bagh Eshrafi in Shiraz city. First, it was found that physical factors such as extroversion, columns, capitals, and long and wide porches are among the western elements in the examined buildings, but almost all the decorative elements in the buildings are influenced by western art and architecture. They are combined with Iranian decorations.Therefore, according to the examination of the studied samples and the issues raised, it can be said about the influence of Western art and architecture on the architecture of the Qajar period mansions that the mansions built in the city of Shiraz during the Qajar era can be the most He observed the influence of western patterns, especially in the decoration of buildings, and it was such that the closer to the end of this era, the buildings were more oriented towards western architecture.
_||_