مفهوم سازی گونه شناسی استراتژی پروژه بر اساس متغیر اقتضایی محیط در پروژه های صنعت پتروشیمی ایران
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت پروژههانی اربابی 1 , محمدحسین صبحیه 2 , حسن دانایی فرد 3
1 - استادیار گروه مدیریت پروژه و ساخت، دانشکده‌ی هنر، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران
2 - دانشیارگروه مدیریت پروژه و ساخت، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران
3 - استاد گروه مدیریت دولتی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: صنعت پتروشیمی, استراتژی پروژه, پویایی محیطی,
چکیده مقاله :
به منظور دستیابی به عملکرد بالاتر در سازمان ها، همسویی استراتژی با متغیرهای اقتضایی همانند ساختار، محیط و غیره ضروری است. پروژه های صنعت پتروشیمی در کشور ایران، با تغییرات محیطی بسیاری از جمله تغییرات قیمت نفت، تغییرات قیمت ارز، تغییر قیمت خوراک و تحریم ها مواجه هستند؛ بنابراین طبق نظریه اقتضایی حصول عملکرد بهتر در پروژه ها در گرو توجه به متغیر محیط در تدوین استراتزی پروژه به عنوان یک سازمان موقتی است. لذا هدف پژوهش حاضر ارائه گونه شناسی استراتژی پروژه براساس متغیر اقتضایی محیط در پروژه های صنعت پتروشیمی ایران می باشد. برای تحقق این هدف از رویکرد پژوهش کیفی استفاده شد، در مرحله اول پس از مرور ادبیات، الگوی اولیه پژوهش شکل گرفت. برای اصلاح این الگو و گنجاندن جزئیات استراتژی پروژه در آن، مطالعه موردی چندگانه استفاده شد. با نمونه گیری هدفمند 10 پروژه از پروژه های صنعت پتروشیمی انتخاب شدند. علاوه بر مصاحبه، گردآوری چند جانبه داده مشتمل بر بررسی اسناد نیز در دستور کار قرار گرفت. به منظور تحلیل داده، از تحلیل محتوای کیفی استفاده شد. با توجه به انتخاب استراتژی های کسب و کار مایلز و اسنو به عنوان مبنای استراتژی پروژه بنا به ماهیت آبشاری استراتژی، گونه های استراتژی پروژه در یک ماتریس دو بعدی با ابعاد تغییرات محیطی بنیادین/تدریجی و کانون توجه خارج/داخل تعریف شدند. این گونه ها با نتایج مصاحبه برای سطح پروژه بازتعریف شدند. یافته های ما بر این دلالت دارند که محیط پروژه ها متنوع است و لذا پروژه ها، استراتژی های متفاوتی می طلبند و برای مدیریت پروژه با استراتژی های مختلف، ویژگی های کارآفرینانه، مهندسی و اداری متفاوتی مورد نیاز است.
In order to achieve higher performance in organizations, the need for alignment of strategy with contingency variables like Structure and Environment is necessary. Petrochemical Projects in Iran have faced a violent business environment as a result of the Sanctions, change in oil price, exchange rate, and input price of plants. Based on the contingency theory, in order to achieve better performance results in projects as contemporary organizations, it is necessary to consider Business Environment in formulation of project strategy. Therefore, the purpose of the current research was to present the typology of the project strategy based on Business Environment contingency variable influencing the Iranian petrochemical Projects. By reviewing literature we provide a conceptual model as our first-order construct. Using cases study research; we chose to employ qualitative method for improving the model. The case data of 10 projects was selected from the petrochemical Projects. Qualitative data analysis was used for data analysis. In addition to interview, multifaceted data collection including document investigating and questionnaire was also considered. Regard to selecting the Miles and Snow business strategies as baseline of the project strategy, project strategy typologies was plotted in a two-dimensional matrix in terms of fundamental/gradual environmental changes and internal/external project focus. These typologies were redefined for project level through interviews results. Finding suggests that Business Environment difference of projects caused different projects Strategies that required different entrepreneurial, engineering and administrative capabilities to manage projects.
Aarabi, S. M., & Chavoshi, S. K. (2010). A Strategic Control Style and Performance of Holding Companies. Journal of Strategic Management Studies, (1)1, 7-26, (In Persian).
Aarabi, S. M., & Yavari-goohar, F. (2008). Alignment of Directional and Structural Strategies to Improve Organizational Performance. 3rd International Conference of Management, (In Persian).
Altholiz, V. (2010). The advantages and Limitations of Developing an External Perspective for Analyzing Corporate Strategic Alignment. Economic and Environmental Studies, 10(1), 35-48.
Anderson, D. K., & Merna, T. (2003). Project Management Strategy-Project Management Represented as a Process based Set of Management Domains and the Consequences for Project Management Strategy. International Journal of Project Management, 21, 387-393.
Aritua, B., Smith, N. J., & Bower, D. (2009). Construction Client Multi-Projects–A Complex Adaptive Systems Perspective. International Journal of Project Management, 27(1), 72-79.
Artto, K. (2008). What is Project Strategy?. International Journal of Project Management, 26, 4-12.
Artto, K., Kujala, J., Dietrich, P., & Martinsuo, M. (2008). What Is Project Strategy?. International Journal of Project Management, 26(1), 4-12.
Augier, M., & Teece, D. J. (2018). The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bamberger, P. A., Biron, M., & Meshoulam, I. (2014). Human Resource Strategy: Formulation, Implementation, and Impact. Routledge
Callahan, K. R., & Brooks L. M. (2004). Essentials of Strategic Project Management, Hoboken. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Conant, J. S., Mokwa, M. P., & Varadarajan, P. R. (1990). Strategic Types, Distinctive Marketing Competencies and Organizational Performance: A Multiple Measures-Based Study. Strategic Management Journal, 11(5), 365-383.
Deng, P. (2009). Why Do Chinese Firms Tend to Acquire Strategic Assets in International Expansion?. Journal of World Business, 44(1), 74-84.
Doole, I., & Lowe, R. (2008). International Marketing Strategy: Analysis, Development and Implementation: Cengage Learning EMEA.
Duffield, S., & Whitty, S. J. (2015). Developing a Systemic Lessons Learned Knowledge Model for Organisational Learning Through Projects. International Journal of Project Management, 33(2), 311-32
Eskafi, A. R. (2005), Strategic Reference Point Organization. Master Thesis, Tehran: Allameh Tabatabaee University, (In Persian).
Katzman, K. (2010). Iran sanctions. Diane Publishing.
Majidpour, M. (2013). The Unintended Consequences of US-Led Sanctions on Iranian Industries. Iranian Studies, 46(1), 1-15.
Meier, K. J., O’Toole Jr, L. J., Boyne, G. A., Walker, R. M., & Andrews, R. (2010). Alignment and Results: Testing the Interaction Effects of Strategy, Structure, and Environment from Miles and Snow. Administration & Society, 42(2), 160-192.
Morris, P., & Jamieson, A. (2004). Translating Corporate Strategy into Project Strategy: Realizing Corporate Strategy Through Project Management, Newtown Square. Pennsylvania: Project Management Institute, Inc.
Naghavi, A., & Pignataro, G. (2015). Theocracy and Resilience Against Economic Sanctions. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 111, 1-12.
Opara, M., Elloumi, F., Okafor, O., & Warsame, H. (2017). Effects of the Institutional Environment on Public-Private Partnership (P3) Projects: Evidence from Canada. The Accounting Forum.
Pardo, C., Ivens, B. S., & Wilson, K.(2013). Assessing and Strengthening Internal Alignment of New Marketing Units: An Interpretative Tool. Industrial Marketing Management, 42(7), 1074-1082.
Patanakul, P., & Shenhar, A. (2012). What Project Strategy Really Is: The Fundamental Building Block in Strategic Project Management. Project Management Journal, 43 (1), 4-20.
Poister, T. H. (2010). The Future of Strategic Planning in the Public Sector: Linking Strategic Management and Performance. Public Administration Review, 70, 246-254.
Poli, M. (2006). Project Strategy: The Patch to Achieving Competitive Advantage/Value. New Jersey: Hoboken Publication.
Poli, M. (2006). Project Strategy: The path to achieving competitive advantage/Value.
Robbins, S. P. (1990). Organization Theory: Structures, Designs, and Applications. Pearson Education India.
Sanz-Calcedo, J., González, A., López, O., Salgado, D., Cambero, I., & Herrera, J. (2015). Analysis on Integrated Management of the Quality, Environment and Safety on the Industrial Projects. Procedia Engineering, 132, 140-145.
Saxby, C. L., Parker, K. R., Nitse, P. S., & Dishman, P. L. (2002). Environmental Scanning and Organizational Culture. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 20(1), 28-34.
Scuotto, V., Ferraris, A., & Bresciani, S. (2016). Internet of Things: Applications and Challenges in Smart Cities: A Case Study of IBM Smart City Projects. Business Process Management Journal, 22(2), 357-367.
Shenhar, A. J. & Dvir, D. (1996). Toward a Typological Theory of Project Management. Research Policy, 25, 607-632.
Shenhar,A.J.(2001).One Size Does Not Fit All Projects:Exploring Classical Contingency Domains.Management Science,47(3),394-414.
Shenhar, A.J.(2004). Strategic Project Leaderships: Toward a Strategic Approach to Project Management. R&D Management,34(5),569-578.
Shoham, A., & Fiegenbaum, A. (2002). Competitive Determinants of Organizational Risk-Taking Attitude: The Role of Strategic Reference Points. Management Decision, 40(2), 127-141.
Shoham, A., & Lev, S. (2015). The Miles and Snow Strategic Typology and Its Performance Implications Global Perspectives in Marketing for the 21st Century.
Snow, C. (2015). Organizing in the Age of Competition, Cooperation, and Collaboration. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 22(4), 433-442.
Soares, C. A. P., Magalhães, M., Silva, W., & Mallman, D. (2018). Enterprise Maturity and Successful Business Process Orientation Projects. Revista de Gestão dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, 17(1), 20-36.
Sollosy, M., Guidice, R. M., & Parboteeah, K. P. (2015). A Contemporary Examination of the Miles & Snow Strategic Typology through the Lens of Ambidexterity. Academy of Management Proceedings.
Srivannaboon, S., & Milosevic, D. Z. (2006). A Two-Way Influence between Business Strategy and Project Management. International Journal of Project Management, 24, 493-505.
Torbat, A. E. (2005). Impacts of the US Trade and Financial Sanctions on Iran. World Economy, 28(3), 407-434.
Toumaj, A. (2014). Iran's Economy of Resistance, Implications for Future Sanctions: American Enterprise Institute.
Walser, R. J., & Bernroider, E. (2018). Factors Influencing Controllees' Congruence and Willingness to Comply With Control Mechanisms in IS Projects.
World Bank. (2016). Iran Economic Monitor, fall 2016: Towards Reintegration. Retrieved from: http:worldbank.org/.
World Bank. (2017). Iran Economic Monitor: Oil-Driven Economy.
Wheelen, T. L., & Hunger, J. D. (2011). Concepts in Strategic Management and Business policy. Pearson Education India.
Yin, R. K. (2017). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods. Sage Publication.
Zajac, E. J. (2000). Modeling the Dynamics of Strategic Fit: A Normative Approach to Strategic Change. Strategic Management Journal, 21 (4), 429-453.
_||_Aarabi, S. M., & Chavoshi, S. K. (2010). A Strategic Control Style and Performance of Holding Companies. Journal of Strategic Management Studies, (1)1, 7-26, (In Persian).
Aarabi, S. M., & Yavari-goohar, F. (2008). Alignment of Directional and Structural Strategies to Improve Organizational Performance. 3rd International Conference of Management, (In Persian).
Altholiz, V. (2010). The advantages and Limitations of Developing an External Perspective for Analyzing Corporate Strategic Alignment. Economic and Environmental Studies, 10(1), 35-48.
Anderson, D. K., & Merna, T. (2003). Project Management Strategy-Project Management Represented as a Process based Set of Management Domains and the Consequences for Project Management Strategy. International Journal of Project Management, 21, 387-393.
Aritua, B., Smith, N. J., & Bower, D. (2009). Construction Client Multi-Projects–A Complex Adaptive Systems Perspective. International Journal of Project Management, 27(1), 72-79.
Artto, K. (2008). What is Project Strategy?. International Journal of Project Management, 26, 4-12.
Artto, K., Kujala, J., Dietrich, P., & Martinsuo, M. (2008). What Is Project Strategy?. International Journal of Project Management, 26(1), 4-12.
Augier, M., & Teece, D. J. (2018). The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bamberger, P. A., Biron, M., & Meshoulam, I. (2014). Human Resource Strategy: Formulation, Implementation, and Impact. Routledge
Callahan, K. R., & Brooks L. M. (2004). Essentials of Strategic Project Management, Hoboken. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Conant, J. S., Mokwa, M. P., & Varadarajan, P. R. (1990). Strategic Types, Distinctive Marketing Competencies and Organizational Performance: A Multiple Measures-Based Study. Strategic Management Journal, 11(5), 365-383.
Deng, P. (2009). Why Do Chinese Firms Tend to Acquire Strategic Assets in International Expansion?. Journal of World Business, 44(1), 74-84.
Doole, I., & Lowe, R. (2008). International Marketing Strategy: Analysis, Development and Implementation: Cengage Learning EMEA.
Duffield, S., & Whitty, S. J. (2015). Developing a Systemic Lessons Learned Knowledge Model for Organisational Learning Through Projects. International Journal of Project Management, 33(2), 311-32
Eskafi, A. R. (2005), Strategic Reference Point Organization. Master Thesis, Tehran: Allameh Tabatabaee University, (In Persian).
Katzman, K. (2010). Iran sanctions. Diane Publishing.
Majidpour, M. (2013). The Unintended Consequences of US-Led Sanctions on Iranian Industries. Iranian Studies, 46(1), 1-15.
Meier, K. J., O’Toole Jr, L. J., Boyne, G. A., Walker, R. M., & Andrews, R. (2010). Alignment and Results: Testing the Interaction Effects of Strategy, Structure, and Environment from Miles and Snow. Administration & Society, 42(2), 160-192.
Morris, P., & Jamieson, A. (2004). Translating Corporate Strategy into Project Strategy: Realizing Corporate Strategy Through Project Management, Newtown Square. Pennsylvania: Project Management Institute, Inc.
Naghavi, A., & Pignataro, G. (2015). Theocracy and Resilience Against Economic Sanctions. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 111, 1-12.
Opara, M., Elloumi, F., Okafor, O., & Warsame, H. (2017). Effects of the Institutional Environment on Public-Private Partnership (P3) Projects: Evidence from Canada. The Accounting Forum.
Pardo, C., Ivens, B. S., & Wilson, K.(2013). Assessing and Strengthening Internal Alignment of New Marketing Units: An Interpretative Tool. Industrial Marketing Management, 42(7), 1074-1082.
Patanakul, P., & Shenhar, A. (2012). What Project Strategy Really Is: The Fundamental Building Block in Strategic Project Management. Project Management Journal, 43 (1), 4-20.
Poister, T. H. (2010). The Future of Strategic Planning in the Public Sector: Linking Strategic Management and Performance. Public Administration Review, 70, 246-254.
Poli, M. (2006). Project Strategy: The Patch to Achieving Competitive Advantage/Value. New Jersey: Hoboken Publication.
Poli, M. (2006). Project Strategy: The path to achieving competitive advantage/Value.
Robbins, S. P. (1990). Organization Theory: Structures, Designs, and Applications. Pearson Education India.
Sanz-Calcedo, J., González, A., López, O., Salgado, D., Cambero, I., & Herrera, J. (2015). Analysis on Integrated Management of the Quality, Environment and Safety on the Industrial Projects. Procedia Engineering, 132, 140-145.
Saxby, C. L., Parker, K. R., Nitse, P. S., & Dishman, P. L. (2002). Environmental Scanning and Organizational Culture. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 20(1), 28-34.
Scuotto, V., Ferraris, A., & Bresciani, S. (2016). Internet of Things: Applications and Challenges in Smart Cities: A Case Study of IBM Smart City Projects. Business Process Management Journal, 22(2), 357-367.
Shenhar, A. J. & Dvir, D. (1996). Toward a Typological Theory of Project Management. Research Policy, 25, 607-632.
Shenhar,A.J.(2001).One Size Does Not Fit All Projects:Exploring Classical Contingency Domains.Management Science,47(3),394-414.
Shenhar, A.J.(2004). Strategic Project Leaderships: Toward a Strategic Approach to Project Management. R&D Management,34(5),569-578.
Shoham, A., & Fiegenbaum, A. (2002). Competitive Determinants of Organizational Risk-Taking Attitude: The Role of Strategic Reference Points. Management Decision, 40(2), 127-141.
Shoham, A., & Lev, S. (2015). The Miles and Snow Strategic Typology and Its Performance Implications Global Perspectives in Marketing for the 21st Century.
Snow, C. (2015). Organizing in the Age of Competition, Cooperation, and Collaboration. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 22(4), 433-442.
Soares, C. A. P., Magalhães, M., Silva, W., & Mallman, D. (2018). Enterprise Maturity and Successful Business Process Orientation Projects. Revista de Gestão dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, 17(1), 20-36.
Sollosy, M., Guidice, R. M., & Parboteeah, K. P. (2015). A Contemporary Examination of the Miles & Snow Strategic Typology through the Lens of Ambidexterity. Academy of Management Proceedings.
Srivannaboon, S., & Milosevic, D. Z. (2006). A Two-Way Influence between Business Strategy and Project Management. International Journal of Project Management, 24, 493-505.
Torbat, A. E. (2005). Impacts of the US Trade and Financial Sanctions on Iran. World Economy, 28(3), 407-434.
Toumaj, A. (2014). Iran's Economy of Resistance, Implications for Future Sanctions: American Enterprise Institute.
Walser, R. J., & Bernroider, E. (2018). Factors Influencing Controllees' Congruence and Willingness to Comply With Control Mechanisms in IS Projects.
World Bank. (2016). Iran Economic Monitor, fall 2016: Towards Reintegration. Retrieved from: http:worldbank.org/.
World Bank. (2017). Iran Economic Monitor: Oil-Driven Economy.
Wheelen, T. L., & Hunger, J. D. (2011). Concepts in Strategic Management and Business policy. Pearson Education India.
Yin, R. K. (2017). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods. Sage Publication.
Zajac, E. J. (2000). Modeling the Dynamics of Strategic Fit: A Normative Approach to Strategic Change. Strategic Management Journal, 21 (4), 429-453.