تحلیلی بر جایگاه اجتماعی زنان روستایی دوره ایلخانی براساس نقش مایه سنگ‌مزارات گورستان روستای هاس
محورهای موضوعی : تاریخ و باستان شناسی
مهدی کاظم پور
1
(دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، گروه باستان‌شناسی، تبریز، ایران.)
کلید واژه: گورستان هاس, دوره ایلخانی, زنان روستایی, نقش مایه سنگ مزارات,
چکیده مقاله :
هدف پژوهش حاضر تحلیلی بر جایگاه اجتماعی زنان روستایی دوره ایلخانی براساس نقش مایه سنگ مزارات گورستان روستای هاس می باشد. جهت انجام این پژوهش تعداد 200 سنگ مزار سالم بود که به روش نمونه گیری غیر احتمالی تعداد 20 نمونه سنگ مزاراتی که دارای بیشترین اطلاعات در خصوص حرفه زنان بوده اند، در این پژوهش انتخاب و مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. این پژوهش از نوع هدف، کیفی است و روش انجام آن از نوع توصیفی-تحلیلی است. جهت دستیابی به داده های این مطالعه، در مرحله اولیه براساس مطالعات میدانی، مستندنگاری های لازم از قبیل عکاسی، طراحی و خوانش کتیبه ها و نقوش صورت پذیرفت. پس از ارائه توصیفات واطلاعات کتابخانه ای به روش تحلیلی داده ها مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که، با ورود مغولان به ایران، وضعیت زنان دگرگون شد و آنان توانستند آزادانه تر در کنار مردان در امور گوناگون جامعه به ایفای نقش بپردازند. منابع تاریخی و هم چنین شواهد هنری، جایگاه برجستۀ زنان درباری (به ویژه خاتون ها) در مناسبات سیاسی و اجتماعی را به نمایش گذاشته و در خصوص زنان روستایی این دوره، اطلاعاتی در دست نبود. این در حالی است که روی سنگ مزارات گورستان هاس، زنان و مردان روستایی به نمایش درآمده اند که در طول حیات خود، در یک جایگاه اجتماعی هر کدام به یک شغلی مشغول بوده اند و متناسب با حرفه خود جایگاه اجتماعی را کسب می کرده اند. این امر از جنس و ابعاد سنگ مزارات، تکنیک هنری، کتیبه ها، نقش مایه ها و هم چنین اشیاء روی سنگ مزارت قابل تشخیص بود. مردان حرفه هایی مانند کشاورز، دامدار، شکارورز، نوازنده و خدمتکار و زنان ورنی بافی را که در اقتصاد معیشتی جامعه آن دوره نقشی بارز را ایفا نموده اند از جایگاهی هم پای مردان برخوردار بوده اند.
The object of the present research was the analysis of the social status of rural women in the Ikhanid period based on the Haas village cemetery gravestones. 200 gravestones were intact which by non-probabilistic sampling procedure 20 gravestones that contained the maximum data on women professions were selected and studied. Concerning the object, the research was a qualitative with descriptive-analytical method. To obtain the data, in the initial stage, based on field studies, the necessary documentation such as photography, redesign and interpretation of inscriptions and motifs were proceeded. After presenting the descriptions and library information, the data were reviewed by analytical method. The results indicated that, with the arrival of the Mongols in Iran, the situation of women changed and they were able to play a freer role alongside men in the various society affairs. Historical sources as well as artistic evidence showed the prominent position of court women (especially the Ladies) in political and social relations, and no data were available about rural women of the period. Meanwhile, on the tombstones of Haas Cemetery, rural men and women were depicted who, during their lifetime, each held a job in a social position and had acquired a social status commensurate with their profession. This was recognizable by the type and dimensions of the tombstones, artistic techniques, inscriptions, motifs, as well as objects on the tombstone. Men in professions such as farmer, rancher, hunter, musician and servant, and women in “Varni” weaving (durries weaving), who played a prominent role in the livelihood of the society of that period, enjoyed a similar position with men.
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