تحلیل روابط ترامتنیِ قصۀ روسیِ یِروسلان لازارِویچ و شاهنامه
مهناز نوروزی
1
(
گروه روسی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی (ره)
)
کلید واژه: حماسه, شاهنامه, یِروسلان لازارِویچ, ترامتنیت, ژرار ژنت,
چکیده مقاله :
ادبیات روسیه از جمله ادبیات جهان است که از دیرباز متأثّر از ادبیات مشرق‌زمین و به‌ویژه ادبیات کلاسیک ایران بوده است. یکی از آثار گران‌سنگ ادب فارسی که به گفتۀ محقّقان بسیاری بر شکل‌گیری برخی افسانه‌ها، قصص و داستان‌های حماسی روسی تأثیر داشته، حماسۀ ملی ایرانیان، شاهنامۀ حکیم ابوالقاسم فردوسی است. از جملۀ این آثار، قصۀ روسیِ یِروسلان لازارِویچ است که ریشه در فولکلور و ادبیات باستانِ حماسیِ روسی دارد. در این پژوهش برآنیم تا به روش تحلیلِ تطبیقی و کیفی محتوا و کاربست نظریۀ ترامتنیت ژرار ژنت و با استفاده از روش مطالعۀ کتابخانه‌ای و اسنادی در گردآوری داده‌ها، به نقد مناسبات بینامتنی قصۀ نامبرده در مواجهه با شاهنامه بپردازیم. یافته‌های تحقیق حاکی از آن است که دو گونۀ بینامتنیت و فرامتنیت در این پژوهش بررسی‌پذیر نبوده و لذا، بررسی مناسبات پیرامتنی، سرمتنی و بیش‌متنی بر ادعای ما مبنی بر برگرفتگی قصۀ روسی از شاهنامه صحّه گذاشته‌اند. از جمله مصادیق پیرامتنی، نام اثر و نسخ خطی، آثار لوباک، کتاب‌ها و مقالات موجود پیرامون این قصۀ روسی را می‌توان برشمرد. همچنین، ویژگی‌ها و مختصات حماسی این قصه از جمله مصادیق رابطۀ سرمتنی بوده‌اند. در رابطه با بیش‌متنیت نیز در قصۀ روسی با جایگشت نثرسازی، گشتار کمّی کاهش از نوع برش و نیز گشتار کمّی افزایش از نوع انبساط روبه‌رو هستیم. علی‌رغم وجود برخی پیش‌متن‌های احتمالی از میان آثار شرقی باستان، شاهنامه را می‌توان پیش‌متن اصلی قصۀ یِروسلان لازارِویچ تلقی کرد.
چکیده انگلیسی :
Russian literature, as a part of world literature, has long been influenced by Eastern literature, particularly classical Persian literature. One of the monumental works of Persian literature that, according to many scholars, has influenced the formation of certain Russian epic tales and stories is the Iranian national epic, the Shahnameh by Hakim Abul-Qasim Ferdowsi. Among these works is the Russian tale of Yeruslan Lazarevich, which has roots in Russian folklore and ancient epic literature. In this research, we aim to critically analyze the intertextual relationships between the mentioned tale and the Shahnameh using Gérard Genette's theory of transtextuality through a comparative and qualitative content analysis method, employing library and documentary study methods for data collection. The research findings indicate that two types of transtextuality, intertextuality and hypertextuality, were not examinable in this study. However, the examination of paratextual, metatextual, and architextual relationships supports our claim of the Russian tale’s derivation from the Shahnameh. Paratextual examples include the name of the work, manuscripts, lubok artworks, books, and articles related to this Russian tale. Additionally, the epic features and characteristics of this tale are instances of metatextual relationships. Regarding hypertextuality, the Russian tale exhibits transformations such as prose adaptation, quantitative reduction transformations in the form of cutting, and quantitative expansion transformations in the form of amplification. Despite the presence of some potential pretexts among ancient Eastern works, the Shahnameh can be considered the primary pretext for the tale of Yeruslan Lazarevich.
References
– Azar, Esmaeel. (2016). “An Analysis of Genette’s Theories of Intertextuality,” Journal of Literary Criticism and Stylistics Research, No. 3, Issue 24, pp. 11-31. (In Persian)
– Allen, Graham. (2006). Intertextuality, translated by Payam Yazdanjou, Tehran: Markaz. (In Persian)
– Ahmadi, Babak. (2005). Structure and Interpretation of Text, Tehran: Markaz. (In Persian)
– Esparham, Davood & Soltani, Omid. (2014). “Examining the Reflection of Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh in the Masterpiece of Rahim Moeini Kermanshahi Based on the Theory of Transtextuality,” Literary Text Research, Vol. 18, No. 62, pp. 7-38. (In Persian)
– Behnam, Mina. (2016). “Examining the Influence of Shahnameh on the Research of English Orientalists (A Comparative Approach Based on Gerard Genette's Transtextuality Theory),” The journal of Epic Literature, Vol. 12, No. 21, pp. 85-101. (In Persian)
– Pournamdarian, Taghi & Bamshki, Samira. (2009). “Comparing Common Stories in Masnavi and Mantiq al-Tayr with a Structural Narratology Approach,” Journal of New Literary essaye, No. 2, pp. 1-26. (In Persian)
– Rezapour, Zeinab. (2019). “Critique and Analysis of the Interpretative Model of Harut and Marut in the Story of Sheikh San’an Based on Gerard Genette’s Hypertextuality Theory,” Al-Zahra University’s Journal of Mystical Literature, Vol. 11, No. 21, pp. 176-203. (In Persian)
– Rezapour, Zeinab & Zamani, Maryam. (2022). “Analyzing the Transtextuality of Selected Stories of Asrar Nama,” Mytho-Mystic Literature, Vol. 18, No. 68, pp. 71-99. (In Persian)
– Sayyah, Fatemeh. (1975). Collection of Articles and Notes by Fatemeh Sayyah, edited by Mohammad Golban, Tehran: Tous. (In Persian)
– Shamisa, Cyrus. (2015). Literary Types, 4th Edition, Tehran: Mitra. (In Persian)
– Safi, Hamed et al. (2016). “Examining the Story of Keyumars in Shahnameh and Arabic Histories Influenced by Sir al-Muluk Based on Gerard Genette’s Hypertextuality,” Textual Criticism of Persian Literature, No. 29, pp. 17-34. (In Persian)
– Arab Yousofabadi, Fa’ezeh et al. (2013). “Transtextuality in Maqamat Hamidi,” Comparative Literature Research, No. 1, pp. 121-139. (In Persian)
– Golkar, Abtin. (2010). “The Confrontation of Hero and Ruler in Russian Bylinas and Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh,” Comparative Literature, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 99-118. (In Persian)
– Lotfi Pournasaji, Azadeh & Farmanfarmaei, Taktom. (2021). “Study of Literary Hypertexts in the Works of Hannibal Alkhas with Regard to Transtextuality Theory,” Research in Art and Humanities, Vol. 6, No. 36 (Volume One), pp. 25-34. (In Persian)
– Mohammadzadeh, Fereshteh et al. (2017). “Analysis of Intertextual Reflection with Shahnameh in Sequential Histories Based on Gerard Genette’s Intertextuality,” The journal of Epic Literature, Vol. 13, No. 1, Issue 23, pp. 137-161. (In Persian)
– Mohammadzadeh, Fereshteh et al. (2020). “Analysis of Intertextual Relations in Local Histories and Shahnameh,” The journal of Epic Literature, Vol. 16, No. 2, Issue 30, pp. 267-299. (In Persian)
– Naderi, Farhad and Naderi, Somayeh. (2018). “The Function of Genette's Transtextuality Theory in Discovering and Analyzing the Influence of Kush-Nama from Shahnameh,” Textual Criticism of Persian Literature, Vol. 10, No. 1, Issue 37, pp. 169-187. (In Persian)
– Namvar Motlagh, Bahman. (2012). Intertextuality: From Structuralism to Postmodernism, Tehran: Sokhan. (In Persian)
– Namvar Motlagh, Bahman. (2007). “Transtextuality: Studying the Relations of a Text with Other Texts,” Journal of Human Sciences, No. 56, pp. 83-98. (In Persian)
– Namvar Motlagh, Bahman. (2012). “Typology of Hypertextuality,” Literary Research, No. 38, pp. 139-152. (In Persian)
– Norouzi, Mahnaz. (2016). “A Comparative Study of Rostam’s Image in Persian, Russian, and Georgian Literature,” Journal of Comparative Research of Nation’s Language and Literature, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 101-123. (In Persian)
– Yeganianch, Lydia. (1948). “Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh and Similar Epics in Russian Literature,” Journal of Persian Language & Literature (Former Journal of the Faculty of Literature, University of Tabriz), Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 21-30. (In Persian)
– Genette, G. (1997). Palmsests: Literature in Second Degree, Trans. by Channa Newman and Calude Doubinsky, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
– Afanasyev, A.I. (1914). Russian Folk Tales, Vol. 5, edited by A.E. Gruzinsky, Moscow: I.D. Sytin Printing House. (In Russian)
– Azadovsky, M.K. (1958). History of Russian Folkloristics, Vol. 2, Moscow. (In Russian)
– Blagoy, D.D. (1958). History of Russian Literature: in 3 volumes, Vol. 1, Moscow-Leningrad. (In Russian)
– Chelysheva, E.P. (1999). “Pushkin and the World of the East,” Science in Russia, No. 1, pp. 75-81. (In Russian)
– Ilyin, I.P. (1996). Poststructuralism. Deconstructionism. Postmodernism, Moscow. (In Russian)
– Miller, V.F. (1892). Excursions into the Field of Russian Folk Epic, Vol. I-III. Moscow: I.N. Kutnarev Printing House. (In Russian)
– Mythological Dictionary. (1990). Chief Editor: E.M. Meletinsky. Moscow: "SOVIET ENCYCLOPEDIA." (In Russian)
– Stasov, V.V. (1868). “The Origin of Russian Bylinas,” Vestnik Evropy, Vol. 1, No. 1 (January), pp. 169-221. URL: https://archive.org/details/1868_T1_N1/page/169/mode/2up?q=%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2 (Accessed: 2024.06.12). (In Russian)
– Tikhonravov, N.S. (1859). Chronicles of Russian Literature and Antiquity, Vol. 2, Moscow: Grachev and Co. Printing House. (In Russian)
– Yahyapur, M. & Samei, M. (2011). “Mythical Motifs of Ferdowsi’s 'Shahnameh' in Russian Literature,” Humanitarian Research, No. 4 (40), pp. 273-278. (In Russian)