تحلیل و قابلیت‌سنجی سیاست‌های کارآمد تامین مسکن انبوه برای اقشار کم‌درآمد در ایران با نگاهی به تجربیات موفق جهانی
وحیده هاشمی
1
(
دانشجوی دکتری،معماری ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد دامغان ، ایران
)
غزل راهب
2
(
دانشیار و عضو هیأت علمی مرکز تحقیقات راه، مسکن و شهرسازی، تهران، ایران
)
غلامحسین ناصری
3
(
استادیار و عضو هیأت علمی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد دامغان، ایران
)
هما زنجانی زاده
4
(
دانشیار و عضو هیأت علمی دانشگاه فردوسی، مشهد، ایران
)
کلید واژه: مسکن اقشار کم‌درآمد, گونه‌شناسی سیستم رفاهی, قابلیت‌سنجی سیاست‌های مسکن,
چکیده مقاله :
ناکارآمدی نظام تأمین مسکن در ایران باعث شده‌است با گذشت حدود شش دهه از سیاست‌گذاری در بخش مسکن، همچنان با کمبود مسکن استطاعت‌پذیر روبرو باشیم؛ ناهماهنگی درون‌داد قانونی و برون‌داد اجرایی قوانین در سیستم‌رفاهی ایران، ناکارآمدی سازوکارهای مرتبط با تأمین‌مسکن و عدم بهره‌گیری از تجربیات‌جهانی از علل عدم موفقیت برنامه‌های تأمین‌مسکن در ایران است. عدم‌توجه به موضوعات تاثیرگذار در شکل‌گیری مسکن‌اجتماعی از یک‌طرف، باعث عدم برقراری عدالت اجتماعی در حوزۀ تامین مسکن و افزایش شکاف‌طبقاتی در جامعه می‌شود، از طرفی می‌تواند زمینه‌ساز بروز ناهنجاری‌ها و الگوهای رفتاری نامناسب در جامعه نیز گردد. هدف پژوهش ارزیابی سیاست‌های موفق تأمین مسکن اجتماعی در جهان و ارائه راهکارهای قابل تطبیق در ایران است. روش‌تحقیق، تطبیقی، تحلیل‌‌کیفی‌و بر اساس‌شیوۀ تحلیل مضمون است.نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد، تأمین‌مالی، اعطای‌زمین، ساخت مسکن، بازآفرینی‌شهری، ایجاد شهرهای جدید و توانمندسازی سیاست‌های غالب هستند. موفقیت یا شکست سیاست‌ها متأثر از زمینه‌های متعدد است و عوامل کلان تا خرد حوزه‌های اجتماعی، فرهنگی و ... را شامل می‌شود. در این پژوهش قابلیت‌سنجی سیاست‌های کلی در چهار نظام فرهنگی، اجتماعی، روانی و زیستی، بررسی و اولویت‌گذاری، راهکارهای موفق ارائه شده‌است. در بعد کلان اجتماعی (سیاسی)، وجود دولت غیرمتمرکز که فعالیت‌ها را در سطح منطقه‌ای و محلی طبقه‌بندی می‌کند، در نظام اجتماعی و فرهنگی، غربالگری کارآمد، نیازسنجی (الگوی‌ساخت و میزان نیاز در هر منطقه)، تنوع سیاست‌ها برای گروه هدف گسترده‌تر (اختلاط‌درآمدی و کاهش تمرکز‌فقر و آسیب‌های اجتماعی ناشی از آن) و مشارکت مردمی در پروسه تأمین مسکن، راهکارهای موفقی هستند که می‌تواند با شناخت پتانسیل‌های منطقه‌ای و محلی در ایران نیز اجرا شود. با توجه به قابلیت‌سنجی سیاست‌های کلی در ایران، اولویت‌ها از جهت کارآمدی برنامه‌ها به ترتیب شامل بازآفرینی شهری، ایجاد شهرهای جدید، توانمندسازی خانوار، تأمین‌مالی، ساخت مسکن و در نهایت اعطای زمین است.
چکیده انگلیسی :
The inefficiency of the housing provision system in Iran has led to a shortage of affordable housing after about six decades of policy-making in the housing sector; The inconsistency of legal input and executive output of laws in Iran, the inefficiency of mechanisms related to housing provision, and the lack of benefit from global experiences are among the reasons for the failure of housing provision programs. Lack of attention to influential issues in the formation of social housing leads to the failure to establish social justice and increase class gaps in society, and can also pave the way for the emergence of abnormalities and inappropriate behavioral patterns in society.The aim of the research is to evaluate successful social housing provision policies in the world and to present solutions that can be applied in Iran. The research method is comparative, qualitative analysis, and based on the method of content analysis.The results of the research show that financing, land allocation, housing construction, urban regeneration, creation of new cities and empowerment are the dominant policies. The success or failure of policies is affected by numerous contexts and includes macro to micro factors in the social, cultural and... domains. In this research, the feasibility of general policies in four cultural, social, psychological and biological systems, examination and prioritization, successful solutions are presented. In the macro-social (political) dimension, the existence of a decentralized government that classifies activities at the regional and local levels, in the social and cultural system, efficient screening, needs assessment (construction pattern and level of need in each region), diversity of policies for a broader target group (income mixing and reduction of poverty concentration and the social harms resulting from it), and public participation in the housing provision process are successful solutions that can be implemented in Iran by recognizing regional and local potentials. Considering the feasibility of general policies in Iran, the priorities in terms of program efficiency include urban regeneration, creation of new cities, household empowerment, financing, housing construction, and finally land allocation.
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