بررسی تاثیراستراتژی‌های معماری چند عملکردی بر اعطای کاربری جدید در میراث معماری صنعتی شهر تهران
محورهای موضوعی : توسعه پایدار شهری
حمید اسدی
1
(دانشکده مهندسی معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه تربیت دبیر شهید رجایی، تهران، ایران.)
حامد عابدینی
2
(گروه معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه خاتم، تهران، ایران.)
کلید واژه: تطبیق‌پذیری, معماری چندعملکردی, میراث معماری صنعتی, تکنیک دلفی, اعطای کاربری جدید,
چکیده مقاله :
توسعه کالبدی فضایی شهر تهران در سده اخیر موجب گردیده تا بناهای صنعتی از محدوده هایی حاشیه ای به عرصه هایی محصور در بافت های فشرده شهری بدل گردند. این مسئله تعطیلی و رها شدن میراث معماری صنعتی را باوجود عمر مفید سازه و ارزش های معماری آن ها در پی داشته است. با واکنش نهادهای مختلف و در راستای ارتقای پایداری اقتصادی و اجتماعی، امکان اعطای کاربری جدید و احیا این ابنیه فراهم‌شده و مصادیقی از تجربه تطبیق پذیری در ایران شکل می گیرد که زمینه اصلی مطالعه در این تحقیق هستند. ازاین‌رو هدف از این پژوهش بررسی تجارب موفق معماری چند عملکردی و تطبیق پذیر جهانی و قیاس میان نمونه استراتژی های آن‌ها با تجارب مشابه در میراث صنعتی شهر تهران است. در این پژوهش مطالعات حوزه تطبیق‌پذیری بر روی نمونه های جهانی، به‌عنوان مبنای استخراج استراتژی های معماری چند عملکردی قرارگرفته است. استراتژی ها شامل سه لایه کالبدی سازه، تأسیسات و نما بوده که با روش دلفی بر روی میراث معماری صنعتی شهر تهران به عنوان جامعه آماری ارزیابی شده‌اند. تحلیل داده‌ها از طریق آزمون کوکران و آزمون فریدمن صورت گرفته و روش نمونه‌گیری برای هر دو جامعه آماری (میراث معماری صنعتی تهران) و (متخصصین مربوطه) نظریه‌ای می‌باشد. میراث معماری صنعتی شهر تهران شامل: کارخانه آرگو (موزه گالری آرگو)، پادگان ایرانشهر (خانه هنرمندان)، کارخانه جوراب‌بافی بریانک (موزه آثار طبیعی و حیات‌وحش هفت چنار) و زندان قصر (باغ‌موزه قصر) می‌باشند که با محاسبه میانگین رنک آزمون برای هر استراتژی در هر لایه، ابنیه منتخب رتبه‌دهی شده‌اند. با توجه به اجماع نظر متخصصین، وجود استراتژی‌های دو لایه سازه و نما در ابنیه موردبررسی، تائید و براساس نتایج آنالیز داده ها در لایه سازه، کارخانه آرگو بالاترین میزان از آزادی فضا را دارا بوده و در لایه نما خانه هنرمندان با بیشترین میانگین رنک آزمون بالاترین انطباق نما و سازه را داشته اند. اما در لایه تاسیسات، انطباق تأسیسات و سازه در نمونه‌های موردبررسی توسط متخصصین مشاهده و تایید نشده است. مطابق با نتایج این پژوهش، تمرکز سازه در کمترین نقاط و فضای آزاد بیشتر و همچنین انطباق نما با سازه دو مشخصه در بناهای صنعتی می‌باشند که می‌توانند تأثیر کارآمدی در فرایند تطبیق پذیری و اعطای کاربری جدید به میراث معماری صنعتی داشته باشند.
This urban issue of terminating and ignoring such buildings as heritage of industrial architecture has caused the closure of this constructions, in spite of having an applicable life cycle and architectural principles; however, by some reactions from various institutions and to promote economic and social sustainability, the condition for having a new application and restoration these industrial buildings as a heritage is provided, which are examples of the experiences of adaptability in Iran as the main focus of this research. Therefore, the aim of this research is to review the successful experiences of multi-functional and universal adaptable architecture to compare their strategies with the heritage of industrial experiences in the city of Tehran. In this research, the studies of adaptability for universal samples are considered as the basis for exploring the multi-functional architectural strategies. The approaches include three physical layers of the building structure, facilities and facade, which have been evaluated by using Delphi method on the heritage of industrial architecture in city of Tehran as a statistical population. The non-parametric statistical tests of Cochran's Q test and Friedman's test, were applied to analyze data; the theoretical sampling method for both statistical population (Tehran's industrial architectural heritage) and (relevant experts) was adopted. According to the expert’s ideas, the strategies of two-layered structure and facade in the target buildings were confirmed; according to the data analysis, ‘Argo Factory’ had the highest Degrees of Freedom (df) regarding the structure layer, and in relation to the facade, the ‘Iranian Artists Forum’ with the highest average test rank, showed the highest conformity of the facade and the structure. However, regarding the facilities, no compliance of the facility was found. The industrial architectural heritage of Tehran includes some buildings that reused for another purpose as: Argo Factory (changed to Argo Contemporary Art Museum & Cultural Centre), Iranshahr Barracks (Iranian Artists Forum), Beryank Hosiery Factory (Haftchenar's Museum of Wildlife and Natural Monuments) and Qasr Prison (Qasr Garden Museum/ Museum of the Qasr Prison). The target buildings were ranked according to the data acquired by calculating mean rank for the strategies were applied for each layer. According to the results, two characteristics were found in the industrial buildings that can highly affect the adaptive reuse of the heritage of industrial architecture, 1. the concentration of the structure at the lowest points and limited spaces with more free spaces compared to its counterparts, and 2. the adaptation of the building facade to the structure.Extended AbstractIntroduction:The physical and spatial development of Tehran city has caused the relocation of industrial buildings from sub-urban areas to enclosed dense urban places. This issue has resulted in the closure of the industrial architectural heritage despite having useful structural cycles and architectural values. Economically, this untimely destruction of industrial buildings and closing of the plant, while they could still be in their useful life cycle by repairing at a lower cost, caused unrecoverable damages to the economy of developing countries. Under the light of new urban spaces, the process of industrialization has changed the appearance, landscape, and entity of cities, as the industrial urban spaces could historically link to the past life of cities.The industrial architectural heritage, as an implication for the historical achievements of the territory in the modern age, is required to be recognized and preserved. Protecting the existing values of these lands, which are mainly considered as their contemporary heritage of them, requires a comprehensive assessment for finding their physical elements while finding a new application for them for revitalizing them. Therefore, the multi-functionality and adaptability of these spaces, before and after the renovation, should be considered, which is critical for verifying their application to adaptive reuse. In this regard, several measures have been taken in Iran with the cooperation of some institutions to promote economic and social stability and give new applications to these buildings for revitalizing these abundant spaces. These are examples of adaptability in Iran and the kind of experiences which form the foundation of this research. So, this study aims to investigate the successful universal experiences of multi-functional and adaptive architectures to compare their strategies with similar experiences in the industrial heritage of Tehran city.This research was mainly focused on the following actions: 1. Reusing the buildings that are selected for this purpose and revitalizing the abundant spaces, 2. A better selection of buildings, and improving their new function, and 3. reducing the cost of renovation and revitalizing these buildings. Thereby, the relationship between multi-functional architectural features as an independent variable and adaptive reuse of industrial buildings as a dependent variable has been studied.Methodology:An exploratory research method has been used for this study, in which the survey passed through five phases by adapting the indicators for the target society. In this research, the previous studies and experiences on adaptability in the world were applied as examples for adopting multi-functional architectural strategies, which included three physical layers of the building 'structure', 'facilities', and 'façade'. The gathering data was evaluated by applying the Delphi method to the industrial architectural heritage of Tehran city as a statistical population. To get this, the relevant graph of each layer was sketched for each target building consequently.In the graph of the structure, in addition to the load-bearing constructions, other parts with a high risk of destruction, due to the long life of the target structures, were presented, together with the graph of facilities including restrooms, kitchens, and spaces with access to vertical shafts. Finally, the part of facades presented in the graph, including non-opening and hard parts, such as bricks and masonry components that were either irreplaceable or their replacement brought the risk of destroying the adjacent parts.After accomplishing the first step of Delphi, by using diagrams and analyzing the data acquired, a questionnaire was presented to the interviewee who was experts in the field of architecture, academic professors, architecture Ph.D. researchers, and skillfully experienced architects in the relevant field; following this, the gathering data were examined for next evaluation to determine the positive and negative opinions. Then, in case of disagreements on layers, the questionnaire was presented to the experts again together with the results of 'distribution frequency', based on the dichotomous variables and rank cases, according to the previous results of Friedman's testData analysis was performed by applying the Friedman and Cochran Q tests and a theoretical-based method was applied for the sampling of the statistical population of industrial architectural heritage of Tehran and the relevant experts. The industrial architectural heritage of Tehran city in this study included: 1 Argo Factory (Argo Contemporary Art Museum & Cultural Centre), Iranshahr Barracks (Iranian Artists Forum), Beryank Hosiery Factory (Haftchenar's Museum of Wildlife and Natural Monuments) and Qasr Prison (Qasr Garden Museum/ Museum of the Qasr Prison) which were ranked according to the mean rank calculated for each layer. Results & Discussion:According to the positive opinions of the experts, the introduced strategies for two layers of structure and facade of target buildings were reviewed and confirmed; Based on the data acquired for the structure layer, 'Argo Factory' showed the highest Degrees of Freedom (df) for spaces and for the facade layer, the 'House of Artists' had the highest average rank for facade-structure conformity. However, in the facilities layer, the adaptability between the building facade and the structure was not confirmed.According to the results, the concentration of the structure in the lowest points with more free spaces was confirmed together with the adaptation of the facade to the structure as two characteristics in industrial buildings that were noticeable in the process of adaptive reuse of target buildings.Conclusion:For industrial buildings, Degrees of Freedom (df) for spaces are highly required due to their specific function, which can provide more future functions. Specifically, regarding the two industrial plants of 'Argo Factory' and 'Beryank Hosiery Factory' more free spaces are required due to the large scale of facilities and activities, similar to 'The House of Artists' and 'Qasr Garden Museum', which are facing a larger scale of population than other their counterparts. Such indicators can be effective in architectural heritage buildings for giving new future applications to them and improving adaptive reuse.
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