بررسی اثربخشی آموزش گروهی مدیریت رفتاری مادران بر میزان پرخاشگری، اضطراب و افسردگی مادران دارای کودکان 4 تا 7 ساله
مریم موحدنژاد
1
(دانشجوی دکتری روانشناسی تربیتی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران)
سید داود حسینی نسب
2
(استاد گروه روانشناسی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران (نویسنده مسئول) instruction@iaut.ac.ir)
مرضیه علیوندی وفا
3
(استادیار گروه روانشناسی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران)
کلید واژه: پرخاشگری, اضطراب, افسردگی, مدیریت رفتاری مادران,
چکیده مقاله :
هدف از این پژوهش بررسی اثربخشی گروهی مدیریت رفتاری مادران بر میزان پرخاشگری، اضطراب و افسردگی مادران دارای کودکان 4 تا 7 ساله بود. روش پژوهشی به روش نیمه تجربی و با طرح پیش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون با گروه گواه بود. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل مادران کودکان 4 تا 7 سال شهر تبریز در سال 1401 بود که به بیمارستان شهریار و کلینیک خصوصی برای رفع مشکلات کودکان خود مراجعه می‌کردند که دراین‌بین مادران از دو مرکز درمانی و از هر مرکز 20 مادر به‌صورت هدفمند انتخاب شدند. مادران مرکز اول در معرض آموزش‌های گروهی مدیریت رفتاری مادران قرار گرفتند و مادران مرکز دوم به‌عنوان گروه کنترل هیچ‌گونه آموزشی دریافت نکردند. قبل از اجرای برنامه‌های آموزشی دو گروه توسط پرخاشگری بأس و پری، پرسشنامه اضطراب بک، پرسشنامه افسردگی بک آزمون شدند، برای گروه آزمایشی اول آموزش مدیریت رفتاری مادران در 8 جلسه 90 دقیقه‌ای اجرا شد و گروه کنترل هیچ آموزشی دریافت نکردند، درنهایت با انجام دوباره پاسخگویی به پرسشنامه پرخاشگری، اضطراب و افسردگی توسط مادران پس‌آزمون صورت گرفت. داده‌های این تحقیق با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS و در دو سطح آمار توصیفی و استنباطی با تحلیل ANCOVA انجام یافته است. یافته‌های پژوهشی حاکی از این بود که آموزش گروهی مدیریت رفتاری مادران بر میزان پرخاشگری، اضطراب و افسردگی مادران دارای کودکان 4 تا 7 سال اثربخشی بیشتری نسبت به گروه کنترل دارد.
چکیده انگلیسی :
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of group behavioral management of mothers on the level of aggression, anxiety and depression of mothers with children aged 4 to 7 years. The research method was a semi-experimental method with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research included mothers of children aged 4 to 7 years in Tabriz city in 1401, who referred to Shahryar Hospital and private clinic to solve their children's problems, among which mothers were selected from two treatment centers and 20 mothers from each center were selected purposefully. The mothers of the first center were exposed to group trainings of mothers' behavioral management, and the mothers of the second center did not receive any training as a control group. Before the implementation of educational programs, two groups were tested by Bass and Perry aggression, Beck's anxiety questionnaire, Beck's depression questionnaire, for the first experimental group, behavioral management training for mothers was implemented in 8 sessions of 90 minutes, and the control group did not receive any training, finally by doing it again Response to aggression, anxiety and depression questionnaire was done by mothers after the test. The data of this research was done using SPSS software and in two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics with ANCOVA analysis. The research findings indicated that the group training of mothers' behavior management is more effective than the control group on the level of aggression, anxiety and depression of mothers with children aged 4 to 7 years.
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Aguilar-Yamuza, B. Raya-Trenas, A. F. Pino-Osuna, M. J. & Herruzo- Cabrera, J. (2019). Relationship among parenting style and depression and anxiety in children aged 3-7 years old. Revista de Psicología Clínica con Niños y Adolescentes, 6(1), 36-43.
Al-Yagon M. Forte D. Avrahami L. (2020). Executive functions and attachment relationships in children with ADHD: Links to externalizing/internalizing problems, social skills, and negative mood regulation. Journal of Attention Disorders, 24(13), 1876–1890.
Ashuri, Mohammad. Ahmadian, Zahra. (2017). Investigating the effectiveness of the incredible years program on the interaction between mother and child with behavioral disorder. Quarterly of Psychology of Exceptional Individuals People, 8(30), 199-217. [In Persian].
Ayilara, O.G. Zhang, L. Sajobi, T.T. Sawatzky, R. Bohm, E. & Lix, L.M. (2019). Impact of missing data on bias and precision when estimating change in patient-reported outcomes from a clinical registry. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 17, 106.
Beck, A. T. (1964). Thinking and depression: II. Theory and therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 10, 561-571.
Bernal-Ruiz, C. Rosa-Alcázar, A. I. González-Calatayud, V. & Rosa-Alcázar, E. (2019). [Is there a relationship between problematic internet use and responses of social anxiety, obsessivecompulsive and psychological well-being among adolescents?] Anales de Psicología, 33(2), 269–276.
Bernaras E, Jaureguizar J and Garaigordobil M.(2019).Child Anxity And Depression: A Review of Theories, Evaluation Instruments, Prevention Programs, and Treatments. Front. Psychol. 10:54352.
Berzenski, S. (2019). Distinct emotion regulation skills explain psychopathology and problems in social relationships following childhood emotional abuse and neglect. Development and Psychopathology, 31(2), 483–496.
Brooks, S. K. Webster, R. K. Smith, L. E. Woodland, L. Wessely, S. Greenberg, N. & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912-920.
Buss, A. H. & Perry, M. (1992). The Aggression Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(3), 452–459.
Charlson, F. van Ommeren, M. Flaxman, A. Cornett, J. Whiteford, H. & Saxena, S.(2019). New WHO prevalence estimates of mental disorders in conflict settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet;394,240–248.
Conrad, R. Forstner, A.J. Chung, ML. et al. (2021). Significance of anger suppression and preoccupied attachment in social anxiety disorder: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 21, 116.
Costa, D. Cunha. M. Ferreira, C. Gama, A. Machado-Rodrigues, A.M. Rosado-Marques, V. Nogueira, H. Silva, M. & Padez, C. (2020). Self-reported symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress in Portuguese primary school-aged children. BMC Psychiatry, 20(87). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02498-z.
Curran, T. Meter, D. Janovec, A. Brown, E. & Caban, S. (2019). Maternal adult attachment styles and mother-child transmissions of social skills and self-esteem. Journal of Family Studies, 27(4), 491–505.
Cutierrez, S. M. Escarti C. A. & Pascual, C. (2019). Relationships among empathy, prosocial behavior, aggressiveness, self-efficacy and pupils' personal and social responsibility. Psychothema, 23(1), 9-13.
Dalsgaard S. Thorsteinsson E. Trabjerg B. B. Schullehner J. Plana-Ripoll O. Brikell I. Wimberley T. Thygesen M. Madsen K. B. Timmerman A. Schendel D. McGrath J. J. Mortensen P. B. Pedersen C. B. (2020). Incidence rates and cumulative incidences of the full spectrum of diagnosed mental disorders in childhood and adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(2), 155–164.
Delaquis CP et al.(2020). Dialectical behaviour therapy skills training groups for common mental health disorders. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Erkoreka, L. Zamalloa, I. Rodriguez, S. Muñoz, P. Mendizabal, I. Zamalloa, M. I. Arrue, A. Zumarraga, M. & Gonzalez-Torres, M. A. (2022). Attachment anxiety as mediator of the relationship between childhood trauma and personality dysfunction in borderline personality disorder. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 29(2), 501–511.
Fan, J. & Chen, B. B. (2020). Parenting styles and co-parenting in China: The role of parents and children’s sibling status. Current Psychology, 39, 1505–1512. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s12144- 019- 00379-7.
Hagquist, C. (2016). Family residency and psychosomatic problems among adolescents in Sweden: The impact of child-parent relations. Scandinavian journal of public health. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 44 (1), 36-46.
Havighurst SS, Radovini A, Hao B, Kehoe CE. (2020). Emotion-focused parenting interventions for prevention and treatment of child and adolescent mental health problems: a review of recent literature. Curr Opin Psychiatry 33(6):586–601.
Hayes, A. F. (2021). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press. J Infant Child Dev (2); 20: 148-61. Health Sciences, 1(3), 12-18.
Jami, E.S. Hammerschlag, A.R. Bartels, M. & Middeldorp, C.M. (2021). Parental characteristics and offspring mental health and related outcomes: A systematic review of genetically informative literature. Translational Psychiatry, 11, 197.
Kim, J. Jung, S. Ahn, J. Kim, B. & Choi, H. (2020). Social networking sites self image antecedents of social networking site addiction. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 30(3), 243–248.
Kwak HJ, Ahn UK, Lim MH. (2020). the clinical effects of school play group therapy on general children with a focus on Korea child & youth personality test. BMC Psychol; 8(1): 9.
Le Bas, G.A. Youssef, G.J. Macdonald, J.A. Mattick, R. Teague, S.J. Honan, I. & Hutchinson, D.M. (2021). Maternal bonding, negative affect, and infant social-emotional development: A prospective cohort study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 281, 926– 934.
Liu, X. (2020). Parenting styles and health risk behavior of left-behind children: The mediating effect of cognitive emotion regulation. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 676–685.
Mak, M. C. K. Yin, L. Li, M. Cheung, R. Y. & Oon, P. T. (2020). The relation between parenting stress and child behavior problems: Negative parenting styles as mediator. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 2993–3003. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s10826- 020- 01785-3.
Moitra M, Santomauro D, Collins PY, Vos T, Whiteford H, Saxena S, et al. (2022). The global gap in treatment coverage for major depressive disorder in 84 countries from 2000–2019: a systematic review and Bayesian meta-regression analysis. PLoS Med 19(2).
Molly Cairncross, Carlin J Miller.( 2020). The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Therapies for ADHD: A MetaAnalytic Review. J Atten Disord.
Phua, D.Y. Kee, M.Z.L. & Meaney, M.J. (2020). Positive maternal mental health, parenting, and child development. Biological Psychiatry, 87, 328– 337.
Robinson M, Ross J, Fletcher S, Burns CR, Lagdon S, Armour C. (2021). The Mediating Role of Distress Tolerance in the Relationship Between Childhood Maltreatment and Mental Health Outcomes Among University Students. J Interpers Violence;36(15-16):7249-7273. doi: 10.1177/0886260519835002. PubMed PMID.
Spataro, P. Calabrò, M. & Longobardi, E. (2020). Prosocial behaviour mediates the relation between empathy and aggression in primary school children. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17(5), 727-745.
Steele EH, McKinney C. (2019). Emerging adult psychological problems and parenting style: Moderation by parent-child relationship quality. Personality and individual differences; 146: 201-208.
Stewart, S. M. & Emslie, G. J. (2020). Extending Parent- Child Interaction Therapy to Preschool Children Who Are Depressed. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(7), 803-804.
Swales DA, Snyder HR, Hankin BL, Sandman CA, Glynn LM, Davis EP.(2020). Maternal depressive symptoms predict general liability in child psychopathology. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol.
Tercelli I, Nuno F. (2019) A systematic review of mindfulness based interventions for children and young people with ADHD and their parents. Global Psychiatry. 2019; 2(1): 1-17. doi: 10.2478/gp-0007.
Zalewski M, Maliken A, Lengua LJ, Martin CG, Roos L, Everett Y. (2020) Integrating dialectical behavior therapy with child and parent training interventions: A narrative and theoretical review. Clin Psychol.
Zuquetto, C. R. Opaleye, E. S. Feijo, M. R. Amato, T. C. Ferri, C. P. & Noto, A. R. (2019). Contributions of parenting styles and parental drunkenness to adolescent drinking. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 41(6), 511–517.
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Aguilar-Yamuza, B. Raya-Trenas, A. F. Pino-Osuna, M. J. & Herruzo- Cabrera, J. (2019). Relationship among parenting style and depression and anxiety in children aged 3-7 years old. Revista de Psicología Clínica con Niños y Adolescentes, 6(1), 36-43.
Al-Yagon M. Forte D. Avrahami L. (2020). Executive functions and attachment relationships in children with ADHD: Links to externalizing/internalizing problems, social skills, and negative mood regulation. Journal of Attention Disorders, 24(13), 1876–1890.
Ashuri, Mohammad. Ahmadian, Zahra. (2017). Investigating the effectiveness of the incredible years program on the interaction between mother and child with behavioral disorder. Quarterly of Psychology of Exceptional Individuals People, 8(30), 199-217. [In Persian].
Ayilara, O.G. Zhang, L. Sajobi, T.T. Sawatzky, R. Bohm, E. & Lix, L.M. (2019). Impact of missing data on bias and precision when estimating change in patient-reported outcomes from a clinical registry. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 17, 106.
Beck, A. T. (1964). Thinking and depression: II. Theory and therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 10, 561-571.
Bernal-Ruiz, C. Rosa-Alcázar, A. I. González-Calatayud, V. & Rosa-Alcázar, E. (2019). [Is there a relationship between problematic internet use and responses of social anxiety, obsessivecompulsive and psychological well-being among adolescents?] Anales de Psicología, 33(2), 269–276.
Bernaras E, Jaureguizar J and Garaigordobil M.(2019).Child Anxity And Depression: A Review of Theories, Evaluation Instruments, Prevention Programs, and Treatments. Front. Psychol. 10:54352.
Berzenski, S. (2019). Distinct emotion regulation skills explain psychopathology and problems in social relationships following childhood emotional abuse and neglect. Development and Psychopathology, 31(2), 483–496.
Brooks, S. K. Webster, R. K. Smith, L. E. Woodland, L. Wessely, S. Greenberg, N. & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912-920.
Buss, A. H. & Perry, M. (1992). The Aggression Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(3), 452–459.
Charlson, F. van Ommeren, M. Flaxman, A. Cornett, J. Whiteford, H. & Saxena, S.(2019). New WHO prevalence estimates of mental disorders in conflict settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet;394,240–248.
Conrad, R. Forstner, A.J. Chung, ML. et al. (2021). Significance of anger suppression and preoccupied attachment in social anxiety disorder: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 21, 116.
Costa, D. Cunha. M. Ferreira, C. Gama, A. Machado-Rodrigues, A.M. Rosado-Marques, V. Nogueira, H. Silva, M. & Padez, C. (2020). Self-reported symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress in Portuguese primary school-aged children. BMC Psychiatry, 20(87). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02498-z.
Curran, T. Meter, D. Janovec, A. Brown, E. & Caban, S. (2019). Maternal adult attachment styles and mother-child transmissions of social skills and self-esteem. Journal of Family Studies, 27(4), 491–505.
Cutierrez, S. M. Escarti C. A. & Pascual, C. (2019). Relationships among empathy, prosocial behavior, aggressiveness, self-efficacy and pupils' personal and social responsibility. Psychothema, 23(1), 9-13.
Dalsgaard S. Thorsteinsson E. Trabjerg B. B. Schullehner J. Plana-Ripoll O. Brikell I. Wimberley T. Thygesen M. Madsen K. B. Timmerman A. Schendel D. McGrath J. J. Mortensen P. B. Pedersen C. B. (2020). Incidence rates and cumulative incidences of the full spectrum of diagnosed mental disorders in childhood and adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(2), 155–164.
Delaquis CP et al.(2020). Dialectical behaviour therapy skills training groups for common mental health disorders. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Erkoreka, L. Zamalloa, I. Rodriguez, S. Muñoz, P. Mendizabal, I. Zamalloa, M. I. Arrue, A. Zumarraga, M. & Gonzalez-Torres, M. A. (2022). Attachment anxiety as mediator of the relationship between childhood trauma and personality dysfunction in borderline personality disorder. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 29(2), 501–511.
Fan, J. & Chen, B. B. (2020). Parenting styles and co-parenting in China: The role of parents and children’s sibling status. Current Psychology, 39, 1505–1512. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s12144- 019- 00379-7.
Hagquist, C. (2016). Family residency and psychosomatic problems among adolescents in Sweden: The impact of child-parent relations. Scandinavian journal of public health. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 44 (1), 36-46.
Havighurst SS, Radovini A, Hao B, Kehoe CE. (2020). Emotion-focused parenting interventions for prevention and treatment of child and adolescent mental health problems: a review of recent literature. Curr Opin Psychiatry 33(6):586–601.
Hayes, A. F. (2021). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press. J Infant Child Dev (2); 20: 148-61. Health Sciences, 1(3), 12-18.
Jami, E.S. Hammerschlag, A.R. Bartels, M. & Middeldorp, C.M. (2021). Parental characteristics and offspring mental health and related outcomes: A systematic review of genetically informative literature. Translational Psychiatry, 11, 197.
Kim, J. Jung, S. Ahn, J. Kim, B. & Choi, H. (2020). Social networking sites self image antecedents of social networking site addiction. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 30(3), 243–248.
Kwak HJ, Ahn UK, Lim MH. (2020). the clinical effects of school play group therapy on general children with a focus on Korea child & youth personality test. BMC Psychol; 8(1): 9.
Le Bas, G.A. Youssef, G.J. Macdonald, J.A. Mattick, R. Teague, S.J. Honan, I. & Hutchinson, D.M. (2021). Maternal bonding, negative affect, and infant social-emotional development: A prospective cohort study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 281, 926– 934.
Liu, X. (2020). Parenting styles and health risk behavior of left-behind children: The mediating effect of cognitive emotion regulation. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 676–685.
Mak, M. C. K. Yin, L. Li, M. Cheung, R. Y. & Oon, P. T. (2020). The relation between parenting stress and child behavior problems: Negative parenting styles as mediator. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 2993–3003. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s10826- 020- 01785-3.
Moitra M, Santomauro D, Collins PY, Vos T, Whiteford H, Saxena S, et al. (2022). The global gap in treatment coverage for major depressive disorder in 84 countries from 2000–2019: a systematic review and Bayesian meta-regression analysis. PLoS Med 19(2).
Molly Cairncross, Carlin J Miller.( 2020). The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Therapies for ADHD: A MetaAnalytic Review. J Atten Disord.
Phua, D.Y. Kee, M.Z.L. & Meaney, M.J. (2020). Positive maternal mental health, parenting, and child development. Biological Psychiatry, 87, 328– 337.
Robinson M, Ross J, Fletcher S, Burns CR, Lagdon S, Armour C. (2021). The Mediating Role of Distress Tolerance in the Relationship Between Childhood Maltreatment and Mental Health Outcomes Among University Students. J Interpers Violence;36(15-16):7249-7273. doi: 10.1177/0886260519835002. PubMed PMID.
Spataro, P. Calabrò, M. & Longobardi, E. (2020). Prosocial behaviour mediates the relation between empathy and aggression in primary school children. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17(5), 727-745.
Steele EH, McKinney C. (2019). Emerging adult psychological problems and parenting style: Moderation by parent-child relationship quality. Personality and individual differences; 146: 201-208.
Stewart, S. M. & Emslie, G. J. (2020). Extending Parent- Child Interaction Therapy to Preschool Children Who Are Depressed. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(7), 803-804.
Swales DA, Snyder HR, Hankin BL, Sandman CA, Glynn LM, Davis EP.(2020). Maternal depressive symptoms predict general liability in child psychopathology. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol.
Tercelli I, Nuno F. (2019) A systematic review of mindfulness based interventions for children and young people with ADHD and their parents. Global Psychiatry. 2019; 2(1): 1-17. doi: 10.2478/gp-0007.
Zalewski M, Maliken A, Lengua LJ, Martin CG, Roos L, Everett Y. (2020) Integrating dialectical behavior therapy with child and parent training interventions: A narrative and theoretical review. Clin Psychol.
Zuquetto, C. R. Opaleye, E. S. Feijo, M. R. Amato, T. C. Ferri, C. P. & Noto, A. R. (2019). Contributions of parenting styles and parental drunkenness to adolescent drinking. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 41(6), 511–517.