بررسی حس تعلق در پهنه‌های تاریخی با تأکید بر متغییرهایی کالبدی و محیطی (مطالعه موردی: پهنه‌های ارگ-گنجعلیخان، مظفری و قلعه محمود شهر کرمان)
محورهای موضوعی : مطالعات برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ای
حمید محمدی
1
(استادیار گروه شهرسازی دانشکده هنر و معماری دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران)
میترا قربی
2
(عضو علمی گروه شهرسازی دانشکده هنر و معماری دانشگاه پیام نور، ایران)
کلید واژه: رضایتمندی, معادلات ساختاری, حس تعلق, متغیرهای کالبدی و محیطی, پهنه‌های تاریخی کرمان,
چکیده مقاله :
امروزه مفهوم مکان و حس مکان یکی از مهم‌ترین مسائل پیشِ روی شهرسازی معاصر است. درگذشته شهرها از توانایی بالایی برای برقراری تعامل بین انسان و فضا برخوردار بودند؛ اما امروزه در بیشتر بافت‌های تاریخی باوجود پتانسیل‌های بسیار، کیفیت نامطلوبمحیطی و کالبدی، سبب ضعیف شدنپیوندهایاجتماعیبینساکنینمی‌شودکهاین امرزمینه‌ساز کاهش ارتباطاتپایدار، عدم مشارکت، کاهشحس تعلقوزوال تدریجیاین بافت‌ها می‌گردد.این مسئله،نگارندگانرابر آنداشت تا بهتبیینارتباطبین معیارهایکیفیتمحیط(محیطی و کالبدی)برحس تعلقدر پهنه‌های تاریخی شهر کرمان بپردازند. روش پژوهش ازنظر هدف کاربردی- توسعه‌ای و ازنظر ماهیت، توصیفی و علی تطبیقی می‌باشد. ابزار مورداستفاده جهت جمع‌آوری اطلاعات پرسش نامه بوده و اطلاعات در نمونه‌ای به حجم 374 نفر مورد تحلیل قرارگرفت. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد که رابطه مستقیم و معناداری بین متغیرهای کالبدی با حس تعلق و رابطه معکوس و معناداری بین متغیرهای محیطی و حس تعلق وجود دارد. در رابطه بین مؤلفه‌های متغیرهای کالبدی و حس تعلق در پهنه ارگ-گنجعلیخان و مظفری بیشترین تأثیر را بر حس تعلق مؤلفه بناها و فضاها و در پهنه قلعه محمود بیشترین تأثیر را مؤلفه دسترسی، داشته‌است. در رابطه بین مؤلفه‌های متغیرهای محیطی و حس تعلق در تمام پهنه‌ها آلودگی‌های صوتی بیشترین تأثیر را بر حس تعلق داشته است. نتایج مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری نیز نشان می‌دهد که با بهبود وضعیت متغیرهای محیطی و متغیرهای کالبدی، وضعیت حس تعلق در پهنه‌های موردبررسی نیز بهبود می‌یابد. بااین‌حال تأثیر متغیرهای محیطی بر حس تعلق بیشتر از متغیرهای کالبدی است.
Nowadays the concept sense of place is one of the important issues that the contemporary urban development is facing with. In the past cities used to have the high potential of providing interaction between man and space; but today despite of high potentials in most of historic areas, undesirable environmental and physical quality causes weakening of social ties among the inhabitants, lower sense of belonging and gradual decline of these areas. This issue motivated the authors to clarify the relationship between criteria of environment’s quality (environmental and physical) on sense of belonging in historic neighborhoods of the city of Kerman. Questionnaire was the main data collection method, and 374 questionnaires were distributed and analyzed. The results show a direct and meaningful relationship between the physical variables and sense of belonging but reverse and meaningful relationship between environmental variables and sense of belonging. In attention to components of physical variables and sense of belonging, in Arg-Ganjalikhan and Mozafari areas buildings and spaces has the highest effect over sense of belonging. However, in GhalehMahmood area it was accessibility. Regarding the components environmental variables and sense of belonging, it is notable that sound pollutions in Arg-Ganjalikhan, Mozafari and GhalehMahmood areas has the highest influence on the sense of belonging. The results of structural equations modeling also demonstrate that improving the condition of environmental and physical variables can improve the condition of sense of belonging as well. However, the influence of environmental variables on the sense of belonging was higher comparing to physical ones.
Abbaszadeh, Sh, Gohari, F, Askari Rabori, A, (2017), Analysis of Environmental Quality towards Satisfaction of Users in Mashhad Housing Complexes, Volume 4, Issue 4 [In Persian].
Abdul Mohit, M., Ibrahim, M. and Razidah Rashid, Y., (2010). Assessment of residential satisfaction in newly designed public lowcost housing in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Journal Habitat International, 34: 18-27.
Addo, Irene Appeaning, (2016), Assessing residential satisfaction among low income households in multi-habited dwellings in selected low income communities in Accra, Urban Studies Journal, 1–20, sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0042098015571055.
Ayashm, M, Mirgholami, M. (2016), A conceptual model to evaluate the sense of place using four factors of perceptual, physical, social and functional (the Case study of Imam Street in Urmia, Iran), Vol 5, issue 19 [In Persian].
Bahrampour, A, Modiri, A, (2015), Study of Relationship Between Residents Satisfaction from Living Environment and their Attachment Sense In Kowsar High-Rise Residential Complex, Volume 20, Issue 3 [In Persian].
Behzadfar, Mostafa, Ghazizdeh, Neda, (2011), Residential Open Space Satisfaction Case studied: selected residential complexes in Tehran, Volume 3, Issue 45 - Issue Serial Number 856472, Page 15-24 [In Persian].
Bonaiuto, M., Fornara, F., (2017), Residential Satisfaction and Perceived Urban Quality, Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809324-5.05698-4
Bonaiuto, M; Fornara, Ferdinando & Mirilia, Bonnes (2003), Indexes of perceived residential environment quality and neighbourhood attachment in urban environments: a confirmation study on the city of Rome, Landscape and Urban Planning, 65, 41-25.
Chen, L., Zhang, W., Yang, Y. and Yu, J., (2013). Disparities in residential environment and satisfaction among Urban residents in Dalian, China, Habitat International, 40:100-108.
Coleman, J. S. (1988), Social capital in the creation of human capital, American Journal of Sociology, 94, pp. 95-120.
Forozandeh Javan, Ali, Matlabi, Ghase, (2011), The sense of belonging to the place and its constituent factors, Hoviyat shahr, Volume 5, Issue 8, Page 3-27 [In Persian].
Fung, Y.W. and Lee, W.L., (2014). Development of price models for architectural and environmental quality for residential developments in Hong Kong, Habitat International, 44: 186-193.
Ge, J & Hokao K (2006), Research on Residential Lifestyles in Japanese Cities from the Viewpoints of Residential Preference, Residential Choice and Residential Satisfaction, Landscape Urban Plan,78(3),pp.165-178.
Ghashghaee, R, Movahed, Kh, Mohammadzadeh, H, (2016), Evaluation of sense of place with an emphasis on physical and environmental factors in urban coastal areas (Case study: Boushehr Town), Volume 4, Issue 2 [In Persian].
Habibpour Kouchaki1, Nazanin, Hosseini, Seyed-Bagher, Yazdanfar, Seyed-Abbas Norouzian-Maleki, Saeid (2017), An Investigation of the Effective Factors on Yusef Abad Residents’ Satisfaction in Shafagh Park, Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 10(18), 47-57.
Ibem, E. and Aduwo, E. (2013), Assessment of residential satisfaction in Public housing in Ogun State, Nigeria, Habitat International, 40: pp. 163-175.
Jiang, Wen, Fenga, Tao, Timmermansa, Harry, Li, Heping, (2017) A gap-theoretical path model of residential satisfaction and intention to move house applied to renovated historical blocks in two Chinese cities, Cities 71 (2017) 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.06.021
Kesalkheh, S., Dadashpoor, H., (2012). Assessment Residential Environmental Quality of Traditional and New Neighborhoods, in a Rapid Grown City, Tehran, New and Traditional Residential Environments, ISOCARP Congress 2012
Kleit, R. G., & Manzo, L. (2006), to move or not to move: Relationships to place and relocation choices in HOPE VI. Housing Policy Debate, 17, pp. 271-308.
Lashkari, Elham, Khalaj, Mehrshad, (2014), Assessment of the quality of urban environment with location-based approach, Ganj Honar [In Persian].
Lewicka, M. (2005), Ways to make people active: The role of place attachment, cultural capital, and neighborhood ties, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25, pp.381-395.
Lynch, K. (1972), what time is this place? Cambridge: M.I.T. Press.
Marans, R. W, (2010). Quality of Urban Life Studies: An Overview and Implications for Environment-Behaviour Research, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 11, 2-32.
Manzo, L. C., & Perkins, D. D. (2006), Finding common ground: The importance of place attachment to community participation and planning, Journal of Planning Literature, 20, pp. 335-350.
Proshansky, H. M., Fabian, A. K., & Kaminoff, R. (1983). Place-identity: Physical world socialization of the self. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3, pp. 57-83.
Pretty, G. H., Chipuer, H. M., & Bramston, P. (2003), Sense of place amongst adolescents and adults in two rural Australian towns: The discriminating features of place attachment, sense of community and place dependence in relation to place identity, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23, pp. 273-287.
Putnam, R. D. (2000), bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Ram, Y, Bjork, P, Weidenfeld, A. (2016), Authenticity and place attachment of major visitor attractions, Tourism Management 52, pp. 110-122.
Razaviyan, mohammadtaghi, ShamsPouya, MohammadKazem, MolatabarLahi, A, (2014), The Quality of Phyisical Environment and Sense of Place Case Study: ShahidBeheshti University Students, Volume 4, Issue 10, Page 87-96 [In Persian].
RIVM (2002), the morbidity of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the nether elands, workshop livability, P 13, rapport.
Scannell, L; Gifford, R (2010), Defining place attachment: A tripartite organizing framework, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30, pp.1-10.
Shabani, M. (2016), the Impact of Social Indicators on the Resident Satisfaction in Central Region of Paris, Volume 4, Issue 12, Page 51-60 [In Persian].
Smith, Carlin. Gorgia Levermore., (2008). Designing Urban Spaces and Buildings to Improve Sustainability and quality of Life in a Warmer World. Energy Policy, 36 (2).
Shao, Yuhan, LIU, Binyi (2017), Place Attachment Assessment System in Contemporary Urbanism, Procedia Engineering 198, pp. 152-168.
Stefaniak, Anna, Bilewicz, Michal, Lewicka, Maria (2017), the merits of teaching local history: Increased place attachment enhances civic engagement and social trust, Journal of Environmental Psychology, pp. 1-35.
Sarracino, F., & Mikucka, M. (2016), Social Capital in Europe from 1990 to 2012: Trends and Convergence, Social Indicators Research, 2016, pp. 1-26.
Siavashpour, B, Shadlo Jahromi, M, Moiee Ramsheh, Z, (2014), The dimensions of the sense of belonging to the place, with emphasis on physical, social and emotional factors (perception and recognition), Sixth National Conference on Urban Planning and Management with emphasis on the components of Islamic city [In Persian].
Tolodel, Mohammad Sadegh, PorBagher, Somayeh,Mahdvi, Leila, (2017), Assesment of Residenst Satisfaction on Mehr Housing Complex in Tehran, Based on Physical and Landscape Criteria, Iranian Arcitecture and urbanism, Volume 8, Number 13, Page 15-21 [In Persian].
Tsai, S. P. (2012), Place attachment and tourism marketing: investigating international tourists in Singapore, International Journal of Tourism Research, 14 (2), pp. 139-152.
Ujang, N (2015), Place Attachment and the Value of Place in the Life of the Users, Social and Behavioral Sciences 168, pp. 373-380.
Ujang, N (2012), Place attachment and continuity of urban place identity, Social and Behavioral Sciences 49, pp. 156-167.
Van Kamp I., Leidelmeijer K., Marsman G., de Hollander A.; (2003). Urban environmental quality and human well-being towards a conceptual framework and demarcation of concepts: A literature study; J. Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol. 65, pp: 5-18.
Yuksel, A., Yuksel, F., & Bilim, Y. (2010), Destination Attachment: effects on customer satisfaction and cognitive, affective and conative loyalty, Tourism Management, 31(2), pp. 274-284.
_||_