مدیریت دولتی و فرهنگ اجتماعی
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت بازرگانی
علی اکبر فرهنگی
1
(استاد گروه مدیریت دانشگاه تهران)
کلید واژه: فرهنگ سازمانی, فرهنگ, نظام حقوقی, نظام اجتماعی, مدیریت دولتی, درخت فرهنگ, نظام سیاسی, نظام اقتصادی, نظام اداری, نظام فناوری, نظام جغرافیایی اقلیمی,
چکیده مقاله :
در این مقاله رابطه میان کنشی بین فرهنگ عمومی و مدیریت دولتی بررسی و از زوایای مختلف مورد مطالعه قرار می گیرد ؛ از طرفی مدیریت دولتی در بستر فرهنگ جامعه شکل گرفته و عمل می کند و از طرف دیگر فرهنگ عمومی یک جامعه با توجه به ساز و کارهای حاکم بر مدیریت دولتی آن شکل می گیرد. فرهنگ هر جامعه به مثابه یک درخت با ریشه ها، تنه، شاخ وبرگ و میوه خاص خود شکل گرفته واز فرهنگ سایر جوامع متفاوت است. مفاهیم ارزشی و اساسی هر فرهنگ در ریشه ها؛ ساختارها و مفاهیم در تنه یا ساقه درخت؛ و جلوه های بیرونی فرهنگ در شاخ و برگ ها خود را نشان می دهند. با این تمثیل یا استعاره به راحتی می توان مفهوم پیچیده فرهنگ را که از سال ها پیش در نوشته های نظریه پردازان علوم اجتماعی آمده است تببین و جایگاه مدیریت عمومی را با آن مورد ارزیابی قرار داد. بر این اساس مدیریت دولتی هر جامعه نیز به مثابه اجزای درخت فرهنگ همان جامعه و با ویژگی های بومی و خاص خود پدید می آید. به طور قطع این درخت در خاک خاصی متشکل از عواملی چون عوامل جفرافیایی - اکولوژیکی، عوامل سیاسی، عوامل اقتصادی، عوامل اجتماعی، عوامل حقوقی، عوامل امنیتی و نظامی و عوامل تکنولوژیکی شکل می گیرد و بالنده می شود. نظام اداری چنین است که پدید آمده، توسعه می یابد و جهت گیری می کند. با درک این عوامل می توان نظام اداری کارا و مؤثرتری را پایه گذاری و از آن در جهت تمشیت امور عمومی جامعه استفاده نمود.
This article aims to study the interplay between public culture and public administration from various angles. The public administration is evolved in the cultural breeding-ground on the one hand and the social culture is formed and developed with an eye to the mechanisms governing the public administration on the other. The culture of every society resembles a tree, with its own roots, trunks, branches, boughs, leaves and fruits, which is distinct from other cultures. This cultural tree is crystallized with principles and values in its roots, concepts and structures in its trunk, and outside manifestations in its leaves. With the help of this allegory and metaphor, we can easily delve into the complicated concept of culture which has been discussed by the theorists of the social sciences and then make an assessment of the public administration status. Based on this viewpoint, the public administration in every society may also be regarded as the components of a cultural tree in the same society emerging with its own endemic and particular characteristics. This tree will obviously sprout and develop in a special soil conditioned by various elements such as geographical, ecological, political, economic, social, legal and technological features and systems as well as security and military factors. In this way, an administrative system is born, evolves and develops a sense of direction. With the perception of such elements, an administrative system, being more effective and efficient, can be established so as to run and regulate the communal affairs more rationally.
Benedict, R. (1938). Religion" in F. Boas (Ed.), General Anthropology; (19' Race, Science and Politics; (1946), the Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patems Japanese Culture; and with M. M. Tumin (1948), Social Life, Structure and Functi an Introductory General Sociology.
Bonthous, J. M. (1994); "Culture - The Missing Intelligence Variable", :J Strategic Planning Society News.
Clark, B. R. (1973); 'The Organizational Saga in Higher Education", Administrative Science Quarterly; No. 17.
Deal, T. E., & Kennedy, A. A. (1982); Corporate Cultures: The Rites and Rituals Corporate Life; Addison-Wesley.
Eisenberg, E., & Patricia Riley, M. (2001). "Organizational Culture", In Fredric: Jablin and Linda L. Putnam, VII! New Handbook of Organizational Communicate Sage Publications.
Farhangi, A. (1998). Theory to Culture. Culture Letter, 2, 82-99, (In Persian).
Farhangi, A. (1996). Nonverbal Communication: The Art of Using Movements and Voices. Meybod: Islamic Azad University, (In Persian).
Hall, J. R., & Mary J. N. (1993). Culture: Sociological Perspective Englewood Cliffs.
Hatch, M. J. (1993). The Dynamics of Organizational CuIture. Academy I Management Review; 18(4).
Hatch, M. J. (1997). Organization Theory: Modern, Symbolic and Postmodet Perspecitves. Oxford University Press.
Hofstede, G. (1979). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind; Londoi Mc Graw-Hill Book Co.
Huntington, E. (1915); Civilization and Climate; New Haven, Paul Keigan.
Jacques, E. (1951); The Changing Culture of a Factory; London: Tavistock Institute
Kanter, R. M. & R. I. Corn (1994). Do Cultural differences make a Busines Difference? Contextual Factors Affecting Cross-Cultural Relationship Success. Journal of Management Development, 13.
Kroeber, A., & C. Kluckhohn (1985). Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. New York: Random House.
Kilmann, R. H., Saxon, M. J., & Serpa, R. (1985). Gaining Control of the Corporate Culture. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Kindleberger, Charles P., & Bruce, H. (1977). Economic Development. New York: Me Graw-Hill Book Co.
Linton, R. (1936). the Study of Man; (1945), the Cultural Background of Personality; (1945), the Science of Man in the World Crisis ;( 1955), the Tree of Culture.
Maruyama, M. (1984); "Alternative Concepts of Management: Insights from Asia and Africa", Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 1.
McQuail, D. (1996). Mass Communication Theory. London: Sage Publications.
Mead, M.(1935), Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies; (1937), Cooperation and Competition among Primitive People; (1942), Keep Your Powder Dry; (1949), Male and Female: A Study of the Sexes in the Changing World; (1953), New Lives for Old: Cultural Transformation; (1955), Cultural Patterns and Technical Change.
Mead, M. (1951). Cultural Patterns and Technical Change. In Andrew Edgar and Peter Sedgwick (2002). Cultural theory: The Key Thinkers; London and New York: Routledge.
Negandhi, A. R., & Prasad, S. B. (1971). Comparative Management. New York: Appleton-Century, Crofts.
Ouchi, W. G. (1981). Theory Z: How American Business Can Meet The Japanese Challenge. New York: Avon.
Pascala, R. T., & Athos, A. G. (1981). The Art of Japanese Management: Applications for American Executives. New York: Warner Books.
Peters T. J., & Waterman, R. H. (1982). In Search of Excellence: Lessons from America's Best-run Companies. New York: Harper & Row.
Pettigrew, A. (1973). The Politics of Organizational Decision-Making. London: Administrative Science Quarterly, 24.
Prasad, S. B. (1968). Directions of Research in Administrative Science; Athen, Ohio: Division of Research, Ohio University.
Peters, B. G. (2001). The Politics of Bureaucracy; 5th ed., London and New York: Routledge.
Ritzer, G. (1988). Contemporary Sociological Theory; Second ed. New York: McGraw-Hili Publishing Co.
Sathe, V. J. (1985). Culture and Related Corporate Realities; Home Wood, Irwin.
Schein, E. H. (1981); "Does Japanese Management Style Have a Message for American Managers?. Sloan Management Review, 23(1).
Schein, E. H. (1983). The Role of The Founder in Creating Organizational Culture. Organizational Dynamics, 12( 1).
Schein, E. H. (1984). Coming to aNew Awareness of Organizational Culture. Sloan Management Review, 25(2).
Schein, E. (1985). Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey - Bass.
Scollon, R., & Suzanne, W. S. (2001). Inter-Cultural Communication; Malden. Mass: Blackwell Publication..
Spengler, J. J. (1961). Natural Resources and Economic Growth. Washington D.C.
Trice, H., Belasco, M., J., & Alutto, J. A. (1969). The Role of Ceremonial Organizational Behavior. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 23.
Thompson, J. B. (1990). Ideology and Modern Culture. Cambridge, Polity Press.
Turner, B. A. (1973). Exploring The Industrial SUbsculture; London: Macmillan.
Webber, R. A. (1969). Culture and Management; Home.Wood, Illinois.
Wilson, J. R., & Wilson, S. R. (2001); Mass Media, Mass Culture. Boston: McGraW-Hili Book Co.
_||_Benedict, R. (1938). Religion" in F. Boas (Ed.), General Anthropology; (19' Race, Science and Politics; (1946), the Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patems Japanese Culture; and with M. M. Tumin (1948), Social Life, Structure and Functi an Introductory General Sociology.
Bonthous, J. M. (1994); "Culture - The Missing Intelligence Variable", :J Strategic Planning Society News.
Clark, B. R. (1973); 'The Organizational Saga in Higher Education", Administrative Science Quarterly; No. 17.
Deal, T. E., & Kennedy, A. A. (1982); Corporate Cultures: The Rites and Rituals Corporate Life; Addison-Wesley.
Eisenberg, E., & Patricia Riley, M. (2001). "Organizational Culture", In Fredric: Jablin and Linda L. Putnam, VII! New Handbook of Organizational Communicate Sage Publications.
Farhangi, A. (1998). Theory to Culture. Culture Letter, 2, 82-99, (In Persian).
Farhangi, A. (1996). Nonverbal Communication: The Art of Using Movements and Voices. Meybod: Islamic Azad University, (In Persian).
Hall, J. R., & Mary J. N. (1993). Culture: Sociological Perspective Englewood Cliffs.
Hatch, M. J. (1993). The Dynamics of Organizational CuIture. Academy I Management Review; 18(4).
Hatch, M. J. (1997). Organization Theory: Modern, Symbolic and Postmodet Perspecitves. Oxford University Press.
Hofstede, G. (1979). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind; Londoi Mc Graw-Hill Book Co.
Huntington, E. (1915); Civilization and Climate; New Haven, Paul Keigan.
Jacques, E. (1951); The Changing Culture of a Factory; London: Tavistock Institute
Kanter, R. M. & R. I. Corn (1994). Do Cultural differences make a Busines Difference? Contextual Factors Affecting Cross-Cultural Relationship Success. Journal of Management Development, 13.
Kroeber, A., & C. Kluckhohn (1985). Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. New York: Random House.
Kilmann, R. H., Saxon, M. J., & Serpa, R. (1985). Gaining Control of the Corporate Culture. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Kindleberger, Charles P., & Bruce, H. (1977). Economic Development. New York: Me Graw-Hill Book Co.
Linton, R. (1936). the Study of Man; (1945), the Cultural Background of Personality; (1945), the Science of Man in the World Crisis ;( 1955), the Tree of Culture.
Maruyama, M. (1984); "Alternative Concepts of Management: Insights from Asia and Africa", Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 1.
McQuail, D. (1996). Mass Communication Theory. London: Sage Publications.
Mead, M.(1935), Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies; (1937), Cooperation and Competition among Primitive People; (1942), Keep Your Powder Dry; (1949), Male and Female: A Study of the Sexes in the Changing World; (1953), New Lives for Old: Cultural Transformation; (1955), Cultural Patterns and Technical Change.
Mead, M. (1951). Cultural Patterns and Technical Change. In Andrew Edgar and Peter Sedgwick (2002). Cultural theory: The Key Thinkers; London and New York: Routledge.
Negandhi, A. R., & Prasad, S. B. (1971). Comparative Management. New York: Appleton-Century, Crofts.
Ouchi, W. G. (1981). Theory Z: How American Business Can Meet The Japanese Challenge. New York: Avon.
Pascala, R. T., & Athos, A. G. (1981). The Art of Japanese Management: Applications for American Executives. New York: Warner Books.
Peters T. J., & Waterman, R. H. (1982). In Search of Excellence: Lessons from America's Best-run Companies. New York: Harper & Row.
Pettigrew, A. (1973). The Politics of Organizational Decision-Making. London: Administrative Science Quarterly, 24.
Prasad, S. B. (1968). Directions of Research in Administrative Science; Athen, Ohio: Division of Research, Ohio University.
Peters, B. G. (2001). The Politics of Bureaucracy; 5th ed., London and New York: Routledge.
Ritzer, G. (1988). Contemporary Sociological Theory; Second ed. New York: McGraw-Hili Publishing Co.
Sathe, V. J. (1985). Culture and Related Corporate Realities; Home Wood, Irwin.
Schein, E. H. (1981); "Does Japanese Management Style Have a Message for American Managers?. Sloan Management Review, 23(1).
Schein, E. H. (1983). The Role of The Founder in Creating Organizational Culture. Organizational Dynamics, 12( 1).
Schein, E. H. (1984). Coming to aNew Awareness of Organizational Culture. Sloan Management Review, 25(2).
Schein, E. (1985). Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey - Bass.
Scollon, R., & Suzanne, W. S. (2001). Inter-Cultural Communication; Malden. Mass: Blackwell Publication..
Spengler, J. J. (1961). Natural Resources and Economic Growth. Washington D.C.
Trice, H., Belasco, M., J., & Alutto, J. A. (1969). The Role of Ceremonial Organizational Behavior. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 23.
Thompson, J. B. (1990). Ideology and Modern Culture. Cambridge, Polity Press.
Turner, B. A. (1973). Exploring The Industrial SUbsculture; London: Macmillan.
Webber, R. A. (1969). Culture and Management; Home.Wood, Illinois.
Wilson, J. R., & Wilson, S. R. (2001); Mass Media, Mass Culture. Boston: McGraW-Hili Book Co.