نوفرم‌گرایی ادراک‌مبنا: گذاری نظام‌مند بر روان‌شناسی زیبایی در معماری
محورهای موضوعی : نظریه ها و معماری
1 - استادیار گروه معماری و شهرسازی، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران.
کلید واژه: زیبایی‌شناسی, نوفرمالیسم, رابطه فرم – عملکرد, پارادایم فراعملکرد, روان‌شناسی محیطی,
چکیده مقاله :
زندگی بشر در بستر محیط انسان‌ساخت با تکامل تدریجی اندیشه، دگرگون گشته و معیارهای ارزشی متفاوتی یافته است. انسان به طور فطری، جویای زیبایی و پیوسته در پی تجلی آن در محیط پیرامون می‌باشد؛ از این رو، مقوله زیبایی در معماری، جایگاهی قابل تأمل داشته و ادراک زیبایی در فضاهای معماری با تحریک انگیزش کاربران و اثرگذاری بر کیفیت زندگی و تجربیات آنان، همراه است. لذا پژوهش حاضر با رویکردی کیفی و به روش تفسیری - تطبیقی، به مرور مطالعات حوزه زیبایی‌شناسی به مثابه یکی از اهداف غایی طراحی محیطی پرداخته و با بهره‌گیری از روش تحلیل محتوای کیفی و استدلال منطقی، یافته‌های این عرصه را نقد کرده است. هدف، بازشناسی رابطه فرم معماری و زیبایی محیطی به عنوان یکی از نیازهای متعالی انسان بوده و نتایج، حاکی از آن است که بر خلاف دیدگاه مکاتب فرمالیستی که رابطه زیبایی فرمال با ادراک را حداقلی می‌دانند، فرم بنا با تأمین عملکردها و فراعملکردهای مورد انتظار و اثرگذاری انکارناپذیر بر ادراک، نقشی اساسی در پاسخگویی به انواع نیازهای انسان از جمله زیبایی ایفا می‌کند. به عبارتی، فرم تأمین کلیه نیازهای کاربران در سطوح مختلف را، از عملیاتی و کاربردی تا نمادین و انتزاعی، تحت‌الشعاع قرار داده و در تعریف زیبایی سهیم می‌سازد. بر این اساس، نقش فرایند طراحی نظام‌مند و به‌ویژه برنامه‌دهی معماری، به منظور ایده‌پردازی هدفمند و همسوسازی فرم با خواست‌های عملکردی و فراعملکردی، در قالب سناریوهایی راهبردی و راهگشا، حائز اهمیتی ویژه بوده و ادراک زیبایی را با موازنه‌ای نسبی از حس و عقل در هر سطحی میسر می‌نماید.
Human life in the context of the built environment has evolved in tandem with the gradual maturation of thought, acquiring diverse value systems. Humans possess an innate propensity for beauty, continuously striving to manifest it in their surroundings. Consequently, the concept of beauty holds a significant position in architecture. The perception of beauty in architectural spaces stimulates users' motivation, influencing their quality of life. Therefore, this study, employing an interpretive-comparative approach, reviews many studies in the field of aesthetics as a fundamental objective of environmental design. Utilizing qualitative content analysis and logical reasoning, this critique examines the theories in this domain. The aim is to re-examine the relationship between architectural form and environmental beauty as one of humanity's higher-order needs. The results indicate that, contrary to the viewpoint of formalist schools, which posit a minimal relationship between formal beauty and perception, architectural form plays the essential role in fulfilling various human needs, including beauty. It is achieved by accommodating expected functions and meta-functions and exerting an undeniable influence on perception. In other words, form fundamentally underpins the fulfillment of all user needs across different levels, from practical to symbolic, thereby contributing to the very definition of beauty. Accordingly, the role of a systematic design process, particularly architectural programming, is paramount. It enables purposeful ideation and aligns form with functional and meta-functional demands through strategic, solution-oriented scenarios. This approach facilitates the perception of beauty through a relative balance of sensation and intellect at every level.
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