بررسی چگونگی تأثیر کیفیت درگیری با فضا بر میزان حضور پذیری در فضاهای عمومی شهری (مورد کاوی: بازارهای سنتی کلانشهر شیراز)
محورهای موضوعی : فصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی پژوهش و برنامه ریزی شهریسیده مریم باقری 1 , طاهره نصر 2 , علی اکبر حیدری 3 , ملیحه تقی پور 4
1 - دانشجوی دکتری؛ گروه معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران
2 - دانشیار؛ گروه معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شیراز، شیراز، ایران
3 - عضو هیئت علمی دانشکده فنی و مهندسی دانشگاه یاسوج ، یاسوج، ایران
4 - استادیار معماری؛ گروه معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران
کلید واژه: حضور پذیری, درگیری فضایی, درگیری فعال, درگیری غیرفعال, بازارهای شهر شیراز,
چکیده مقاله :
افراد ارتباطات متفاوتی با فضا به‌صورت فعال و غیرفعال برقرار می‌کنند که می‌تواند آن‌ها را با فضا درگیر و زندگی متنوع و پرجنب‌وجوشی در آن فضا ایجاد کنند و درنتیجه تأثیر بسزایی در افزایش حضور پذیری در آن فضا داشته باشند. ازاین‌رو توجه به جنبه‌های مختلف درگیری با فضا (فعال و غیرفعال) ضروری به نظر می‌آید. هر چه امکان درگیری افراد در یک فضا بیشتر باشد، حضور اقشار مختلف در آن افزایش‌یافته و درنتیجه میزان حضور پذیری در آن ارتقاء می‌یابد. در همین ارتباط موضوع حضور پذیری افراد در بازار به‌عنوان یک فضاهای عمومی که نقش مهمی در رونق اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی شهرها دارند، از اهمیت ویژهای برخوردار است که در پژوهش حاضر مجموعه بازار سنتی شیراز به‌عنوان نمونه موردی تحقیق در نظر گرفته‌شده است. ازاین‌رو هدف اصلی در این پژوهش، تحلیل میزان حضور پذیری در بازار بر اساس میزان درگیری استفاده‌کنندگان با فضای بازار است. بر همین اساس، میزان حضور پذیری افراد در بازار به‌عنوان متغیر وابسته و کیفیت درگیری با فضای بازار به‌عنوان متغیر مستقل شناخته میشود؛ همچنین مجموعه بازار سنتی شیراز به‌عنوان نمونه موردی تحقیق در نظر گرفته‌شده است. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش توصیفی تحلیلی مبتنی بر ترکیب روشهای کمی و کیفی است و از روشهای مشاهده، مصاحبه، برداشت میدانی، اسناد و مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای جهت جمع‌آوری اطلاعات و از نرمافزار Depthmap و تحلیل محتوا در ارزیابی موضوع بهره گرفته شد. نتایج تحقیق حاکی از وجود رابطه مستقیم میان درگیری فضایی و تمایل به استفاده از بازار داشت. مخروط دید، عناصر کیفی چهره شهر، عناصر کالبدی تاریخی، قابلیت دید، کیفیت لبه‌ها و کیفیت هم‌جواری‌ها ازجمله ابعاد درگیری فضایی در بازارها هستند که بر میزان حضور پذیری در بازار نقش داشته‌اند.
Different people actively and passively establish different connections with the space, which can engage them with the space and create a diverse and lively life in that space, and as a result, have a great impact on increasing the attendance in that space. Therefore, it seems necessary to pay attention to different aspects of the engagement with space (active and inactive). The greater the possibility of people being involved in a space, the more the attendance of different strata in it increases and as a result, the level of attendance in it increases. In this regard, the issue of bazaar attendance as a public space that plays an important role in the economic, social and cultural prosperity of cities, is of particular importance that in the present study, the traditional bazaar complex of Shiraz has been considered as a case study. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to analyze the level of bazaar attendance based on the degree of user engagement with the market environment. Accordingly, the degree of attendance of people in the bazaar is known as a dependent variable and the quality of engagement with the bazaar environment is known as an independent variable; Also, the traditional Shiraz bazaar complex has been considered as a case study. Research method In this descriptive-analytical research is based on a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Methods of observation, interview, field survey, documentation and library studies were used to collect information. Depthmap software and content analysis are used to evaluate the subject. The results showed that there was a direct relationship between spatial engagement and the tendency to use the bazaar. Cones of view, qualitative elements of the city's visage, historical physical elements, visibility, quality of edges and the quality of neighborhoods are among the dimensions of spatial engagement in markets that have contributed to bazaar attendance.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Engagement with space in a public place raises the level of use of public spaces and the individual's need for their environment.
Successful public spaces offer opportunities for different groups of users to engage actively with the space as well as passively engage and not communicate with others.
In this regard, the issue of the attendance of people in the bazaar as a pedestrian-centered public spaces that play an important role in the economic, social and cultural prosperity of cities, is of particular importance. Engagement with the bazaar space takes place through their entrances, rows and neighborhoods. Therefore, the more these inputs and the order and the neighborhoods related to them are of better quality in terms of space engagement indicators, the more the attendance will increase and, consequently, the more prosperous these collections will be. Therefore, the issue of engagement with bazaar space and its impact on the attendance and in this direction, the factors affecting this issue have been studied.
According to the research literature, the qualities of space engagement can be examined in two areas of active engagement and passive engagement in space. With this explanation, the present research is question-based and the main research question can be proposed as follows:
- How has active and passive engagement led to bazaar attendance?
Methodology
The main purpose of this study is to analyze the degree of market attendance based on the degree of user engagement with the bazaar environment. Accordingly, the degree of attendance of individuals in the bazaar is known as a dependent variable and the quality of engagement with the bazaar environment is known as an independent variable; Also, the traditional Shiraz bazaar complex has been considered as a case study example. Bazaar attendance refers to the degree of willingness of individuals to use each of the markets to perform voluntary activities. They were interviewed and asked about the reasons for choosing the entrance that was used to enter the bazaar. Therefore, to measure the presence in each market, questions were asked about the reasons for their attendance in the bazaar.
In relation to measuring the engagement with space in the bazaar, two dimensions of passive conflict and active engagement were considered. Passive engagement through analysis of ability level, historical physical elements, formal beauty and active engagement through visibility, edge quality and neighborhood quality. It was evaluated in each bazaar. In connection with data collection, various methods such as observation, interview, field surveys and review of documents and library studies, and in data analysis, methods of space syntax and content analysis were used.
Results and discussion
Rows 3 and 2 have the most engagement with space, respectively, and rows 4 and 5 have the least spatial engagement among the different rows of the traditional Shiraz bazaar. On the other hand, in relation to the parameter of the tendency to be attendance in the internal space of the bazaar as a dependent variable, the highest values are observed in the 2nd and 3rd orders and the lowest values are observed in the 5th and 4th orders. This confirms the main hypothesis of the research that there is a relationship between conflict in the bazaar and the tendency of people to be in attendance in the bazaar.
Conclusion
The general results of this research can be in attendance as follows:
- The most important achievement of the attendance study is to confirm the existence of a correlation between spatial engagement in the bazaar and the desire to be attendance in the bazaars.
Passive engagement in any bazaar can be assessed by: vision cone, the results showed that there was a direct relationship between spatial engagement and the tendency to use the bazaar. Cones of view, visage qualitative elements, historical physical elements, visibility, quality of edges and quality of neighborhoods are among the dimensions of spatial engagement in bazaars that have contributed to bazaar attendance.
And historical physical elements. In this regard, the existence of surface differences in the level of entrances and shops to the level of the bazaar order and the appropriate width of the order and entrances, direct geometric structure and spatial openness along the bazaar order, increase the level of efficiency in the bazaar order. The higher the level of capability at the entrances and bazaar s, the more physical units, events and details can be seen in it, which increases passive engagement and bazaar attendance.
Axial symmetry in the entrances and rows, harmony in the materials used and the decorations and details of the bodies, the attendance of rhythm in the bodies and the ceiling, the variety of colors in the bazaar, increase the visage qualitative elements and the tendency to watch and roam in the bazaar. Has increased bazaar attendance.
The attendance of old names and signs, the attendance of traditional architectural elements, the preservation of long-standing old uses, both attract residents through reminiscence and are very attractive to tourists. In this way, these components encourage users to move and roam and watch and stay in space, and thus cause inactive engagement and ultimately attendance in the bazaar space.
Active engagement in any bazaar can be assessed by: visibility, edge quality, and neighborhood quality. In this connection, the less the depth between the arena and the shops and also the separation of the arenas without physical barrier, the visual influence between the arena and the shops increases and the possibility of interaction and communication between passers-by and shopkeepers increases in both directions. Increases active and bazaar attendance.
Whenever there are edges in the interior of the bazaar that have the right structure, furniture and equipment to sit on, a variety of activities are formed along the edge, which increases the interaction between different user groups and active engagement along the edge, which Increases bazaar attendance.
The greater the variety and interdependence of compatible uses in the path field as well as the activities formed in the path field, the greater the relationships between uses and activities, and ultimately the interaction between uses and activities and the people attendance in the bazaar. In this connection, the appropriate width and width of the route causes the route to have the capacity and potential to attract more activities. In addition, the attendance of crowded uses along the bazaar route invites more people to the bazaar. Also, neighborhoods with a central open space that have the potential to stop and invite people in, increase active interaction and conflict between people because in these spaces, people are more likely to face each other. The sum of these factors increases the opportunities for interaction and promotes attendance.
References
1- Alexander, Ch.‚ Ishikawa‚ s. & Stein. M. S. (1977). A Pattern Language. (1thed.). London: Oxford University Press.
2-Aminzadeh Goharrizi, B; Badr, S. (2012). Analysis of Permeability Indices in Urban Fabric. Hoviatshahr, 6 (12), 39-48. [In Persian]
3-Steg, L.; Van Den Berge, A.; De Groot, J. (2017), "Environmental psychology: an introduction", (Sepideh Barzegar and Anahita Shahidi, translators), Tehran, Shahid Beheshti University Press. (Publication of the original work 2012). [In Persian]
4- Bahrainy, S. H. (2014a). Urban design process. (Ninth edition). Tehran, Tehran University Press. [In Persian]
5- Bahrainy, S. H. (2014 b) Urban spaces analysis‚ in relation to user’s behavior pattern. (10th edition). Tehran, University of Tehran. [In Persian]
6-Bazr Afkan‚ K. & Khorrami Rouz‚ R. (2015). Analysis of Bazaars and Shopping Centers as Urban Spaces Via Space Syntax Software (Case Studies: Iranian Bazaars and Tehran Shopping Centers). International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development‚ 5(2)‚ 13-22.
7-Barzegar‚ Z.; Rasaeipoor‚ M. & Jahan Bakhsh‚ H. (2015). A Comparison of thermal comfort in traditional and modern Bazaar from direct solar radiation perspective, Using ques-tionnaire and Ecotect simulation – A case of Shiraz in Iran. Journal of Research in Islamic Architecture‚ 3(7)‚ 81-93.
8-Barzegar, Z.; Fathinejad, Z.; Nozari, Sh., (2015), "Study of identity, physical, social and perceptual characteristics of urban squares (case studies: eight main squares of Shiraz metropolis)", Regional Planning Quarterly , 5 (19), 127-136. [In Persian]
9- Bell, S. (2008), Elements of visual design in the landscape, (Mohammad Reza Masnavi, translator), Tehran, Tehran University Press. (Publication of the original work 2004). [In Persian]
10-Bellal‚ T. (2007). Spatial Interface Between Inhabitants and Visitors in M'zab House‚ Proceedings‚ 6th International Space Syntax Symposium‚ Istanbul.
11- Benedikt‚ M. L. (1979). To take hold of space: isovists and isovist fields‚ Environment and Planning B: Planning and Disign‚ 6(1):47-65.
12- Bentley, E. Y.; Alcock, A.; Marrain, P.; McGlynn S.; and Smit, G.. (2015). Responsive environments: a manual for designers. (Mostafa Behzadfar, translator). Tehran, Iran University of Science and Technology Publications. (Publication of the original work 1985). [In Persian]
13- Bonyani, F.; Memar Zia, K.; Habibi, A.; and Fattahi, K., (2018), "Spatial Continuity In The Transition From Open Space To Closed", Architectural Thought, 4 (2), 63-73. [In Persian]
14-Carr‚ S. Francis‚ M. Rivlin‚ L.G. & Stone A.M (1992). Public Space‚(1thed.). Cambridge University Press‚ Cambridge.
15- Carmona, M.; and Tiesdell, S., (2015), Urban design reader, (Kamran Zakavat and Farnaz Farshad, translators). Second edition, Tehran, Azarakhsh Publishing. (Publication of the original work 2007). [In Persian]
16- Carmona, M.; Heath, T.; Eck, T.; and Tisdell, S., (2015), "Public Places Urban Spaces the dimensions of urban design", (Fariba Qaraei et al., Translators). Tehran, University of Arts Publications. (Publication of the original work 2010). [In Persian]
17- Canter, D. (1977). The Psychology of Place. (1thed.). London: The Architectural Press Ltd
18-Dawoud‚ M. & Elgizawy‚ E. (2018). The correlation between art and architecture to promote social interaction in public space In Catalani et al. (Ed.)‚ Cities’ Identity Through Architecture and Arts. (Vol.2, pp.99-105) . London: Taylor & Francis Group
19-DeLand‚ M. (2018). The Ocean Run: Stage, Cast, and Performance in a Public Park Basketball Scene. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography‚ 47(1)‚ 28 –59.
20-Gehl, J. (2010), " Public Spaces And Public Life‚ City of Adelaide : 2002", (Ali Ghaffari and Mohammad Sadegh Soheilipour, translators). Tehran, Shahid Beheshti University Press. (Publication of the original work 2002). [In Persian]
21-Gehl‚ J. (2011). Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space. (6thed..). Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
22-Grotter, Y. K. (2011), "Asthetik der architektur", (Jahanshah Pakzad and Abdolreza Homayoun, translators). Tehran, Shahid Beheshti University Press. (Publication of the original work 1987). [In Persian]
23- Habibi, S. M.; and Masayeli‚ S. (1999). Per capita Urban uses. (First Edition). Tehran, Office of Land and Housing Studies. [In Persian]
24-Habibi‚ L. & Mahmoudi Pati‚ F. (2017). From Bazaar to Shopping Centers: Analysis of the Evolution of Modern Commercial Spaces in Tehran. bagh-e Nazar‚ 14(49)‚ 45-56.
25-Hatami, Y.; Zaker Haghighi, Ki., (2017), "Evaluation of the effect of urban environment quality on social relations of space users (Case study: Bu Ali Sina sidewalk in Hamadan)", Journal of Urban Research and Planning, 8 (30), 245-266. [In Persian]
26- Heidari, A. A.; Peyvastegar, Y.; and Kiyaie, M., (2016), "Measuring the functional efficiency of space in various space organizations of medical buildings using space syntax technique (case study: measuring the position of a nursing station in the hospital ward)", Journal of Iranian architecture & urbanism (JIAU), 2 (7), 149-162. [In Persian]
27-Iqbal‚ M.; Karsono ‚ B.; Karsono‚ A. & Lisa‚ N.P. (2017). Night Market Contribution to Sustainability of Urban Spaces. Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities‚ 25(S)‚ 131-138.
28-Istrate‚ A.; Bosak‚ V.; Novacek‚ A.; Slach‚ A. (2020). How Attractive for Walking Are the Main Streets of a Shrinking City?. Sustainability‚ 12(15)‚ 1-20.
29-Karimzadeh, A.; Shahryari, S. K.; Ardashiri, Sh., (2018), "Analysis on urban tourism in the reconstruction of context Analytical on urban tourism in the reconstruction of historical contexts from the perspective of residents using the method of factor analysis (case study: Shiraz) ", Regional Planning Quarterly, 8 (32), 129-140. [In Persian]
30- Kim. H‚ Ahn, C.R., Yang. K‚. A people-centric sensing approach to detecting sidewalk defects. Advanced journal of the English Informatics. 30(4)‚ 660-671.
31-Koneska. T & Balkoski. D. (2020). Analysis of the cultural characteristics of the Old Skopje Bazaar using integral theory. International journal of research in arts and sciences ISSN: 1857-8128
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344951860.(Retrieved 26 January. 2021).
32- Kusumowidagdo‚ A.; Sachari‚ A. & Widodo. S. (2015). Visitors' perceptions on the important factors of atrium design in shopping centers: A study of Gandaria City Mall and Ciputra World in Indonesia. Frontiers of Architectural Research‚ 5 (1)‚ 52-62.
33- Llewelyn Davies, P. (2000). Urban Design Compendium. (1thed.). London: English Partnerships/the Housing Corporation.
34-Linday‚ N. (1978). It all comes down to a comfortable place to sit and watch. Landscape Architecture 68‚ 6: 492-7.
35-Love‚ R. L. (1973). The fountains of urban life. Urban Life and Culture 2(2):161-209.
36- Lynch, K., (2016), "The imag of the city", (Manouchehr Mozayeni, translator). Tehran, University of Tehran. (Publication of the original work 1960). [In Persian]
37-Malleson‚ N.; Vanky‚ A.; Hashemian‚ B.; Santi‚ P.; Verma‚ S.; Courtney‚ T. & Ratti‚ C. (2018). The characteristics of asymmetric pedestrian behavior: A preliminary study using passive smartphone location data. Transactions in GIS‚ 22(1)‚ 1–19.
38- Masood, M.; Madani, F.; and Tadayon, B., (2013), "Evaluation of qualitative indicators for benchmarking of the historical places in surrounding developments,( case study: district of Aligholiagha in Isfahan)", Spatial Planning, 4 ( 3), 19-36. [In Persian]
39- Nasr, T., (2016), "Physical identity of the city; concepts and theories (case study: cities of Shiraz, Isfahan, Yazd and Bushehr)", (first edition), Tehran, Islamic Azad University Publications, Science and Research Branch. [In Persian]
40- Nasr, T., (2017), "The Significance of “Landmarks” in Analysis of the Components of “Identity” and “Culture” in the Image of Iranian City (Case Study: Image of Shiraz City)", Hoviatshahr, 29 (11), 17-28. [In Persian]
41- Pakzad, J., (2012), "Urban space design guideline", (sixth edition), Tehran, Shahidi Publications. [In Persian]
42- Pakzad, J., (2016). Theoretical foundations and urban design process. (Eighth edition). Tehran, Shahidi Publications. [In Persian]
43- Pakzad, J., (2020), "An Introduction to spatial qualities", (first edition), Tehran, Armanshahr Publications. [In Persian]
44-Rahimi, A., & Khazaei, F. (2018). Designing Shopping Centers: The Position of Social Interactions. Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 7(2), 239-248
45- Rastjoo, S. S.; Bemanian, M. R., (2019), "The Typology of the Spatial Structure of the Contemporary Iranian Homes Relying on Confidentiality and Hierarchy Case study: homes between 1970's to 2000's in Tehran", Honar-ha-ye-Ziba, 2 (24), 49-58. [In Persian]
46- Rismanchian, O.; and Bell, S., (2011), "A study over spatial segregation of deprived areas in spatial structure of Tehran by using space syntax technique", Bagh-Nazar, 17 (8), 60-80. [In Persian]
47- Roshandel, T.; Soltanifard, H.; Abbaszadeh, Sh.; and Salmani Moghadam, M., (2016), "Analysis of environmental quality dimensions affecting the presence of commercial spaces (Case study: Mashhad middle commercial streets), Urban Regional Studies and research, 28 (8), 71-92. [In Persian]
48-Sadeghi, A.; Khakzandb‚ M. & Jangjoo‚ S. (2019). Historical Analysis of the Role of Bazaar on the Formation of Iranian Islamic Urban Forms; Case Study: Shiraz, Iran. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Developmen‚ 12(26), 89-10
49-Samadi‚ J.; Sattarzadeh‚ D. & Balilan Asl‚ L. (2020). Qualitative Assessment of the Sensory Dimensions of Space in Historical Bazaars from the Users’ point of view (Case Study: Qazvin Bazaar). Bagh-e Nazar, 16(81), 17-34.
50- Seifian, M. K.; and Mahmoudi, M. R., (2007), "Privacy in traditional Iranian architecture", Hoviatshahr, 1 (1), 3-14. [In Persian]
51-Shahsharaghi, A. and Bandar Abad, A., (2017), Environed in environment: Application of Environmental Psychology in Architecture and Urban Design, (Second Edition), Tehran, Tehran University Jihad Organization. [In Persian]
52-Sheikhi, H.; Rezaei, M. R., (2017), "Environmental Quality Assessment of Pedestrian Urban Spaces and Social Responsibility (Case Study: Ferdowsi St., Ilam)", Journal of Urban Research and Planning, 2 (24), 83-98 . [In Persian]
53-Shirani‚ Z.; Partovi‚ P. & Behzadfar‚ M. (2017). Spatial Resilience In Traditional Bazaars; Case study: Esfahan Qeisariye Bazaar. bagh-Nazar‚ 14(52)‚ 57-68.
54-Skibińska‚ M. & Denis‚ M. (2019). Places to sit for senior citizens located in urban space: Warsaw city as a case study. ACTA SCIENTIARUM POLONORUM - Architectura Budownictwo‚18(3):67-77.
55-Soltanzadeh, H., (2004), "Iranian Bazaars", (Third Edition), Tehran, Cultural Research Office. [In Persian]
56- Utaberta‚ N.; Sabil‚ A.B.; Asif‚ N.; Zhengan‚ T. & Kiat‚ A.T. (2019). The Role of Traditional Market in the TraditionalIslamic Cities: Case Studies ff TabrizBazaar and Grand Bazaar Tehran. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 8 (1.9)‚ 622-625.
57- Van Nes‚ A. (2011). The one-and Two-Dimensional Isovists Analyses In Space Syntax‚ Research in urbanism series‚ 2(1), 163–183.
58-Villani‚ C. & Talamini‚ G. (2019). Patterns of Stationary Activities in the Elevated Pedestrian Networks of HighDensity Asian Cities: The case of Mong Kok, Hong Kong. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal‚ 4(12)‚ 321-328
59- Vittoria Corazza‚ M.; Di Mascio‚ P. & Moretti‚ L. (2016). Managing sid walk pavement maintenance: A case study to increase pedestrian safety‚ Jurnal of the traffic and transportation engineering. (English edition). 3(3). 203-214..
60-whyte‚ W. H. (1980). The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces. (1thed.). Washington‚ D. C.: The Conservation Foundation.
61-whyte‚ W. H. (1988). City: Rediscovering the Center. (2thed). New York: Doubleday.
62-Zare, A.; Rezaei, M.; Laghaei, Hassan A., (2017), "Explaining the role of tactical urban planning in improving the environmental quality of urban historical contexts (case study: historical context of Shiraz)", Regional Planning Quarterly, 9 (36), 135-148. [In Persian]
_||_