ارائه مدل علّی شادکامی نوجوانان بر اساس عملکرد خانواده با نقش واسطه¬ای راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان
محورهای موضوعی : روش ها و مدل های روانشناختیمحمود گودرزی 1 , سارا تواضعی 2 , مریم محمودی 3 , سمیه صید محمدی 4
1 - دانشیار مشاوره خانواده، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد سنندج، ایران.
2 - دانشجوی دکترای مشاوره، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد سنندج، ایران.
3 - دانشجوی دکترای مشاوره، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد سنندج، ایران.
4 - دانشجوی دکترای مشاوره، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد سنندج، ایران.
کلید واژه: شادکامی, عملکرد خانواده, راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان, نوجوانان,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: این پژوهش با هدف ارائه مدل علّی شادکامی نوجوانان بر اساس عملکرد خانواده با نقش واسطهای راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان انجام گرفت.
روش: طرح این پژوهش توصیفی-همبستگی و از نظر هدف کاربردی بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل تمامی دانشآموزان دختر و پسر مقطع متوسطه دوم شهرستان سنندج در سال تحصیلی 02-1401 بود. نمونه پژوهش شامل 350 دانشآموزان (157 پسر و 193 دختر) بود که به روش نمونه‌گیری خوشهای چندمرحلهای تصادفی انتخاب شدند. به منظور گردآوری دادهها از سیاهه شادکامی آکسفورد هیل و آرگیل، ابزار سنجش خانواده اپشتاین و همکاران و پرسش‌نامه راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان گارنفسکی و همکاران استفاده شد. دادهها با روش مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری تجزیه و تحلیل شدند.
یافته ها: تحلیلهای الگویابی معادلات ساختاری نشان داد که مدل پیشنهادی از برازش مطلوبی برخوردار است. نتایج تحلیل مسیرهای مستقیم نشان داد که بین عملکرد ناکارآمد خانواده با راهبرد سازگارانه تنظیم شناختی هیجان رابطه منفی و معنادار، بین عملکرد ناکارآمد خانواده با راهبرد ناسازگارانه تنظیم شناختی هیجان رابطه مثبت و معنادار، بین راهبرد سازگارانه تنظیم شناختی هیجان با شادکامی رابطه مثبت و معنادار و بین راهبرد ناسازگارانه تنظیم شناختی هیجان با شادکامی رابطه منفی و معنادار وجود دارد، اما بین عملکرد خانواده با شادکامی رابطه مستقیم معناداری وجود ندارد. نتایج ضرایب مسیر غیرمستقیم نشان داد که عملکرد ناکارآمد خانواده با شادکامی نوجوان از راه راهبرد سازگارانه و راهبرد ناسازگارانه تنظیم شناختی هیجان روابط غیرمستقیم معنادار دارد.
نتیجه گیری: راهبردهای سازگارانه و ناسازگارانه تنظیم شناختی هیجان نقشی اساسی در ارتباط بین عملکرد ناکارآمد خانواده و شادکامی نوجوانان ایفا میکند. لذا، توجه به این راهبردها و اصلاح راهبرد ناسازگارانه در ارتقای شادکامی نوجوانان حتی در خانوادههای با عملکرد معیوب امری ضروری است.
Background and purpose: The present study was conducted with the aim of presenting a causal model of adolescent happiness based on family functioning with the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies.
Methods: The design of the current research was descriptive-correlation and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the research included all male and female students of the high-school of Sanandaj in the academic year of 1401-02. The research sample included 350 students (157 boys and 193 girls) who were selected by random multi-stage cluster sampling. In order to collect data, the Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI), the Family Assessment Device (FAD) and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies Questionnaire (CERQ) were used. The data were analyzed with the structural equation modeling analysis.
Findings: The results showed that the proposed model had a good fit. The results of the analysis of direct paths showed that there were a significant negative relationship between dysfunctional family functioning and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, a significant positive relationship between dysfunctional family functioning and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, a significant positive relationship between adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and happiness, and a significant negative relationship between maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and happiness. But there is no significant direct relationship between Dysfunctional family functioning and happiness. Family functioning has indirect relationships with adolescents' happiness through cognitive emotion regulation strategies.
Conclusion: It is necessary to pay attention to adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and correct the maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies in promoting the happiness of adolescents, even in families with dysfunctional functioning.
1- van Woudenberg TJ, Bevelander KE, Burk WJ, Buijzen M. The reciprocal effects of physical activity and happiness in adolescents. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020;17(1):147. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-01058-8.
2- Ramos MC, Cheng C-HE, Preston KSJ, Gottfried AW, Guerin DW, Gottfried AE, et al. Positive family relationships across 30 years: Predicting adult health and happiness. Journal of Family Psychology. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000983
3- zarezardini F, Hashemi Z, Abdollahi A. The Mediating Role of Psychological Basic Needs in the Relationship between Family Functioning and Happiness among Students Living in Residence at Alzahra University. Journal of Applied Psychological Research. 2022;13(1):43-63. 10.22059/JAPR.2022.313228.643693
4- Layton RL, Muraven M. Self-control linked with restricted emotional extremes. Personality and Individual Differences. 2014;58:48-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.10.004
5- Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling 2nd ed. New York: Guilford. 2005;3.
6- Hussong AM, Midgette AJ, Richards AN, Petrie RC, Coffman JL, Thomas TE. COVID-19 life events spill-over on family functioning and adolescent adjustment. The Journal of Early Adolescence. 2022;42(3):359-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/02724316211036744
7- Salehzadeh M, Fallahi M, Rahimi M. The Role of Family Functioning, Peer Attachment and Academic Performance in predicting of Happiness in Adolescent Girls. Positive Psychology Research. 2017;2(4):64-78.
8- Yoosefi N, chahardoli d, pashaabadi s. Investigating Study of parenting styles, attachment styles, and early maladaptive schemas in shyness and normal highschool students. Biannual Journal of Applied Counseling. 2020;9(2):45-66. 10.22055/JAC.2020.28692.1659
9- samani S, Torabi A. The Adolescence's Happiness in Different Family Types Based on the Contextual Family Process and Content Model. Biannual Journal of Applied Counseling. 2011;1(Vol.1 NO.1):3-20. 10.22055/JAC.2011.10262
10- Steptoe A. Happiness and health. Annual review of public health. 2019;40:339-59. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-044150
11- Diener E, Seligman MEP. Beyond money: Toward an economy of well-being. Psychological science in the public interest. 2004;5(1):1-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00501001.x
12- Botha F, Booysen F. Family functioning and life satisfaction and happiness in South African households. Social Indicators Research. 2014;119:163-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0485-6
13- Pollock ED, Kazman JB, Deuster P. Family functioning and stress in African American families: A strength-based approach. Journal of Black Psychology. 2015;41(2):144-69. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798413520451
14- de Lima Silva V, de Medeiros CACX, Guerra GCB, Ferreira PHA, de Araújo Júnior RF, de Araújo Barbosa SJ, et al. Quality of life, integrative community therapy, family support, and satisfaction with health services among elderly adults with and without symptoms of depression. Psychiatric Quarterly. 2017;88:359-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-016-9453-z
15- Johnson MD, Nguyen L, Anderson JR, Liu W, Vennum A. Pathways to romantic relationship success among Chinese young adult couples: Contributions of family dysfunction, mental health problems, and negative couple interaction. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 2015;32(1):5-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407514522899
16- Langton EG, Boy K. Becoming an Adoption-Friendly School: A Whole-School Resource for Supporting Children Who Have Experienced Trauma Or Loss-With Complementary Downloadable Material: Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 2017.
17- Isanezhad O, Chahardoli D. The Effectiveness of the Adults and Children Together - Parents Raising Safe Kids Program in Reducing Behavioral and Emotional Problems among Preschool Children. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2017;11(1):23-9.
18- Cunha NHdA, Bonfim CB, Santos-Lima C, Siquara GM. Emotion regulation, subjective happiness and meaning of life of university students in the pandemic. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto). 2022;32. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-4327e3219
19- Waters SF, Thompson RA. Children’s perceptions of emotion regulation strategy effectiveness: links with attachment security. Attachment & Human Development. 2016;18(4):354-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2016.1170051
20- Séguin DG, MacDonald B. The role of emotion regulation and temperament in the prediction of the quality of social relationships in early childhood. Early child development and care. 2018;188(8):1147-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2016.1251678
21- Gross JJ. Handbook of emotion regulation. 2015.
22- Nolen-Hoeksema S. Emotion regulation and psychopathology: The role of gender. Annual review of clinical psychology. 2012;8:161-87.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143109
23- Miles SR, Menefee DS, Wanner J, Teten Tharp A, Kent TA. The relationship between emotion dysregulation and impulsive aggression in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Journal of interpersonal violence. 2016;31(10):1795-816. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515570746
24- Galian MD, Ato E. El papel mediador del afecto negativo en la relación entre funcionamiento familiar y felicidad subjetiva en estudiantes universitarios españoles. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology. 2023;39(2):239-51. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.552001
25- Satıcı B, Deniz ME. Modeling emotion regulation and subjective happiness: smartphone addiction as a mediator. 2020.
26- Mérida‐López S, Extremera N, Quintana‐Orts C, Rey L. In pursuit of job satisfaction and happiness: Testing the interactive contribution of emotion‐regulation ability and workplace social support. Scandinavian journal of psychology. 2019;60(1):59-66.
27- Izzo F, Baiocco R, Pistella J. Children’s and adolescents’ happiness and family functioning: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(24):16593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416593
28- Amiri Majd M, Zarabadipour F. Investigating the prediction of happiness based on lifestyle and cognitive emotion regulation in female students of Qazvin Azad University. Journal of Lifestyle. 2021;7(1):83-98. 20.1001.1.24763101.1400.7.1.5.6
29- Verrastro V, Ritella G, Saladino V, Pistella J, Baiocco R, Fontanesi L. Personal and Family Correlates to Happiness amongst Italian Children and Pre-Adolescents. International journal of emotional education. 2020;12(1):48-64. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1251781.pdf
30- Ghasempour A, Jodat H, Naseri A. Relationship between Emotion Regulation Strategies with Happiness in Boy Students. Journal of Educational Psychology. 2013;3(4):1-8.
31- Hills P, Argyle M. The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: a compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and individual differences. 2002;33(7):1073-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00213-6
32- Alipour A, Agah Heris M. Reliability and validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among Iranians. 2007.
33- Epstein NB, Baldwin LM, Bishop DS. The McMaster Family Assessment Device. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. 1983;9(2):17180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1983.tb01497.x
34- ZADEHMOHAMMADI A, MALEK KHOSRAVI G. THE PRELIMINARY STUDY OF PSYCHOMETRIC AND RELIABILITY OF FAMILY ASSESSMENT DEVICE. JOURNAL OF FAMILY RESEARCH. 2006;2(5):69-89.
35- Garnefski N, Kraaij V, Spinhoven P. Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personality and Individual differences. 2001;30(8):1311-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00113-6
36- Samani S, Sadeghi L. Psychometric Properties of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Psychological Methods and Models. 2010;1(1):51-62.
37- Blunch NJ. Introduction to structural equation modeling using IBM SPSS statistics and AMOS. Introduction to structural equation modeling using IBM SPSS Statistics and AMOS. 2012:1-312. http://digital.casalini.it/9781446271841
38- Chin WW. Commentary: Issues and opinion on structural equation modeling. JSTOR; 1998. p. vii-xvi.
39- Extremera N, Sánchez-Álvarez N, Rey L. Pathways between ability emotional intelligence and subjective well-being: Bridging links through cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Sustainability. 2020;12(5):2111. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12052111
40- Fosco GM, Grych JH. Capturing the family context of emotion regulation: A family systems model comparison approach. Journal of Family Issues. 2013;34(4):557-78.. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X12445889
41- Biggart L, Ward E, Cook L, Schofield G. The team as a secure base: Promoting resilience and competence in child and family social work. Children and Youth Services Review. 2017;83:119-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.10.031
42- Valentino K, Cummings EM, Borkowski J, Hibel LC, Lefever J, Lawson M. Efficacy of a reminiscing and emotion training intervention on maltreating families with preschool-aged children. Developmental Psychology. 2019;55(11):2365. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000792
43- Hajal NJ, Paley B. Parental emotion and emotion regulation: A critical target of study for research and intervention to promote child emotion socialization. Developmental Psychology. 2020;56(3):403. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000864
44- Sharp C, Trull TJ. Emotion dysregulation in adolescents with Borderline Personality Disorder. Emotion regulation and psychopathology in children and adolescents. 2017:259.
45- Johnson MK. Joy: A review of the literature and suggestions for future directions. The Journal of Positive Psychology. 2020;15(1):5-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1685581
46- Bennefield Z. School and family correlates of positive affect in a nationally representative sample of US adolescents. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal. 2018;35(5):541-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-018-0539-3
47- Tugade MM, Fredrickson BL. Regulation of positive emotions: Emotion regulation strategies that promote resilience. Journal of happiness studies. 2007;8:311-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9015-4
48- Gómez‐Leal R, Gutiérrez‐Cobo MJ, Megías‐Robles A, Fernández‐Berrocal P. The dark triad and subjective well‐being: The mediating role of cognitive‐emotional regulation strategies. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 2023;64(3):368-75.). https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12890
49- Young KS, Sandman CF, Craske MG. Positive and negative emotion regulation in adolescence: links to anxiety and depression. Brain sciences. 2019;9(4):76. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9040076
50- Paulus FW, Ohmann S, Möhler E, Plener P, Popow C. Emotional dysregulation in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders. A narrative review. Frontiers in psychiatry. 2021;12:628252. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.628252
51- Perry NB, Dollar JM, Calkins SD, Keane SP, Shanahan L. Maternal socialization of child emotion and adolescent adjustment: Indirect effects through emotion regulation. Developmental psychology. 2020;56(3):541. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000815
52- Wang R, Li H, Sang B, Zhao Y. Emotion regulation as a mediator on the relationship between emotional awareness and depression in elementary school students. Frontiers in Psychology. 2023;14:1127246.. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1127246