حکمرانی حکیمانه: چشم انداز جدید حکمرانی و ادارۀ امور عمومی
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت دولتی
حمزه صمدی میارکلائی
1
,
مسعود بسطامی
2
*
1 - دانش آموخته دکتری گروه مدیریت دولتی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
2 - استادیار گروه مدیریت بازرگانی، واحد سنندج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، سنندج، ایران
کلید واژه: نظم نوین جهانی, جهانی سازی نظام سرمایه داری چپاول گر, حکمرانی و ادارۀ امور عمومی, همه گیری جهانی ویروس کرونا (کووید-19), حکمرانی حکیمانه,
چکیده مقاله :
دنیا با یک بحران بی‌سابقه و خطرناکی مواجه است. با توجه به تغییرات به‌وجودآمده توسط همه-گیری جهانی ویروس کرونا و آشکار شدن ماهیت کارآمد یا ناکارآمد نظام‌های حکمرانی و ادارۀ امور عمومی کشورهای دنیا، و ضرورت نگاه به درون و ملّی‌گرایی تقریباً در همه کشورهای دنیا، پس از 40 سال تسلط و استیلای جهانی‌سازی نظام سرمایه‌داری چپاول‌گر که در قالب اصلاحات مدیریت دولتی نوین و طرح‌هایی مانند خصوصی‌سازی، شرکتی‌سازی، تجاری‌سازی، برون‌سپاری و اقتصاد بازار، نقش دولت و نهادهای دولتی را به حداقل ممکن کاهش داد و به کنترل اجتماعی، نظامی‌گری و ایجاد نظم و امنیت اقتصادی برای صاحبان سرمایه و نظام سرمایه‌داری محدود کرد، اکنون زمانی برای تعریف یک مفهوم جدید و زمانی برای شکوفایی و بلوغ حکمرانی و ادارۀ امور عمومی است. نظم نوین جهانی در حال شکل‌گیری است و طرح آن را فاتحان بر بحران ویروس کرونا (کووید-19) خواهند نگاشت. در این مقاله با استفاده از روش پژوهش تحلیلی- توصیفی و گردآوری داده‌ها از طریق مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای، چشم‌انداز جدیدی برای حکمرانی و ادارۀ امور عمومی مطرح شده است.
Abstract
The world is facing an unprecedented and dangerous crisis. Due to changes caused by coronavirous pandemic and revealing efficient or inefficient nature of the world countries' public administration and governance systems, the necessity of looking inward and nationalism almost all countries around the world, after 40 years dominance and supremacy of predatory capitalism globalization in the form of new public management reforms and some plans such as privatization, corporatization, commercialization, outsourcing, and free market, reduced the role of state and public institutions as minimum as possible and limited it to social control, militarism, and shaping order and economic security for capital owners and capitalism, now it is surely the time to define a new concept and to prosperity and maturity of public administration and governance. The New World Order is shaping and its plan will be written by the Victors of Coronavirus (COVID-19) Crisis. In this paper, the new vision of public administration and governance proposed using descriptive-analytical research method and by means of data gathering through library studies.
منابع
1- اعرافی، ع.، (1399). نامه مدیر حوزه¬های علمیه به پاپ واتیکان (17/01/1399):http://hajj.ir/fa/99788
2- خامنه¬ای، س.ع.، (مقام معظم رهبری). بیانات مقام معظم رهبری به آدرس: http://farsi.khamenei.ir
3- Agnew, J.A., (2005). Hegemony: The New Shape of Global Power, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
4- Allen, J., (2020). The History of COVID-19 Will Be Written by the Victors, Foreign Policy, Retrieved 20 March 2020 at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/20/world-order-after-coroanvirus-pandemic/
5- Allison, G., (2020). Coronavirus Crisis Shows Cracks in the U.S. Governing System, Analysts Say, South China Morning Post, Retrieved 8 April 2020 at: https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/coronavirus-crisis-shows-cracks-us-governing-system-analysts-say
6- Ansell, C., (2019). The Protective State, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
7- Ansell, C., & Gash, A., (2008). Collaborative governance in theory and practice, Journal of public administration research and theory, 18(4), 543-571.
8- Ansell, C., Sørensen, E., & Torfing, J., (2023). Public administration and politics meet turbulence: The search for robust governance responses, Public Administration, 101(1), 3-22.
9- Araya, D., (2020). The Revolution after the Crisis, Forbes, Retrieved 31 March 2020 at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielaraya/2020/03/31/the-revolution-after-the-crisis/#6323d60a101e
10- Bevir, M., (2013). A Theory of Governance, London: University of California Press, Ltd.
11- Blumenau, J., & Lauderdale, B.E., (2018). Never let a good crisis go to waste: Agenda setting and legislative voting in response to the EU crisis, The Journal of Politics, 80(2), 462-478.
12- Boas, T.C., & Gans-Morse, J., (2009). Neoliberalism: From new liberal philosophy to anti-liberal slogan, Studies in comparative international development, 44(2), 137-161.
13- Boin, A., & Hart, P.T., (2008). Public Leadership in Times of Crisis: Mission Impossible?, In Boin, A. (ed.) Crisis Management (Pp. 1-15), Vol III, First edition, Sage Publication, Inc.
14- Boin, A., Hart, P.T., McConnell, A., & Preston, T., (2010). Leadership style, crisis response and blame management: The case of Hurricane Katrina, Public Administration, 88(3), 706-723.
15- Boin, A., Hart, P.T., Stern, E., & Sundelius, B., (2005). The Politics of Crisis Management: Public Leadership under Pressure, Cambridge University Press, New York.
16- Christensen, T., & Lægreid, P., (2020). Balancing governance capacity and legitimacy: how the Norwegian government handled the COVID‐19 crisis as a high performer, Public Administration Review, 80(5), 774-779.
17- Cooley, A., & Nexon, D., (2020). Exit from Hegemony: The Unraveling of the American Global Order, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
18- Coombs, W.T., & Holladay, S.J., (Eds.) (2011). The Handbook of Crisis Communication, John Wiley & Sons, United Kingdom.
19- Deetz, S.A., (1992). Democracy in the Age of Corporate Colonization, State University of New York Press, Albany.
20- Duran, B., (2020). The Future of global great power competition after the Coronavirus, Insight Turkey, 22(2), 79-92.
21- Enroth, H., (2011). Policy network theory, In Bevir, M., (Ed.), The Sage Handbook of Governance (pp. 19–35), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
22- Farazmand, A., (1999). Globalization and public administration. Public Administration Review, 509-522.
23- Farazmand, A., (2002). Privatization and globalization: A critical analysis with implications for public management education and training, International Review of Administrative Sciences, 68(3), 355-371.
24- Farazmand, A., (2004). Sound governance in the age of globalization: A conceptual framework, In Farazmand, A., (Ed.) Sound Governance: Policy and Administration Innovation (pp. 1-24), Westport, CT: Praeger.
25- Farazmand, A., (2009). Building administrative capacity for the age of rapid globalization: A modest prescription for the twenty‐first century, Public Administration Review, 69(6), 1007-1020.
26- Farazmand, A., (2012a). Sound governance: Engaging citizens through collaborative organizations, Public Organization Review, 12(3), 223-241.
27- Farazmand, A., (2012b). The future of public administration: Challenges and opportunities—A critical perspective, Administration & Society, 44(4), 487-517.
28- Farazmand, A., (2015). Governance in the Age of Globalization: Challenges and Opportunities for South and Southeast Asia, In Jamil, I, Aminuzzaman, S.M., & Haque, S.T.M., (Eds.), Governance in South, Southeast, and East Asia: Trends, Issues and Challenges (Vol. 15) (pp. 11-26), Springer International Publishing, Switzerland.
29- Farazmand, A., (2017). Governance reforms: The good, the bad, and the ugly; and the sound: Examining the past and exploring the future of public organizations, Public Organization Review, 17(4), 595-617.
30- Farazmand, A., & Balilaj, A., (2015). Does Asia have a unique theory of public administration for all seasons? An exploratory essay, Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 37(3), 143-160.
31- Fischer, F., (2012). Participatory governance: From theory to practice. In Levi-Faur, D. (Ed.). (2012). The Oxford Handbook Of Governance (pp. 457-471), Oxford University Press, Oxford.
32- Fontaine, R., (2020). Globalization Will Look Very Different After the Coronavirus Pandemic. Foreign Policy, Retrieved 17 April 2020 at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/17/globalization-trade-war-after-coronavirus-pandemic/
33- Friedman, T.L., (1999). The Lexus and the Olive Tree, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York.
34- Frum, D., (2020). The Coronavirus Is Demonstrating the Value of Globalization. The Atlantic. Retrieved 27 March 2020 at: https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/03/dont-abandon-globalizationmake-it-better/608872/
35- Fukuyama, F., (1992). The End of History and of the Last Man, Free Press, New York.
36- Fukuyama, F., (2020a). The Thing That Determines a Country’s Resistance to the Coronavirus, The Atlantic, Retrieved 30 March 2020 at: https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/03/thing-determines-how-well-countries-respond-coronavirus/609025/
37- Fukuyama, F., (2020b). The Pandemic and Political Order: It Takes a State, Foreign Affairs, 99(4) (July/August 2020), Retrieved 9 June 2020 at: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2020-06-09/pandemic-and-political-order
38- Fuller, S., (2013). ‘Never let a good crisis go to waste’: moral entrepreneurship, or the fine art of recycling evil into good, Business Ethics: A European Review, 22(1), 118-129.
39- Galbraith, J.K., (2006). Taming predatory capitalism. In Galbraith, J.K., (Ed.), Unbearable Cost (pp. 219-220), Palgrave Macmillan, London.
40- Goodman, A., (10 April 2020). Noam Chomsky on Trump’s Disastrous Coronavirus Response, Bernie Sanders & What Gives Him Hope, Retrieved 10 April 2020 at: https://www.democracynow.org/2020/4/10/noam_chomsky_trump_us_coronavirus_response
41- Goodsell, C.T., (2006). A new vision for public administration, Public Administration Review, 66(4), 623-635.
42- Grindle, M.S., (2017). Good governance, RIP: A critique and an alternative, Governance, 30(1), 17-22.
43- Haass, R.N., (2021). Present at the Destruction Trump’s Final Act Has Accelerated the Onset of a Post-American World, Foreign Affairs, 100(1) (January/February), Retrieved 11 January 2021 at: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2021-01-11/present-destruction
44- Illouz, E., (2020). Coronavirus Reveals What Really Makes the World Go Round, and It's Not Money, Haaretz, Retrieved 4 March 2020 at: https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-coronavirus-reveals-what-really-makes-the-world-go-round-and-it-s-not-money-1.8734475
45- Innes, A., (2018). The new crisis of ungovernability, In Martill, Benjamin, & Staiger, Uta (Eds.), Brexit and Beyond–Rethinking the Futures of Europe (pp. 138-145), UCL Press, London.
46- James, E.H., & Wooten, L.P., (2005). Leadership as (Un) usual: how to display competence in times of crisis, Organizational Dynamics, 34(2), 141-152.
47- Kadomtsev, A., (2020). A new world order, or will globalization survive the coronavirus pandemic?, Modern Diplomacy. Retrieved 17 March 2018 at: https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2020/03/17/a-new-world-order-or-will-globalization-survive-the-coronavirus-pandemic/
48- Kaplan, R.D., (2020). Coronavirus Ushers in the Globalization We Were Afraid Of, Bloomberg, Retrieved 20 March 2020 at: https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-03-20/coronavirus-ushers-in-the-globalization-we-were-afraid-of
49- Keinon, H., (2020). Post-corona world order: What was, is not what will be, The Jerusalem Post, Retrieved 30 March 2020 at: https://www.jpost.com/opinion/post-corona-world-order-what-was-it-not-what-will-it-be-622967
50- Kissinger, H.A., (2020). The Coronavirus Pandemic Will Forever Alter the World Order, The Wall Street Journal, Retrieved 3 April 2020 at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-coronavirus-pandemic-will-forever-alter-the-world-order-11585953005
51- Kooiman, J., (1993). Governance and governability: using complexity, dynamics and diversity, In Kooiman, J., (Eds.) Modern Governance: New Government-Society Interactions (pp. 35-48). Sage publication.
52- Kooiman, J., & Jentoft, S., (2009). Meta‐governance: values, norms and principles, and the making of hard choices, Public Administration, 87(4), 818-836.
53- Korten, D.C,, (1995). When Corporations Rule The World, Kumarian Press, West Hartford, CT.
54- Kregel, J., (1998). The strong arm of the IMF, Report of the Jerome Levy Economic Institute of Bard College, 8(1), 7-8.
55- Kulish, N., Kliff, S., & Silver-Greenberg, J., (2020). Ventilators. The Mission Failed, The New York Times, Retrieved 31 March 2020 at: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/29/business/coronavirus-us-ventilator-shortage.html
56- Lewin, L., (1991). Self-Interest and Public Interest in Western Politics, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
57- Marr, B., (2020). 9 Future Predictions For A Post-Coronavirus World, Forbes, Retrieved 6 April 2020 at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/advisor/2020/04/06/dont-worry-the-1200-stimulus-payment-wont-cut-into-your-tax-refund-next-april/#6e0049a05ea8
58- Meuleman, L., (2008). Public Management and the Metagovernance of Hierarchies, Networks and Markets: The Feasibility of Designing and Managing Governance Style Combinations, Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg.
59- Milward, H.B., & Provan, K.G., (2000). Governing the hollow state, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 10(2), 359-380.
60- Mishra, A.K. (1996). Organizational Responses to Crisis: The Centrality of Trust. In: Kramer, R.M., & Thomas, T., (eds.), Trust In Organizations (pp. 261-287), Sage Publication, Newbury Park, CA.
61- Nye, J.S.Jr., (2020). American Power Will Need a New Strategy, Foreign Policy, Retrieved 20 March 2020 at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/20/world-order-after-coroanvirus-pandemic/
62- Ohmae, K., (1990). The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy, HarperBusiness, New York.
63- Poluha, E., & Rosendahl, M., (2012). Contesting 'Good' Governance: Crosscultural Perspectives on Representation, Accountability and Public Space, Routledge.
64- Parenti, M., (2010). Democracy for the Few, Saint Martin’s Press, New York, NY.
65- Perrow, C., (1984). Normal Accidents: Living With High-Risk Technologies, Basic Books, New York.
66- Peters, B.G., (1994). Managing the hollow state, International Journal of Public Administration, 17(3-4), 739-756.
67- Peters, B.G., (2018). Governance: ten thoughts about five propositions, International Social Science Journal, 68(Special Issue 227-228), 5-14.
68- Polychroniou, C.J., (01 April 2020). Chomsky: Ventilator Shortage Exposes the Cruelty of Neoliberal Capitalism, Retrieved 1 April 2020 at: https://truthout.org/articles/chomsky-ventilator-shortage-exposes-the-cruelty-of-neoliberal-capitalism/
69- Posen, A., (2020). How the Economy Will Look After the Coronavirus Pandemic, Foreign Policy, Retrieved 15 April 2020 at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/15/how-the-economy-will-look-after-the-coronavirus-pandemic/
70- Prashad, V., (2020). We won’t go back to normal, because normal was the problem, The Tricontinental, Retrieved 22 March 2020 at: https://mronline.org/2020/03/27/we-wont-go-back-to-normal-because-normal-was-the-problem/
71- Rajan, R., (2020). How to Save Global Capitalism From Itself, Foreign Policy, Retrieved 3 April 2020 at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/03/save-global-capitalism-localism-deglobalization/
72- Reich, R., (2007). Supercapitalism: The Transformation of Business, Democracy, and Everyday Life, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, NY.
73- Reinhart, C.M., (2020). How the Economy Will Look After the Coronavirus Pandemic, Foreign Policy, Retrieved 15 April 2020 at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/15/how-the-economy-will-look-after-the-coronavirus-pandemic/
74- Rhodes, R.A.W., (1996). The new governance: governing without government, Political studies, 44(4), 652-667.
75- Rhodes, R.A.W., (2007). Understanding Governance – Ten years on, Organization
Studies, 28, 1243-1264.
76- Rhodes, R.A.W., (2012). Waves of governance, In Levi-Faur, D., (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Governance (pp. 33-48), Oxford University Press, Oxford.
77- Roberts, A., (2020). The third and fatal shock: How pandemic killed the millennial paradigm, Public Administration Review, 80(4), 603-609.
78- Salamon, L.M., (2002). The Tools of Government: A Guide to the New Governance, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
79- Scholte, J.A., (2005). Globalization: A Critical Introduction, Second Edition, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
80- Stever, J.A., (1988). The End of Public Administration: Problems of the Profession in the Post-Progressive Era, Transnational Publications, Dobbs Ferry, NY.
81- Stiglitz, J.E., (2018). Globalization and Its Discontents Revisited: Anti-Globalization in the Era of Trump, Norton and Company, New York.
82- Stiglitz, J.E., (2020). .How the Economy Will Look After the Coronavirus Pandemic, Foreign Policy, Retrieved 15 April 2020 at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/15/how-the-economy-will-look-after-the-coronavirus-pandemic/
83- The New York Times (2020). The America We Need. By The Editorial Board, The New York Times, Retrieved 9 April 2020 at: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/09/opinion/coronavirus-inequality-america.html
84- Tisdall, S., (2020a). Power, equality, nationalism: how the pandemic will reshape the world, The Guardian, Retrieved 28 March 2020 at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/28/power-equality-nationalism-how-the-pandemic-will-reshape-the-world
85- Tisdall, S., (2020b). US's global reputation hits rock-bottom over Trump's coronavirus response, The Guardian, Retrieved 12 April 2020 at: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/12/us-global-reputation-rock-bottom-donald-trump-coronavirus
86- Torfing, J., Peters, B.G., Pierre, J., & Sørensen, E., (2012). Interactive Governance: Advancing the Paradigm, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
87- Traub, J., (2020). The Future Is Asian—but Not Chinese, Foreign Policy, Retrieved 27 April 2020 at https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/27/the-future-is-asian-but-not-chinese-coronavirus-pandemic-china-korea-singapore-taiwan/
88- Ulmer, R.R., Sellnow, T.L., & Seeger, M.W., (2011). Effective Crisis Communication: Moving from Crisis to Opportunity, Second Edition, SAGE Publication, Thousand Oaks.
89- Van de Poel, I., Royakkers L., & Zwart, S.D., (2015). Moral Responsibility and the Problem of Many Hands, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, New York.