بررسی و تحلیل خودکشی در متون حماسی بر اساس نظریه‌های قربانی
محورهای موضوعی : تکتونواستراتیگرافی
ایوب امیدی
1
(دانش‌آموختۀ دکتری زبان و ادبیات فارسی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران)
کلید واژه: قربانی, مذهب, متون حماسی, خودکشی, نظریه‌های آیین قربانی,
چکیده مقاله :
در باورهای پیشینیان خودکشی، جنبۀ مذهبی داشته و با اهداف مختلفی انجام می شده است. افراد باور داشتند با پیش‌کش کردن جان خود به خدایان، خدمت می کنند و مرگشان باعث بهره مندی و رفاه جامعه می شود یا با معشوق و ولی نعمت خود در جهان پس از مرگ، پیوند می یابند و به بهشت می روند. به همین دلیل با اعتماد قلبی و اشتیاق به استقبال مرگ می رفتند. این پژوهش می کوشد به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی به بررسی شیوه های خودکشی در متون حماسی (تا قرن هفتم) بپردازد. نتایجِ نشان می دهد: خودکُشی، عملی خودخواسته و یکی از مصادیق قربانی انسان است و مصادیق آن در شاهنامه و گرشاسپ نامه نسبت به سایر متون حماسی برجسته تر است. خودکشی در متون حماسی به پنج روشِ زَهر خوردن، خون ریختن (بریدن سَر و دریدن پهلو)، پایین انداختن خود از بارو (دژ)، خودسوزی، و امتناع از خوردن و آشامیدن (گرسنگی) انجام می شود و از این میان، خودکشی به شیوۀ خون ریختن نسبت به سایر شیوه های آن نمود بیش‌تری دارد و به نظر می رسد این امر، ریشه در اندیشۀ تأثیر خون در حاصل‌خیزی و باروری طبیعت دارد. در مورد بسامد و تفاوت مقاصد خودکشی در شاهنامه و گرشاسپ نامه نیز می توان گفت: موارد خودکشی در شاهنامه بسامد بیش‌تری نسبت به گرشاسپ نامه دارد؛ اما اهداف آن در گرشاسپ نامه نسبت به شاهنامه متنوع تر است؛ خودکشی در شاهنامه اغلب به منظور سوگواری فرزند و نزدیکان و دفع تهمت انجام می شود در حالی که این عمل در گرشاسپ نامه اغلب با هدف باروری و فراوانی طبیعت، رضایت بتان، پیش بینی حوادث آینده و جلبِ رضایت خداوند انجام می گیرد.
In the beliefs of predecessors suicide had a religious aspect and was committed for various reasons. People believed that by offering their lives to the gods, they would actually serve them and their death bring welfare and prosperity to the society or that they would join their beloved and guardian in the other world and find peace in heaven for this reason wholeheartedly they embraced death. This research is an attempt to study the methods of suicide in epic texts until the 7th century using the descriptive analytic method. Results show that suicide is a voluntary act, an example of human sacrifice and its examples are more prominent in Shahnameh and Garshaspnameh than other epics. In epic texts suicide is carried out in five ways namely taking poison, bloodshed (cutting off head and tearing open the side), throwing oneself from the fortress, self-immolation, and refusing to eat and drink (starvation). Among the above methods bloodshed is more prominent for it seems that blood has an important role in fertility of nature. Suicidal case are seen more in Shahnameh in comparison with Garshaspnameh however intentions for suicides are more diverse in the latter. In shahnameh suicide is committed either for mourning a child and close relatives, or to defend an insult while this act in Garshaspnameh is often done for fertility reasons in nature, satisfaction of idols, prediction of future events and earning respect of the gods.
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