بررسی اثرات ضد میکروبی عصاره میوه گیاهان کاپاریس اسپینوزا (Capparis spinosa) و پسته وحشی (Pistacia atlantica) بر رشد باکتری اشریشیاکولای در شرایط آزمایشگاهی و مدل حیوانی
محورهای موضوعی :
آسیب شناسی درمانگاهی دامپزشکی
محمد سجاد انصاری چهارسوقی
1
,
آسیه احمدی دستگردی
2
,
مجید غلامی آهنگران
3
1 - دانش‌آموخته دکتری حرفه‌ای، دانشکده دامپزشکی، واحد گرمسار، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گرمسار، ایران.
2 - استادیار گروه علوم و صنایع غذایی، واحد اردستان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اردستان، ایران.
3 - دانشیار، گروه علوم درمانگاهی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، واحد شهرکرد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شهرکرد، ایران.
تاریخ دریافت : 1398/09/04
تاریخ پذیرش : 1399/05/29
تاریخ انتشار : 1399/06/01
کلید واژه:
اشریشیاکولای,
عصاره,
کاپاریس اسپینوزا,
پسته وحشی,
زخم عفونی,
چکیده مقاله :
اشریشیاکولای عامل بسیاری از عفونت های مربوط به زخم های جراحی می باشد. مطالعه حاضر به منظور بررسی اثرات ضد میکروبی عصاره هیدروالکلی گیاهان کاپاریس اسپینوزا (Capparisspinose) و پسته وحشی (Pistaciaatlantica) در شرایط آزمایشگاهی و در درمان زخم عفونی ناشی از اشریشیاکولای در مدل حیوانی انجام گرفت. ابتدا بااستفادهازروش رقیق سازىدرلوله،حداقلغلظتمهارکنندگی رشد (minimum inhibitory concentration; MIC) و حداقلغلظتکشندگی عصاره های مذکور(minimum bactericidal concentration; MBC) تعیینگردید. سپس تعداد 30 سر موش صحرایی نر از نزاد ویستار انتخاب و پس از تراشیدن موضع جراحی، در ناحیه پشت و بین دو کتف، برشی ایجاد و باکتری اشریشیاکولای با غلظت cfu/ml108×5/1در محل زخم تلقیح گردید. سپس سطح زخم با عصاره گیاهان کاپاریس اسپینوزا و پسته وحشی آغشته گردید. در روزهای پنجم و دهم، از محل زخم نمونه برداری شد و میزان آلودگی باکتریایی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایجنشاندادکهعصارهگیاهان کاپاریس اسپینوزا و پستهوحشى،اثراتضدمیکروبىعلیه اشریشیاکولای دارند. میزانMICوMBCعصاره کاپاریس اسپینوزاو قطرهالهعدمرشدآن نیز بیشترازعصاره پسته وحشیبود.همچنین نتایج حاصله تفاوت معنی داری را در موش های تیمارشده با عصاره کاپاریس اسپینوزا و پسته وحشی در مقایسه با گروه شاهد نشان داد (05/0˂p < /em>). می توان نتیجه گرفت که عصاره حاصل از این گیاهان باعث مهار رشد باکتری اشریشیاکولای در زخم های عفونی شده و از این طریق می توانند منجر به تسریع روند التیام زخم گردند.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Escherichia coli is the cause of many surgical wound infections.This study was designed to investigate the antibacterial effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Capparis spinosa and pistacia atlantica on E. coli in surgical wounds using a rat model. The antimicrobial activity of Capparis spinosa and pistacia altantica extract was first determined by paper disk diffusion method to determine Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and also Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). Then, 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three treatment groups. A circular incision was made on the dorsal inter-scapular region of each rat. Then, rats were inoculated topically with 1.5×108 CFU of E. coli at the site of skin wounds. The extracts of Capparis spinosa and Pistacia atlantica was applied to wounds twice a day during the experiment. Animals of the control group were left untreated. The results showed that the extract of Caparis spinosa and Pistacia atlantica had antimicrobial effects against Escherichia coli. The antimicrobial activity of Capparis spinosa extract against E. coli was higher than the Pistacia atlantica extract (The MIC and MBC values). Also there was a significant difference in the rats treated with the extracts in comparison to the control group. It can be concluded that the extracts of these plants have antimicrobial properties and inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli in infected wounds and thus can accelerate the wound healing process. Conflict of interest: None declared.
منابع و مأخذ:
Afsharypuor, S., Jeira,n K. and Jazy, A.A. (1998). First investigation of the flavor profiles of leaf, ripe fruit and root of capparis spinosa var. mucronifolia from Iran. Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae, 72(1): 307-309.
Ahmadi, R. and Gasemi, N. (2015). Comparative study of effect Cinnamon extract used local and injection in diabetic and nondiabetic male rats. Journal of Medical Science of Islamic Azad University, 25(1): 27-32. [In Persian]
Akhoondinasab, M.R., Akhoondinasab, M. and Saberi, M. (2014). Comparison of healing effect of Aloe vera extract and Silver sulfadiazine in burn injuries in experimental rat model. World Journal of Plastic Surgery, 3(1): 29-34.
Ben Douissa, F., Hayder, N., Chekir-Ghedira, L., Hammami, M., Ghedria, K. and Mariotte, A.M. (2005). New study of the essential oil from leaves of Pistacia lentiscus L. Anacardiaceae from Tunisia. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 20(10): 410-414.
Benhammou, N., Bekkara, F.A. and Panovska, T.K. (2008). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the Pistacia lentiscus and Pistacia atlantica extracts. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2(2): 22-28.
Bowersox, J. (2007). Experimental Staph vaccine broadly protective in animal studies. NIH.
Cowan, M.M. (1999). Plants products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 12(4): 564-582.
Das, K., Tiwari, R.K.S. and Shrivastava, D.K., (2010). Techniques for evaluation of medicinal plant products as antimicrobial agent: Current methods and future trends. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(2): 104-111.
Del Azar, A., Nazemyieh, H., Modaresi, M. and Afshar, J. (2003). Study on essential oil obtained from oleoresin of Pistacia atlantica var mutica. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(1): 27-38.
Derwich, E., Benziane, Z., Manar, A., Boukir, A. and Taouil R. (2010). Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Oreganum vulgare from morocco. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 5(2): 120-129.
Emad, M., Gheibi, F., Rasool, S.M., Khangazade, R. and Jozani, S. (2012). Capparis spinosa. Headquarters for Research and Application of Iranian Medicinal Plants and Medicine. Office of Forest Resources Affairs. [In Persian]
Feng, P., Weagant, S. and Grant, M. (2002). Bacteriological Analytical Manual. 8th ed., US FDA center for food safety and applied nutrition publishing, USA.
Ganjali, A., Sotoudeh, A., Jahanshahi, A., Ashrafzadeh, M., Bazzazan, A., Roodbari, N., et al. (2013). Ototegia persica extraction on healing process of burn wounds. Acta Cirurgica Brasileira, 28(6): 407-411.
Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. and Aghaee, K. (2011). Chemical Composition of Essential Oil of Pistacia khinjuk Stocks Grown in Bakhtiari Zagross Mountains, Iran. Electronic Journal of Biology, 7(4): 67-69.
Ghashghae, F., Jafari, A. and Moazamian, E. (2016). Survey effect of Peganum harmala, Thymus daenensis, Frulago angulata on wound infection caused by Pseudomonas aeuroginosa exotoxin A-producing in laboratory mice. Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology, 10(1): 82-87.
Gholami-Ahangaran, M., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Farasat, M. and Fasihi, K. (2015). Antimicrobial effect of Zataria multiflora, Thymus daenensis, Althea officinalis, and Urtica dioica on growth of Escherichia coli isolated from poultry colibacillosis. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Microbiology, 1: 1-10.
Gholami-Ahangaran, M., Shahzamani, S. and Yazdkhasti, M. (2016). Comparison of Virkon S (r) and Formaldehyde on hatchability and survival rate of chicks in disinfection of fertile eggs. Revue Médecine Vétérinaire, 167(1-2): 45-49.
Gholami-Ahangaran, M., Peimani, N. and Dastgerdi, A.A. (2019). The effect of thyme (Thymus daenensis) supplement on growth and hygienic parameters of broilers meat. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 33(1): 87-92.
Gomathi, K., Gopinath, D., Rafiuddin, A.M. and Jayakumar, R. (2003). Quercetin incorporated collagen matrices for dermal wound healing processes in rats. Biomaterials, 24(16): 2767-72.
Gourine, N., Yousfi, M., Bombarda, I., Nadjemi, B., Stocker, P. and Gaydou, E.M. (2010). Antioxidant activities and chemical composition of essential oil of Pistacia atlantica from Algeria. Industrial Crops and Products, 31(2): 203-208.
Hanafi, G.M., Darvishi, S., Darvishi, N., Sayedin-ardabili, S.M. and Mir-ahmadi, F. (2012). Antibacterial effect of essential oil of mastic resin on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Clostridium sporogenes. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, 17(1):1-10. [In Persian]
Leite, A.M, Lima, E.O., Souza, E.L., Trajano, V.N. and Medeiros, I.A. (2007). Inhibitory effect of β-pinene, α-pinene and eugenol on the growth of potential infectious endocarditis causing Gram-positive bacteria. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Farmacêuticas, 43(1): 121-126.
Konop, M., Czuwara, J., Kłodzińska, E., Laskowska, A. K., Sulejczak, D., Damps, T. and Schwartz, R. A. (2020). Evaluation of keratin biomaterial containing silver nanoparticles as a potential wound dressing in full‐thickness skin wound model in diabetic mice. Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 14(2): 334-346.
Karimi Poor fard, M., Mirzaei, A., Kargar, M., Khosravani, S. and Mohamadi R. (2012). Antibacterial Activities of Thymus denaensis, Jaft and Hydro-Alcoholic Extract of Green hull Pistacia atlantica on Listeria monocytogenes. Armaghane danesh, 17(1): 68-77. [In Persian]
Kummar, B., Vijayakumar, M., Govindarajan, R. and Pushpangadan, P. (2007). Ethnopharmacological approaches to wound healing–exploring medicinal plants of India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 114(1): 103-130.
Magiatis, P., Melliou, E., Skaltsounid, A.L., Chinou, I.B. and Mitaku, S. (1999). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia Plant Medicinal, 65(8): 749-752.
Marner, F.J. Freyer, A. and Lex, J. (1991). Triterpenoids from gum mastic, the resin of Pistacialentiscus. Phytochemistry, 30(11): 3709-3721.
Moraghebi, F., Teymoori, M., Khoshnevis, M., Karvari, S., Matinzade, M. and Salehi, P. (2000). Antimicrobial activity of different extracts of Pistacia atlantica leaf. Ministry of Agriculture. Institute of Forests and Rangelands Research. Khorramabad, Iran. [In Persian]
Mortazavi. S.M., Azadmard Damirchi S., Sowti M., Mahmudi, R., Safaeean, F. and Moradi Azad S. (2013). Antimicrobial Effects of ethanolic extract of the hull and the core of Pistacia khinjuk stocks. Journal of Innovative Food Technologies, 1(4): 81-88. [In Persian]
Nikbakht, M.R., Soleimani, Z., Moravveji, S.A. and Esalatmanesh, K. (2016). Evaluating the effectiveness of Pistacia atlantica in the improvement of diabetic foot. Feyz, Journal of Kashan University of Medical Sciences, 20(4): 347-351. [In Persian]
Nostro, A., Roccaro, A., Bisignano, G., Marino, A., Cannatelli, M.A., Pizzimenti, F.C., et al. (2007.) Effects of oregano, carvacrol and thymol on Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 56(4): 519-523.
Saffarzadeh, A., Vincze, L. and Csapo, J. (1999). Determination of the chemical composition of acorn (Quercus brantii), Pistacia atlantica and Pistacia khinjuk seeds as non-convetional feedstuffs. Acta Agraria Kaposváriensis, 3(3): 59-69.
Sharifi, M.S., Ebrahimi, D., Hibbert, D.B., Hook, J. and Hazell, S.L. (2012). Bio-Activity of Natural Polymers from the Genus Pistacia: A Validated Model for Their Antimicrobial Action, Glob. Journal of Health Science, 4(1): 149-161.
Schito, G.C. (2006). Importance of the development of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical Microbiology Infection, 12(1): 3-8.
Sivropoulou, A., Papanikolaou, E., Nikolaou, C., Kokkini, S., Lanaras, T. and Arsenakis, M. (1996). Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of Origanum essential oils. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 44(5): 1202-1205.
Sombonwong, J., Kankarisre, M., Tantisira, B. and Tantisira, M.H. (2012). Wound healing activities of different extracts of Centella asiatica in incision and burn wound models: an experimental animal study. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 12(1): 103.
Tohidi, M., Khayami, M., Nejati, V. and Meftahizade, H. (2011). Evaluation of antibacterial activity and wound healing of Pistacia atlantica and Pistacia khinjuk. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(17): 4310-4314.
Trombetta, D., Occhiuto, F., Perri, D., Puglia, C. and Santagati, N.A. (2005). Antihistaminic effect of two extracts of Capparis spinosa flowering buds. Phytotherapy Research, 19(1): 29-33.
Valilou, M. and Valilou, S. (2017). A comparative study of histopathological effects of aqueous extract of cinnamon and honey with sulfadiazine on skin burn wound healing in rats infected with Pseudomonas aeuroginosa. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 11(43): 285-295.
Yalpani, M. and Tyman, J.U.P. (1983). The phenolic acids of Pistachia vera. Phytochemistry, 22(10): 2263-2266.
Yadeghar, O., Asghari, A. and Hesaraki, S. (2013). Evaluation of wound healing activity of Commiphora myrrha extract compared with silver sulfadiazine on experimental skin burn healing in rat. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 7(27): 173-182.
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Afsharypuor, S., Jeira,n K. and Jazy, A.A. (1998). First investigation of the flavor profiles of leaf, ripe fruit and root of capparis spinosa var. mucronifolia from Iran. Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae, 72(1): 307-309.
Ahmadi, R. and Gasemi, N. (2015). Comparative study of effect Cinnamon extract used local and injection in diabetic and nondiabetic male rats. Journal of Medical Science of Islamic Azad University, 25(1): 27-32. [In Persian]
Akhoondinasab, M.R., Akhoondinasab, M. and Saberi, M. (2014). Comparison of healing effect of Aloe vera extract and Silver sulfadiazine in burn injuries in experimental rat model. World Journal of Plastic Surgery, 3(1): 29-34.
Ben Douissa, F., Hayder, N., Chekir-Ghedira, L., Hammami, M., Ghedria, K. and Mariotte, A.M. (2005). New study of the essential oil from leaves of Pistacia lentiscus L. Anacardiaceae from Tunisia. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 20(10): 410-414.
Benhammou, N., Bekkara, F.A. and Panovska, T.K. (2008). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the Pistacia lentiscus and Pistacia atlantica extracts. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2(2): 22-28.
Bowersox, J. (2007). Experimental Staph vaccine broadly protective in animal studies. NIH.
Cowan, M.M. (1999). Plants products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 12(4): 564-582.
Das, K., Tiwari, R.K.S. and Shrivastava, D.K., (2010). Techniques for evaluation of medicinal plant products as antimicrobial agent: Current methods and future trends. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(2): 104-111.
Del Azar, A., Nazemyieh, H., Modaresi, M. and Afshar, J. (2003). Study on essential oil obtained from oleoresin of Pistacia atlantica var mutica. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(1): 27-38.
Derwich, E., Benziane, Z., Manar, A., Boukir, A. and Taouil R. (2010). Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Oreganum vulgare from morocco. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 5(2): 120-129.
Emad, M., Gheibi, F., Rasool, S.M., Khangazade, R. and Jozani, S. (2012). Capparis spinosa. Headquarters for Research and Application of Iranian Medicinal Plants and Medicine. Office of Forest Resources Affairs. [In Persian]
Feng, P., Weagant, S. and Grant, M. (2002). Bacteriological Analytical Manual. 8th ed., US FDA center for food safety and applied nutrition publishing, USA.
Ganjali, A., Sotoudeh, A., Jahanshahi, A., Ashrafzadeh, M., Bazzazan, A., Roodbari, N., et al. (2013). Ototegia persica extraction on healing process of burn wounds. Acta Cirurgica Brasileira, 28(6): 407-411.
Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. and Aghaee, K. (2011). Chemical Composition of Essential Oil of Pistacia khinjuk Stocks Grown in Bakhtiari Zagross Mountains, Iran. Electronic Journal of Biology, 7(4): 67-69.
Ghashghae, F., Jafari, A. and Moazamian, E. (2016). Survey effect of Peganum harmala, Thymus daenensis, Frulago angulata on wound infection caused by Pseudomonas aeuroginosa exotoxin A-producing in laboratory mice. Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology, 10(1): 82-87.
Gholami-Ahangaran, M., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Farasat, M. and Fasihi, K. (2015). Antimicrobial effect of Zataria multiflora, Thymus daenensis, Althea officinalis, and Urtica dioica on growth of Escherichia coli isolated from poultry colibacillosis. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Microbiology, 1: 1-10.
Gholami-Ahangaran, M., Shahzamani, S. and Yazdkhasti, M. (2016). Comparison of Virkon S (r) and Formaldehyde on hatchability and survival rate of chicks in disinfection of fertile eggs. Revue Médecine Vétérinaire, 167(1-2): 45-49.
Gholami-Ahangaran, M., Peimani, N. and Dastgerdi, A.A. (2019). The effect of thyme (Thymus daenensis) supplement on growth and hygienic parameters of broilers meat. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 33(1): 87-92.
Gomathi, K., Gopinath, D., Rafiuddin, A.M. and Jayakumar, R. (2003). Quercetin incorporated collagen matrices for dermal wound healing processes in rats. Biomaterials, 24(16): 2767-72.
Gourine, N., Yousfi, M., Bombarda, I., Nadjemi, B., Stocker, P. and Gaydou, E.M. (2010). Antioxidant activities and chemical composition of essential oil of Pistacia atlantica from Algeria. Industrial Crops and Products, 31(2): 203-208.
Hanafi, G.M., Darvishi, S., Darvishi, N., Sayedin-ardabili, S.M. and Mir-ahmadi, F. (2012). Antibacterial effect of essential oil of mastic resin on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Clostridium sporogenes. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, 17(1):1-10. [In Persian]
Leite, A.M, Lima, E.O., Souza, E.L., Trajano, V.N. and Medeiros, I.A. (2007). Inhibitory effect of β-pinene, α-pinene and eugenol on the growth of potential infectious endocarditis causing Gram-positive bacteria. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Farmacêuticas, 43(1): 121-126.
Konop, M., Czuwara, J., Kłodzińska, E., Laskowska, A. K., Sulejczak, D., Damps, T. and Schwartz, R. A. (2020). Evaluation of keratin biomaterial containing silver nanoparticles as a potential wound dressing in full‐thickness skin wound model in diabetic mice. Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 14(2): 334-346.
Karimi Poor fard, M., Mirzaei, A., Kargar, M., Khosravani, S. and Mohamadi R. (2012). Antibacterial Activities of Thymus denaensis, Jaft and Hydro-Alcoholic Extract of Green hull Pistacia atlantica on Listeria monocytogenes. Armaghane danesh, 17(1): 68-77. [In Persian]
Kummar, B., Vijayakumar, M., Govindarajan, R. and Pushpangadan, P. (2007). Ethnopharmacological approaches to wound healing–exploring medicinal plants of India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 114(1): 103-130.
Magiatis, P., Melliou, E., Skaltsounid, A.L., Chinou, I.B. and Mitaku, S. (1999). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia Plant Medicinal, 65(8): 749-752.
Marner, F.J. Freyer, A. and Lex, J. (1991). Triterpenoids from gum mastic, the resin of Pistacialentiscus. Phytochemistry, 30(11): 3709-3721.
Moraghebi, F., Teymoori, M., Khoshnevis, M., Karvari, S., Matinzade, M. and Salehi, P. (2000). Antimicrobial activity of different extracts of Pistacia atlantica leaf. Ministry of Agriculture. Institute of Forests and Rangelands Research. Khorramabad, Iran. [In Persian]
Mortazavi. S.M., Azadmard Damirchi S., Sowti M., Mahmudi, R., Safaeean, F. and Moradi Azad S. (2013). Antimicrobial Effects of ethanolic extract of the hull and the core of Pistacia khinjuk stocks. Journal of Innovative Food Technologies, 1(4): 81-88. [In Persian]
Nikbakht, M.R., Soleimani, Z., Moravveji, S.A. and Esalatmanesh, K. (2016). Evaluating the effectiveness of Pistacia atlantica in the improvement of diabetic foot. Feyz, Journal of Kashan University of Medical Sciences, 20(4): 347-351. [In Persian]
Nostro, A., Roccaro, A., Bisignano, G., Marino, A., Cannatelli, M.A., Pizzimenti, F.C., et al. (2007.) Effects of oregano, carvacrol and thymol on Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 56(4): 519-523.
Saffarzadeh, A., Vincze, L. and Csapo, J. (1999). Determination of the chemical composition of acorn (Quercus brantii), Pistacia atlantica and Pistacia khinjuk seeds as non-convetional feedstuffs. Acta Agraria Kaposváriensis, 3(3): 59-69.
Sharifi, M.S., Ebrahimi, D., Hibbert, D.B., Hook, J. and Hazell, S.L. (2012). Bio-Activity of Natural Polymers from the Genus Pistacia: A Validated Model for Their Antimicrobial Action, Glob. Journal of Health Science, 4(1): 149-161.
Schito, G.C. (2006). Importance of the development of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical Microbiology Infection, 12(1): 3-8.
Sivropoulou, A., Papanikolaou, E., Nikolaou, C., Kokkini, S., Lanaras, T. and Arsenakis, M. (1996). Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of Origanum essential oils. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 44(5): 1202-1205.
Sombonwong, J., Kankarisre, M., Tantisira, B. and Tantisira, M.H. (2012). Wound healing activities of different extracts of Centella asiatica in incision and burn wound models: an experimental animal study. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 12(1): 103.
Tohidi, M., Khayami, M., Nejati, V. and Meftahizade, H. (2011). Evaluation of antibacterial activity and wound healing of Pistacia atlantica and Pistacia khinjuk. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(17): 4310-4314.
Trombetta, D., Occhiuto, F., Perri, D., Puglia, C. and Santagati, N.A. (2005). Antihistaminic effect of two extracts of Capparis spinosa flowering buds. Phytotherapy Research, 19(1): 29-33.
Valilou, M. and Valilou, S. (2017). A comparative study of histopathological effects of aqueous extract of cinnamon and honey with sulfadiazine on skin burn wound healing in rats infected with Pseudomonas aeuroginosa. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 11(43): 285-295.
Yalpani, M. and Tyman, J.U.P. (1983). The phenolic acids of Pistachia vera. Phytochemistry, 22(10): 2263-2266.
Yadeghar, O., Asghari, A. and Hesaraki, S. (2013). Evaluation of wound healing activity of Commiphora myrrha extract compared with silver sulfadiazine on experimental skin burn healing in rat. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 7(27): 173-182.
