بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر بهره‌وری نیروی کار در چارچوب تابع تولید (با تاکید بر کارآفرینی)
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت بازرگانیزهرا نجفی 1 , کریم آذربایجانی 2
1 - مربی گروه اقتصاد دانشگاه پیام نور
2 - استاد گروه اقتصاد دانشگاه اصفهان
کلید واژه: نوآوری, بهره‌وری نیروی کار, آزمون علّیت انگل-گرنجر, مدل خودتوضیح برداری,
چکیده مقاله :
امروزه، کارآفرینی حداقل ضرورت لازم برای یک کشور جهت افزایش توانمندی در زمینه رقابت با سایر کشورها می‌باشد. همگام با جهانی شدن، همه کشورها باید به منظور رقابت مؤثر جهانی به سمت فناوری ها جدید و نوآوری حرکت کنند. براساس اهمیت موضوع، این تحقیق سعی دارد عوامل تأثیر گذار بر بهره وری نیروی کار در طول سال های 1393-1363بررسی کند. با استفاده از روش خودرگرسیون برداری و نرم افزار Eviews8 دارد. سپس جهت بررسی رابطه علّی بین متغیرها از آزمون علّیت انگل-گرنجر استفاده شد، که براساس نتایج به دست آمده مشخص شد که رابطه علّی دوسویه ای بین بهره وری نیروی کار و کارآفرینی وجود دارد. همچنین، نتایج تابع عکس العمل تحریک متغیرها حاکی از این است که خود متغیرها نیز دارای بیشترین تأثیرات در مقادیر گذشته خود هستند و در پایان دوره شوک ها، بیشترین اثرگذاری بر بهره وری و کارآفرینی به ترتیب مربوط به متغیرهای کارآفرینی و سرمایه خالص می باشد. همچنین نتایج تجزیه واریانس خطای پیش بینی، نشان می دهد که نوسانات کارآفرینی در کوتاه مدت عمدتاً به اندازه 99.5 درصد توسط ضربه های خود این متغیر است. سپس در دوره پنجم سهم بقیه متغیرها به حدود 42درصد می رسد و متغیر سرمایه خالص و بهره وری به ترتیب بیشترین و کمترین سهم را در توضیح این متغیر دارند.
Nowadays, the entrepreneurship is the least necessity needed for a country to increase its ability to compete effectively with other countries. Along with globalization, all the countries in order to have an effective competition should move forward to the new technologies and innovation. In this regard the Vector auto-regressive (VAR) with the help of (Eviews8) software was used. To investigate the causal relationship between the variables, the parallel Granger causality test was used. The obtained results showed that there was a causal relationship between the labor Force productivity and entrepreneurship. The result of stimulation reaction indicated that the variables have the most effects on their past values. At the end of shock period, the most effect was on net capital and entrepreneurship logarithms respectively. The results of variance analysis of prediction error also showed that the fluctuations of entrepreneurship in the short term are mainly as high as 99.5 percent. Then in the fifth period, the share of the remaining variables reaches about 42 percent and the logarithm of net capital and logarithm of labor productivity respectively have the highest and the lowest shares in explaining this variable.
Abunuri, A. A., Hante, M., & Ghorbani Jahed, A.(2013), The Role of Knowledge-based Economy,s Components on TFP. Journal of Economic Science, 16, 31-52, (In Persian).
Amini, A., Valnia, S. A., Salmani, Y., & Ansari, Z.(2015), The Role of Entrepreneurship Development on Promoting Labor Produstivity: a Comparative Persepctive of the Developing and Developed Countries. Quarterly Roshd-e-Fanavari, 43, 62-70, (In Persian).
Aparicio, S., Urbano, D., & Audretsch, D. (2016), Institutional Factors, Opportunity Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth: Panel Data Evidence. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 102, 45-61.
Baumol, W. J. (1990), Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive, and Destructive. The Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 893-921.
Bowen, H., & De Clercq, D. (2008), Institutional Context and the Allocation of Entrepreneurial Effort. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(4), 747–767.
Cavdar, S. C., & Aydin, A. D. (2015), An Empirical Analysis about Technological Development and Innovation Indicator. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 1486-1495.
Cheratian, I., & Ghorbani, S. (2015), Analysis the Effects of Fiscal and Monetary Policies on Entrepreneurship (With Focus on Women). Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 4, 773-793, (In Persian).
Dadres Moghadam, A., & Zibayi, M. (2008), Growth of labor productivity in agricultural sector of Iran. Agricultural Economic and Development, 64, 1-19, (In Persian).
Crespi, G., & Zuniga, P. (2012), Innovation and Productivity: Evidence from Six Latin American Countries. World Development, 40(2), 273-290.
Griliches, Z. (1986), Productivity, R&D and Basic Research at the Firm Level in the 1970's. American Economic Review,76,141-54.
Griliches, Z. (1979), Issues in Assessing the Contribution of Research and Development to Productivity Growth. Bell Journal of Economics, 10, 92–116.
Griliches, Z., & Pakes, A. (1980), Patents and R&D at the Firm Level: A First Look. NBER Working Paper, 0561.
Gujarati, D. N. (2006), Basic Econometrics. By: H., Abrishami, Tehran: Tehran University Publishers, (In Persian).
Harrison, R. T., Mason, C. M., & Girling, P. (2004), Financial Bootstrapping and Venture Development in the Software Industry. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 16(4), 307-333.
Minniti, M. (2005), Entrepreneurship and Network Externalities. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 57(1), 1–27.
Rabiei, M. (2009), The Effect of Innovation and Human Capital on Iran’s Economic Growth. Knowledge and Development, 26, 122-142 (In Persian).
Rodil, O., Vence, X., & Carmrn Sanchez, M. D. (2015), The Relationship Between Innovation and Export Behavior: The Case of Galician Firms. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 113, 248-265.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1934), The theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry in to Profits, Capital Credit, Interest and the Business Cycl. Cambridge: Harvard Business Press.
Shane, S. (2004), A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: The Individual-opportunity Nexus. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Shavvalpour S. (2013), Estimating the Effects of Technology Development on Total Factor Productivity in Iran. jemr, 3(11), 141-160, (In Persian).
Souri, A. (2015), Econometrics. Tehran: Farhang Shenasi & Noure Elm, (In Persian).
Swedberg, R.(2007), Rebuilding Schumpeter’s Theory of Entrepreneurship. Schumpeter and Social Science.
Tashkini, A. (2005), Applied Econometrics with Microfit. Tehran: Dibagaran, (In Persian).
Valizadeh Zonuz, P.(2009), Labor Productivity, Capital and Total Production Factors. Economic Research Collection, 40, (In Persian).
Zachariadis, M.(2003), R&D, Innovation, and Technological Progress: A Test of the Schumpeterian Framework without Scale Effects. Canadian Journal of Economics, 36(3), 566-686.
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Abunuri, A. A., Hante, M., & Ghorbani Jahed, A.(2013), The Role of Knowledge-based Economy,s Components on TFP. Journal of Economic Science, 16, 31-52, (In Persian).
Amini, A., Valnia, S. A., Salmani, Y., & Ansari, Z.(2015), The Role of Entrepreneurship Development on Promoting Labor Produstivity: a Comparative Persepctive of the Developing and Developed Countries. Quarterly Roshd-e-Fanavari, 43, 62-70, (In Persian).
Aparicio, S., Urbano, D., & Audretsch, D. (2016), Institutional Factors, Opportunity Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth: Panel Data Evidence. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 102, 45-61.
Baumol, W. J. (1990), Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive, and Destructive. The Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 893-921.
Bowen, H., & De Clercq, D. (2008), Institutional Context and the Allocation of Entrepreneurial Effort. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(4), 747–767.
Cavdar, S. C., & Aydin, A. D. (2015), An Empirical Analysis about Technological Development and Innovation Indicator. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 1486-1495.
Cheratian, I., & Ghorbani, S. (2015), Analysis the Effects of Fiscal and Monetary Policies on Entrepreneurship (With Focus on Women). Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 4, 773-793, (In Persian).
Dadres Moghadam, A., & Zibayi, M. (2008), Growth of labor productivity in agricultural sector of Iran. Agricultural Economic and Development, 64, 1-19, (In Persian).
Crespi, G., & Zuniga, P. (2012), Innovation and Productivity: Evidence from Six Latin American Countries. World Development, 40(2), 273-290.
Griliches, Z. (1986), Productivity, R&D and Basic Research at the Firm Level in the 1970's. American Economic Review,76,141-54.
Griliches, Z. (1979), Issues in Assessing the Contribution of Research and Development to Productivity Growth. Bell Journal of Economics, 10, 92–116.
Griliches, Z., & Pakes, A. (1980), Patents and R&D at the Firm Level: A First Look. NBER Working Paper, 0561.
Gujarati, D. N. (2006), Basic Econometrics. By: H., Abrishami, Tehran: Tehran University Publishers, (In Persian).
Harrison, R. T., Mason, C. M., & Girling, P. (2004), Financial Bootstrapping and Venture Development in the Software Industry. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 16(4), 307-333.
Minniti, M. (2005), Entrepreneurship and Network Externalities. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 57(1), 1–27.
Rabiei, M. (2009), The Effect of Innovation and Human Capital on Iran’s Economic Growth. Knowledge and Development, 26, 122-142 (In Persian).
Rodil, O., Vence, X., & Carmrn Sanchez, M. D. (2015), The Relationship Between Innovation and Export Behavior: The Case of Galician Firms. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 113, 248-265.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1934), The theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry in to Profits, Capital Credit, Interest and the Business Cycl. Cambridge: Harvard Business Press.
Shane, S. (2004), A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: The Individual-opportunity Nexus. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Shavvalpour S. (2013), Estimating the Effects of Technology Development on Total Factor Productivity in Iran. jemr, 3(11), 141-160, (In Persian).
Souri, A. (2015), Econometrics. Tehran: Farhang Shenasi & Noure Elm, (In Persian).
Swedberg, R.(2007), Rebuilding Schumpeter’s Theory of Entrepreneurship. Schumpeter and Social Science.
Tashkini, A. (2005), Applied Econometrics with Microfit. Tehran: Dibagaran, (In Persian).
Valizadeh Zonuz, P.(2009), Labor Productivity, Capital and Total Production Factors. Economic Research Collection, 40, (In Persian).
Zachariadis, M.(2003), R&D, Innovation, and Technological Progress: A Test of the Schumpeterian Framework without Scale Effects. Canadian Journal of Economics, 36(3), 566-686.