تببین الگوی مشاورهای پیشگیری از انتقال آزردگیهای روانی والدین به فرزندان نوجوان: یک نظریهی داده بنیاد
محورهای موضوعی : مشاورهمریم معادی اصفهان 1 , معصومه اسمعیلی 2 , سمیه کاظمیان 3 , ابراهیم نعیمی 4
1 - استادیار روانشناسی بالینی، گروه روانشناسی بالینی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.
2 - استاد، گروه مشاوره، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.
3 - دانشیار، گروه مشاوره، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.
4 - دانشیار، گروه مشاوره، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.
کلید واژه: آزردگیهای روانی, انتقال بین نسلی, نوجوان, مرور زندگی, نظریهی دادهبنیاد,
چکیده مقاله :
این پژوهش با هدف تعیین ویژگیهای فرآیندی، فنی و محتوایی الگوی مشاورهای پیشگیری از انتقال آزردگیهای روانی والدین به فرزندان نوجوان صورت گرفت. مطالعه از نوع کیفی، با رویکرد نظریه داده بنیاد و از طریق نمونهگیری هدفمند و نظری انجام شد. جامعهی موردپژوهش از بین والدین ۳۵ تا ۵۰ سال دارای فرزند نوجوان ساکن شهر تهران انتخاب شدند كه بهصورت داوطلبانه در مصاحبه حضور پیدا کردند. با استفاده از مصاحبه عمیق و نیمهساختاریافته، دادهها جمعآوری و پس از تحقق اشباع نظری در مصاحبهی هجدهم، بهمنظور تحلیل دادهها از روش گلیزر استفاده شد. نتایج حاصل از تجزیهوتحلیل دادهها در چهار مؤلفهی آزردگیهای ناشی از فضای ارتباطی، آزردگیهای ناشی از تعاملات، آزردگیهای ناشی از شیوهی تربیتی و آزردگیهای ناشی از موقعیت معیشتی به همراه عوامل ادراک آن دستهبندی گردید. سپس براساس دادههای بهدستآمده، الگوی مشاورهای پیشگیری از انتقال آزردگیهای روانی والدین به فرزندان در قالب شش فرایند شامل اﯾﺠﺎد راﺑﻄﻪ همدلانه و توأم با اعتماد؛ سنجش و ارزیابی؛ مواجهه با مقاومتها؛ آگاهیبخشی؛ مطرح کردن هستیشناسی جدید با تأکید بر اصل انتخاب آگاهانه و مسئولیتپذیری؛ عمل براساس دیدگاه جدید و استحکامبخشی طراحی گردید. با توجه به یافتهها، در الگوی حاصله، انتظار می¬رود فرد بتواند گستره¬ی تجارب زیسته خود را از یک منظر رشدی و بر اساس یک هستیشناسی متفاوت، مورد بازبینی قرار داده و ضمن برطرف کردن آزردگیهای تجربه شده، فرزندپروری سالمتری را مبتنی بر اصلاح چرخه¬ی انتقال آزردگی از خانواده مبدأ ترسیم نماید.
The aim of this study was to determine the process, technical and content characteristics of the model of counseling for the prevention of transmission of parental psychological annoyance. The qualitative study was conducted with the Grounded theory approach and through purposive and theoretical sampling. The study population was selected from parents aged 35 to 50 years with adolescent children living in Tehran who participated in the interview voluntarily. Using in-depth and semi-structured interviews, data were collected and after the attainment of theoretical saturation in the eighteenth interview, Glaserian method was used to analyze the data. The results of data analysis were categorized into four components: annoyance due to communication space, annoyance due to interactions, annoyance due to educational method and annoyance due to living situation along with its perception factors. Then, based on the obtained data, the model of counseling to prevent the transmission of parental psychological annoyance to children, was designed in the form of six processes, including empathetic and trustworthy Relationship; Assessment and evaluation; Facing resistance; informing; Introducing a new ontology with an emphasis on the principle of conscious choice and responsibility; The action based on a new perspective and reinforcement. According to the findings, in the obtained model, client is expected to be able to review the range of his lived experiences from a developmental perspective and based on a different ontology and create a healthier parenting based on the modification of the cycle of transmission of annoyance from the original family while relieving the experienced annoyances.
Baradon, T. (Ed.). (2009). Relational trauma in infancy: Psychoanalytic, Attachment and Neuropsychological Contributions to Parent-Infant Psychotherapy. Routledge.
Boullier, M., & Blair, M. (2018). Adverse childhood experiences. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 28(3), 132-137.
Butler, R. N. (1963). The life review: An interpretation of reminiscence in the aged. Journal of Psychiatry, 26(1), 65-76.
Christie, H., Talmon, A., Schäfer, S.K., De Haan, A., Vang, M.L., Haag, K., Gilbar, O., Alisic, E. and Brown,E. (2017). The transition to parenthood following a history of childhood maltreatment: a review of the literature on prospective and new parents’ experiences. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(sup7), 2-15.
Cross, D., Vance, L. A., Kim, Y. J., Ruchard, A. L., Fox, N., Jovanovic, T., & Bradley, B. (2018). Trauma exposure, PTSD, and parenting in a community sample of low-income, predominantly African American mothers and children. Journal of Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 10(3), 327-335.
Esmaeili, M. (2010). Study of the effectiveness of life review therapy with emphasis on the principles of Islamic ontology on reducing post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Culture of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 1(2), 1-20.
Esmaeili, M. (2015). Paradigmatic Considerations in family Therapy. Tehran: Alam Publishing, first edition.
Finkelhor, D. (2018). Screening for adverse childhood experiences (ACEs): Cautions and suggestions. Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect, 85, 174–179.
Flanagan, C. M. (2010). The case for needs in psychotherapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 20(1), 1-36.
Fry, P. S. (1983). Structured and unstructured reminiscence training and depression among the elderly. Journal of Clinical Gerontologist, 1(3), 15-37.
Ghorban, A. M., Najafi, M., Alirezalo, Z., & Nasimi, M. (2014). The effectiveness of reality therapy on happiness and hope in divorced women. Journal of Family counseling and Psychotherapy, 4 (2), 297-317.
Glaser, B. G. (2010). The future of grounded theory. Grounded Theory Review, 9(2), 1-14.
Glasser, W. (2000). Reality Therapy in Action. HarperCollins Publishers.
Hübner, G., Pohl, J., Hoen, B., Firestone, J., Rand, J., Elliott, D., & Haac, R. (2019). Monitoring annoyance and stress effects of wind turbines on nearby residents: A comparison of US and European samples. Journal of Environment International, 132, 1-9.
Hussain, S. T., Lei, S., Akram, T., Haider, M. J., Hussain, S. H., & Ali, M. (2018). Kurt Lewin's change model: A critical review of the role of leadership and employee involvement in organizational change. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 3(3), 123-127.
Iyengar, U., Rajhans, P., Fonagy, P., Strathearn, L., & Kim, S. (2019). Unresolved trauma and reorganization in mothers: Attachment and neuroscience perspectives. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1-9.
Jones, C. M., Merrick, M. T., & Houry, D. E. (2020). Identifying and preventing adverse childhood experiences: implications for clinical practice. Journal of the American Medical Association, 323(1), 25-26.
Kaminski, J. (2011). Theory applied to informatics-Lewin’s change theory. Canadian Journal of Nursing Informatics, 6(1),1-4.
Kepple, N. J. (2018). Does parental substance use always engender risk for children? Comparing incidence rate ratios of abusive and neglectful behaviors across substance use behavior patterns. Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect, 76, 44-55.
Larkin, H., Shields, J. J., & Anda, R. F. (2012). The health and social consequences of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) across the lifespan: An introduction to prevention and intervention in the community. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 40(4), 263-270.
Lê-Scherban, F., Wang, X., Boyle-Steed, K. H., & Pachter, L. M. (2018). Intergenerational Associations of Parent Adverse Childhood Experiences and Child Health Outcomes. Journal of Pediatrics, 141(6).
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Sage.
Maadi Esfahan, M., Esmaili, M, kazemian, S., & Naeimi, E. (2021). Designing and Validating a Model for Prevention transmission of parent psychological annoyance to children Based on parent’s life review and the effectiveness on the child-parent relationship. Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Iran.
McLaughlin, K. A., & Lambert, H. K. (2017). Child trauma exposure and psychopathology: Mechanisms of risk and resilience. Journal of Current Opinion in Psychology, 14, 29–34.
Mohr, G., Müller, A., Rigotti, T., Aycan, Z., & Tschan, F. (2006). The assessment of psychological strain in work contexts. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 22(3), 198-206.
Morelen, D., Rosenblum, K. L., & Muzik, M. (2018). Childhood Maltreatment and Motherhood: Implications for Maternal Well-Being and Mothering. In: Muzik, M., Rosenblum, K. (eds) Motherhood in the Face of Trauma. Integrating Psychiatry and Primary Care. Springer, Cham.
Narayan, A. J., Lieberman, A. F., & Masten, A. S. (2021). Intergenerational transmission and prevention of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Clinical psychology review, 85, 101997
Obsuth, I., Moretti, M. M., Holland, R., Braber, K., & Cross, S. (2006). Conduct disorder: New directions in promoting effective parenting and strengthening parent-adolescent relationships. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 15(1), 6-15.
Oreg, S. (2003). Resistance to change: Developing an individual differences measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4), 680-693.
Prochaska, J., & Norcross, J. (2011). Theories of Psychotherapy. Translation: Yahya Seyed Mohamadi. Tehran: Roshd. [Persian]
Ritchie, L. D., & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (1990). Family communication patterns: Measuring intrapersonal perceptions of interpersonal relationships. Journal of Communication Research, 17(4), 523-544.
Rubin, A., Parrish, D. E., & Miyawaki, C. E. (2019). Benchmarks for evaluating life review and reminiscence therapy in alleviating depression among older adults. Journal of Social Work, 64(1), 61-72.
Tedgård, E., Råstam, M., & Wirtberg, I. (2018). Struggling with one’s own parenting after an upbringing with substance abusing parents. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 13(1), 1-15.
Terruwe, A. A., & Baars, C. W. (2016). Psychic wholeness and healing: Using all The Powers of The Human Psyche. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1992). Intergenerational Transmission of Parenting: A review of studies in nonclinical populations. Journal of Developmental Review, 12(1), 76-99.