ارزیابی مصرف انرژی در مسکن زمین پناه به عنوان الگویی پایدار در محیط شهری ( مطالعه موردی: شهر شیراز)

محورهای موضوعی : فصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی پژوهش و برنامه ریزی شهری

علی اقتداری ¹ , طاهره نصر ² , خسرو موحد ³ , زهرا برزگر مروستی ⁴

1 - دانشجوی دکتری؛ گروه معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شیراز، شیراز، ایران
2 - گروه معماری، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران
3 - دانشیار؛ گروه معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شیراز، شیراز، ایران
4 - استاد مدعو، گروه معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شیراز، شیراز، ایران

تاریخ دریافت : 1400/08/21 تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/12/02 تاریخ انتشار : 1402/09/01

کلید واژه: برنامه ریزی شهری, الگوی پایدار, مسکن زمین پناه, صرفه جویی در مصرف انرژی,

چکیده مقاله :

در دوران معاصر، توجه به کنترل مصرف انرژی در شهر و اجزاء تشکیل‌دهنده آن از جمله ساختمان‌ها در مقیاس‌های کوچک و بزرگ از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار بوده و نگاهی جامع به برنامه‌ریزی شهری می‌تواند در راه رسیدن به این هدف تأثیر گذار باشد. تامین انرژی مورد نیاز سرمایش و گرمایش ساختمان ها از دغدغه های اصلی مدیریت مصرف انرژی است و در این راستا مسکن زمین‌پناه به عنوان الگویی پایدار با ایجاد کیفیت دمایی ثابت در فضای داخلی، می تواند سهم مؤثری در کاهش مصرف انرژی ساختمان و در مقیاسی بالاتر مصرف انرژی شهر داشته باشد. هدف از انجام این پژوهش مقایسه مصرف انرژی گرمایشی و سرمایشی بنای زمین پناه حیاط مرکزی با مدل غیر زمین پناه است روش انجام پژوهش از نوع کمی بوده و در روند کلی آن، پس از انجام مطالعات اولیه، مدل‌سازی ساختمان با نرم‌افزار اسکچاپ انجام شد و دمای خاک در شهر شیراز، در اعماق متفاوت تعیین گردید. در مرحله بعد داده‌های اقلیمی شهر شیراز از نرم‌افزار متئونورم استخراج گردید و کلیه داده های به دست آمده، جهت شبیه‌سازی حرارتی در نرم ‌افزار انرژی‌ پلاس مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که از میان تمامی حالات فرورفتگی مدل در اعماق خاک، نمودار مربوط به انرژی سرمایشی در عمق 6 متری زمین، صرفه‌جویی سالیانه به میزان تقریبی 44 درصد را نسبت به مدل غیر زمین ‌پناه و نمودار انرژی گرمایشی بنا در همان عمق، افزایش 18 درصدی سالیانه، نسبت به مدل مستقر بر سطح زمین را نشان می‌دهد؛ اما در نهایت، مجموع انرژی گرمایشی و سرمایشی سالیانه مدل در عمق 6 متری زمین، کاهشی به اندازه 32 درصد را نسبت به مدل مستقر بر سطح زمین نشان می‌دهد که بیشترین میزان صرفه جویی در میان سایر حالات است. لذا بهره گیری از این تکنیک ساخت و ساز می تواند در کاهش مصرف انرژی موثر باشد.

چکیده انگلیسی:

In modern times, paying attention to controlling energy consumption in the city and its components, including buildings on a small and large scale, has particular importance, and a comprehensive look at urban planning can be very effective in achieving this goal. Supplying the required energy for cooling and heating of buildings is one of the main concerns of energy consumption management and in this regard, earth sheltered houses as a sustainable pattern by creating a constant temperature quality indoors, can make an effective contribution for reducing building energy utilization and in a higher position energy consumption of the city. In the present study, the thermal performance of the courtyard earth sheltered building was evaluated and its energy consumption was calculated in different cases of land subsidence and was compared with a non- ground shelter model located on the ground. In the general process of research, after conducting preliminary studies, building modeling was done with SketchUp software and then soil temperature in Shiraz was determined at different depths. In the next step, the climatic data of Shiraz city were extracted using Meteonorm software and finally thermal simulation was performed in Energyplus software. The simulation results showed that among all the depressions of the model in deep soil, the graph related to cooling energy at a depth of 6 meters, shows annual savings about 44% compared to the non-ground-shelter model and The heating energy diagram of the building in the same depth shows an 18% annual increase compared to the ground-based model; But eventually, the total annual heating and cooling energy of the model at a depth of 6 meters shows a decrease of 32% compared to the model located on the ground, which is in fact the highest amount of savings among other conditions.
Extended Abstract
 
Introduction
Improving energy efficiency in the residential sector of urban areas will become an important part of achieving sustainable development in the near future, and how to reduce energy consumption and thus reduce greenhouse gas emissions is one of the most important issues related to sustainability and urban planning. In most countries, buildings are responsible for at least 40% of total energy consumption and in developing countries, the current figure is rising. In addition, energy consumption in the residential sector in developing countries is about 80% of total energy consumption and will increase in the future. Using land as a building material can be a powerful tool in fighting against increasing energy consumption and its destructive environmental effects. In this regard, earth sheltered structures as a kind of creative design is defined as an alternative to conventional buildings built on the ground about reducing Energy consumption. In this study, the consumption of cooling and heating energy in the submerged species (atrium) in accordance with the architectural model of traditional houses in Shiraz (central courtyard model), in the form of a new building model is investigated. The purpose of this study is comparing the consumption of cooling and heating energy among atrium earth sheltered species with non-ground shelter of the same model. The main question of the research is to what extent utilizing earth sheltered model can be effective in reducing the cooling and heating loads compared to its similar model on the ground level.
Methodology
At the beginning of the research, reputable scientific sites and articles were explored and the general stages of the research began. In order to enter the required information into Energy Plus 2011 software as thermal simulation software and to determine the heating and cooling loads of the model in different cases, different research steps were taken. In the first step, Shiraz city weather information was extracted from Meteonorm software. The second step was dedicated to determining the soil temperature at different depths of the earth in Shiraz city using the relevant formula. And in the third step, three-dimensional modeling of the building was built in SketchUp software so that by completing and entering the required initial information, the thermal simulation of the model in different conditions of ground and non-ground as a final step can be done.
 
Results and discussion
In this study, the consumption of cooling and heating energy in the central courtyard or atrium species as an old pattern in the traditional architecture of Shiraz with a hot and dry climate, in modern form was investigated. Heating and cooling diagrams show that with the immersion of the model in the soil, the cooling need will be reduced and the heating need will be increased to some extent.
Conclusion
Examination of the results of thermal simulation of earth sheltered residential building in Shiraz city in different situations of deep sinking, has shown that by gradually sinking the model in the ground, saving total heating and cooling energy of the building and reducing its cooling needs could be occurred. The sum of the annual heating and cooling loads indicates that the simulated construction model, in the second to sixth cases compared to the similar non-earthen model (the first case), has total annual heating and cooling needs and their amounts are respectively 17%, 19%, 20%, 28%, 32% savings. The highest amount of savings is related to the installation of the model at depth 6 meters

منابع و مأخذ:

References

 

 

1. Akrami, F., & Nasrollahi, N. (2016). Investigating the Effect of Energy Efficiency for the Earth-Sheltered Buildings in Different Uses (Case Study: Hot-arid Climate of Yazd). Scientific Journal of Maremat & Me'mari-e Iran, 6(11), 41-50. [In Persian]


2. Al-Neama, B. (2011). Energy Performance of Earth Sheltered Spaces in Hot Arid Regions. MSc Dissertation. The British University in Dubai, Faculty of Engineering & It.


3. Al-Temeemi, A., & Harris, D. J. (2004). A guideline for assessing the suitability of earth sheltered mass-housing in hot-arid climates. Energy and Buildings, 36, 251–260. doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.


4. Anselm, A. J. (2008). Passive annual heat storage principles in earth sheltered housing, a supplementary energy saving system in residential housing. Energy and Buildings, 40(7), 1214-1221. doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.


5. Anselm, A. J. (2012). A Review of Energy Conservation Properties in Earth Sheltered Housing. Itec publication. dx.doi.org/10.5772/51873.


6. Arab, M., & Farokhzaad, M. (2017). Design of Earthen Buildings Based on Sustainable Architecture Principles to Reduce Building Energy Consumption in Hot and Dry Climates: Case study: Shahroud. Energy Policy and Planning Research, 3(2), 147-173. [In Persian]


7. Barakpour, N., & Mosananzadeh, F. (2011). A comparative study of energy consumption optimization policies in the field of land use planning in Iran and the United Kingdom. Motaleaat E Shahri, 1(1), 41-60. [In Persian]


8. Barzegar, Z., & Heydari, S. (2013). Investigating the Effect of Solar Radiation on Building Bodies on Energy Consumption of the Home Sector (A Case Study of Southwest and Southeast Orientation in Shiraz). Journal of Fine Arts, 18(1), 45-56.


9. Benardos, I., Athanasiadis, N., & Katsoulakos F. (2014). Modern Earth Sheltered Constructions: A Paradigm of Green Engineering. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 41, 46–52. doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2013.11.008.


10. Carey, T. (2016). The Thermal Performance of An Earth Sheltered Shipping Container. BA Dissertation, The University of Southern Queensland. DOI:10.18517/ijaseit.7.4.2235.


11. Eghtedari, A., Nasr, T., Movahed, K., & Barzegar Marvasti, Z. (2020). Investigating the Energy Saving Rate of Earth sheltered Housing in Comparison with the Land-based Model (Case Study: Shiraz). Tunneling and Underground Space Engineering, 9(2), 185-206. [In Persian]


12. Eskin, N., & Turkmen, H. (2008). Analysis of Annual Heating and Cooling Energy Requirements for Office Buildings in Different Climates in Turkey. Journal of Energy and Building, 40(7), 763-773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.05.008.


13. Foggia, G. D. (2018). Energy Efficiency Measures in Buildings for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals. Heliyon, 4(11). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00953


14. Ghiabakloo, Z. (2014). Passive cooling, Tehran, Jahad Daneshgahi Publications. [In Persian] .ISNB:879-964-210-143-6.


15. Hassan, H., & Sumiyoshi, D. (2018). Earth-sheltered Buildings in Hot-Arid Climates: Design Guidelines. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(4), 397-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjbas.2017.05.005.


16. Imani, F., & Heydari, S. (2018). Investigating the Energy Consumption of An Underground Building Compared to A Similar Model On the Ground in Climates Tehran, Yazd, and Tabriz. Motaleat E Memari E Irani, 13(7), 89-105. [In Persian]


17. Karimi, B., Peyvastehgar, Y., & Taghvai, M. (2020). Analysis and evaluation of the spatial development trend of Shiraz metropolis on the horizon of 1410 using the Earth transformation model and Holderin technique. Journal Research and Urban Planning, 11(40), 123-136. [In Persian]


18. Khodabakhshian, M., & Mofidi, M. (2014). Underground Spaces in Arid Climate Architecture of Iran. Hoviat e Shahr, 8(17), 35-44. [In Persian]


19. Kumara, R., Sachdevab, S., & Kaushik, S. C. (2007). Dynamic Earth-Contact Building: A Sustainable Low-Energy Technology. Building and Environment, 42(6), 2450-2460. DOI:10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.05.002


20. Maddahi, M., & Tavanaii, F. (n.d.). Optimizing the thermal performance of the exterior walls of an intermediate residential building in cold and dry climates using energy simulator software (Case study: Mashhad city). Energy Engineering and Management, 9(3), 108-121. [In Persian]


21. Maftouni, N., & Motaghedi, K. (2020). Optimization of cooling and heating loads in a residential building in hot and dry climate. Mohandesi E Mechanic, 5(3), 215-224. [In Persian]


22. Mirmoghtadai, M., Mousavian, M. F., & Gomarian, P. (2016). Comparative comparison of the position of energy in the urban planning system of Germany and Iran. Baagh E Nazar, 13(43), 91-100. [In Persian]


23. Nasr, T. (2019). The significance of future studies in sustainable development Scenarios (case study: Shiraz city). Modiriat E Shahri, 55, 189-208. [In Persian]


24. Neto, A., & Fiorelli, F. (2008). Comparison Between detailed model simulation and artificial neural network for forecasting building energy consumption. Journal of Energy and Building, 40(12), 2169-2176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.06.013


25. Parker, H. (2004). Underground Space: Good for Sustainable Development, and Vice Versa. International Tunnelling Association (ITA) Open Session World Tunnel Congress, Singapore.


26. Parsafar, N., & Maroufi, S. (2011). Estimation of temperature of different soil depths from air temperature using regression relations, neural network and neural-fuzzy network (Case study: Kermanshah region). Journal of Soil and Water Knowledge, 21(3), 140-152. [In Persian]


27. Saqaff, A., Alkaff, S. A., & Sim, S. C. (2016). A review of underground building towards thermal energy efficiency and sustainable development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 692-713. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.085


28. Sean Kim, B., & Kim, K. (2018). Analyses on Thermal Insulation Performance of Earth-Covered Wall for Residential Underground Space by Using a Numerical Simulation Program. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 3(2), 259-266. 10.3130/jaabe.3.259


29. Staniec, M., & Nowak, H. (2011). Analysis of the earth-sheltered buildings’ heating and cooling energy demand depending on the type of soil. Civil and Mechanical Engineering (1), 221–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1644-9665(12)60185-X


30. Van Dronkelaar, C., Costola, D., Mangkuto, R., & Hensen J. (2014). Heating and cooling energy demand in underground buildings; potential for saving compared to aboveground buildings for various climates and buildings functions. Energy and Buildings, 71, 129-136. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.12.004


31. Wright, J. (2016). Earth Integration and Thermal Mass (for Global Energy Use Reduction). MSc Thesis, The University of Arizona.


32. Yu, J., Yang, Ch., & Tian, L. (2008). Low-Energy Envelope Design of Residential Building in Hot Summer and Cold Winter in China. Journal of Energy and Building, (40), 1536-1546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.02.020


33. Zomordian, Z., Tahsildoost, M. (2015). Validation of energy simulation software in buildings: with an experimental and comparative approach. Iranian Journal of Energy, 18(4), 115-132. [In Persian]