The Effects of Strength and Endurance Training with High-Intensity Resistance Courses on Physical Fitness and Levels of Cortisol, Testosterone, and Human Growth Hormone (HGH) among Adolescent Taekwondo Athletes in Rasht, Iran
Subject Areas : Journal of Physical Activity and Hormones
1 - دانشجوی دکترا رشته تربیت بدنی، فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد رشت
Keywords: Taekwondo, Resistance and endurance training, Hormone, Cortisol, Testosterone, Human growth hormone (HGH),
Abstract :
Strength and endurance training has experienced a surge in popularity in recent years and is currently one of the most commonly practiced methods of training. This study investigated the effects of high-intensity resistance and endurance training courses on physical fitness and levels of cortisol, testosterone, and human growth hormone (HGH) among adolescent taekwondo athletes in Rasht , Iran. This was a quasi-experimental study based on a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The participants included 20 male taekwondo players who were randomly selected from a pool of 40 individuals with a mean age of 17 years and more than two years of experience in practicing taekwondo. After the participants were randomly assigned to the control group (regular training) and resistance and e
ndurance training (test group), they were evaluated in terms of age, height, weight, and some physical fitness parameters such as aerobic capacity (shuttle run test) and anaerobic capacity (Bosco test). Moreover, 10 ml of blood was taken from the arm vein of participants both before and after the study to measure the levels of cortisol, testosterone, and HGH. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, median, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (t-test). Results showed a significant increase in the cortisol level and anaerobic capacity in both the test and control groups (p<0.05). In addition, the resting metabolic rate (RMR) increased in the test group and cortisol level decreased in the control group (p<0.05), but aerobic capacity reduced in both groups (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The study findings suggest that high-intensity resistance and endurance training can improve some physiological parameters and positively affect the general health of athletes.
References:
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1. Antunes, H. K., Santos, R. F., Boscolo, R. A., Bueno, O. F., & Mello, M. T. d. (2005). Analysis of resting metabolic rate and body composition in elderly males before and after six months of endurance exercise. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 11, 71-75.
2. Arazı, H., Hosseınzadeh, Z., & Izadı, M. (2016). Relationship between anthropometric, physiological and physical characteristics with success of female taekwondo athletes. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 18(2), 69-75.
3. Bell, G., Syrotuik, D., Socha, T., Maclean, I., & Quinney, H. A. (1997). Effect of strength training and concurrent strength and endurance training on strength, testosterone, and cortisol. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 11(1), 57-64.
4. Bompa, T., & Buzzichelli, C. (2021). Periodization of strength training for sports: Human Kinetics Publishers.
5. Bradley, W. J., Cavanagh, B., Douglas, W., Donovan, T. F., Twist, C., Morton, J. P., & Close, G. L. J. E. j. o. s. s. (2015). Energy intake and expenditure assessed ‘in-season’in an elite european rugby union squad. 15(6), 469-479.
6. Bridge, C. A., Ferreira da Silva Santos, J., Chaabene, H., Pieter, W., & Franchini, E. (2014). Physical and physiological profiles of taekwondo athletes. Sports Medicine, 44, 713-733.
7. Brunsden, T. J. J. M. (2023). Hormonal responses to resistance training and its effects on strength adaptations: A brief overview. 10(11).
8. Buresh, R., Berg, K., French, J. J. T. J. o. S., & Research, C. (2009). The effect of resistive exercise rest interval on hormonal response, strength, and hypertrophy with training. 23(1), 62-71.
9. Can, E., Kutlay, E., Quintana, M. S., & Bridge, C. A. (2023). Anthropometric characteristics of elite male taekwondo athletes according to weight category and performance level. Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance, 2(1), 16-27.
10. Chtara, M., Chamari, K., Chaouachi, M., Chaouachi, A., Koubaa, D., Feki, Y., . . . Amri, M. (2005). Effects of intra-session concurrent endurance and strength training sequence on aerobic performance and capacity. British journal of sports medicine, 39(8), 555-560.
11. Claudino, J. G., Gabbett, T. J., Bourgeois, F., Souza, H. d. S., Miranda, R. C., Mezêncio, B., . . . Hernandez, A. J. J. S. m.-o. (2018). Crossfit overview: Systematic review and meta-analysis. 4, 1-14.
12. Copeland, J. L., Consitt, L. A., & Tremblay, M. S. (2002). Hormonal responses to endurance and resistance exercise in females aged 19–69 years. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 57(4), B158-B165.
13. Delvecchio, L., Reaburn, P. J. J. o. A. S., & Conditioning. (2013). Mixed methods strength training for the masters athlete: A review. 21(4).
14. Farzanaki, P., Azarbayjani, M., Rasaee, M., Jourkesh, M., Ostojic, S., & Stannard, S. (2008). Salivary immunoglobulin a and cortisol response to training in young elite female gymnasts. Brazilian journal of biomotricity, 2(4), 252-258.
15. Folland, J. P., & Williams, A. G. J. S. m. (2007). Morphological and neurological contributions to increased strength. 37, 145-168.
16. Gaeini, A. A., Mahmoudi, Y.-o.-l., Moradyan, K., & Fallahi, A. A. (2010). The relationship between anthropometric, physiological and body composition characteristics of male elite taekwondo athletes with their success. Journal of Sport Biosciences, 2(4), 5-20.
17. García-Pinillos, F., Lago-Fuentes, C., Jaén-Carrillo, D., Bujalance-Moreno, P., Latorre-Román, P. Á., Roche-Seruendo, L. E., & Ramirez-Campillo, R. (2020). Strength training habits in amateur endurance runners in spain: Influence of athletic level. 17(21), 8184.
18. Gharahdaghi, N., Phillips, B. E., Szewczyk, N. J., Smith, K., Wilkinson, D. J., & Atherton, P. J. (2021). Links between testosterone, oestrogen, and the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis and resistance exercise muscle adaptations. Frontiers in physiology, 11, 621226.
19. Goto, K., Takahashi, K., Yamamoto, M., & Takamatsu, K. (2008). Hormone and recovery responses to resistance exercise with slow movement. The Journal of Physiological Sciences, 58(1), 7-14.
20. Grgic, J., Garofolini, A., Orazem, J., Sabol, F., Schoenfeld, B. J., & Pedisic, Z. (2020). Effects of resistance training on muscle size and strength in very elderly adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sports Medicine, 50(11), 1983-1999.
21. Gryaznykh, A., Kiseleva, M., Kolokoltsev, M., Vorozheikin, A., Belykh, V., Romanova, E., . . . Tarasov, A. (2022). Cortisol and testosterone content variability in blood serum of professional wrestlers under different conditions of physical activity. Journal of Physical education and sport, 22(2), 448-454.
22. Haghighi, A. H., Mahmoudi, M., & Delgosha, H. (2012). Hormonal responses to two programs of exhaustive resistance training of different intensities in male body builders. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 14(3), 267-274.
23. Hakkinen, K., Pakarinen, A., Kraemer, W. J., Newton, R. U., & Alen, M. (2000). Basal concentrations and acute responses of serum hormones and strength development during heavy resistance training in middle-aged and elderly men and women. Journals of Gerontology-Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 55(2), B95.
24. Hasani-Ranjbar, S., Soleymani Far, E., Heshmat, R., Rajabi, H., & Kosari, H. (2012). Time course responses of serum gh, insulin, igf-1, igfbp1, and igfbp3 concentrations after heavy resistance exercise in trained and untrained men. Endocrine, 41(1), 144-151. doi:10.1007/s12020-011-9537-3
25. Heidari, H., Azarbayjani, M. A., Peeri, M., Farzanegi, P., & Hosseini, S. A. (2020). Effect of 4-weeks Endurance Training and Berberine on Glycemic Index and Inflammation in Diabetic Rats. Iranian journal of diabetes and obesity.
26. Hunter, G. R., Byrne, N. M., Gower, B. A., Sirikul, B., & Hills, A. P. (2006). Increased resting energy expenditure after 40 minutes of aerobic but not resistance exercise. Obesity, 14(11), 2018-2025.
27. Irwin, M. L., Varma, K., Alvarez-Reeves, M., Cadmus, L., Wiley, A., Chung, G. G., . . . Yu, H. (2009). Randomized controlled trial of aerobic exercise on insulin and insulin-like growth factors in breast cancer survivors: The yale exercise and survivorship study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 18(1), 306-313. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0531
28. Jabloo, D. S., Hosseini, S. R. A., Zanjani, D. S., & Ahmadi, A. (2012). Effects of resistance and endurance exercises on androgens, cortisol and lactate in elderly women. Tehran University Medical Journal, 70(2).
29. Jambassi Filho, J. C., Gurjão, A. L. D., Ceccato, M., Prado, A. K. G., Gallo, L. H., Gobbi, S. J. R. B. d. C., & Humano, D. (2015). Effect of different rest intervals between sets in the growth hormone concentrations in trained older women. 17(2), 216-225.
30. Jansson, D., Lindberg, A.-S., Lundberg, E., Domellöf, M., & Theos, A. (2022). Effects of resistance and endurance training alone or combined on hormonal adaptations and cytokines in healthy children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine-Open, 8(1), 81.
31. Kamgang, V. W., Murkwe, M., & Wankeu-Nya, M. (2023). Biological effects of cortisol.
32. Khurana, D., Dutta, N., Malik, S., Sharma, S., Minhaj, M., Sharma, R. K., & Sharma, S. (2024). Blood flow restriction therapy with exercise are no better than exercise alone in improving athletic performance, muscle strength, and hypertrophy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Somatosensory & Motor Research, 41(2), 97-114.
33. Kraemer, R., Durand, R., Acevedo, E., Johnson, L., Kraemer, G., Hebert, E., & Castracane, V. (2004). Rigorous running increases growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-i without altering ghrelin. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 229(3), 240-246.
34. Lloyd, R. S., Oliver, J. L. J. S., & Journal, C. (2012). The youth physical development model: A new approach to long-term athletic development. 34(3), 61-72.
35. Marković, G., Misigoj-Duraković, M., & Trninić, S. (2005). Fitness profile of elite croatian female taekwondo athletes. Coll Antropol, 29(1), 93-99.
36. Marković, G., Misigoj-Duraković, M., & Trninić, S. (2005). Fitness profile of elite croatian female taekwondo athletes. Coll Antropol, 29(1), 93-99.
37. Mathunjwa, M. L., Djarova-Daniels, T., Shaw, I., Mugandani, S., & Shaw, B. S. (2020). Short duration high-intensity interval taekwondo training substantially improves body composition and physical fitness in previously-trained individuals: A proof-of-concept study. Arch Budo, 16, 221-226.
38. Melhim, A. (2001). Aerobic and anaerobic power responses to the practice of taekwon-do. British journal of sports medicine, 35(4), 231-234.
39. Mitchell, L., Slater, G., Hackett, D., Johnson, N., & O’connor, H. J. E. j. o. s. s. (2018). Physiological implications of preparing for a natural male bodybuilding competition. 18(5), 619-629.
40. Murtagh, E. M., Boreham, C. A., Nevill, A., Hare, L. G., & Murphy, M. H. (2005). The effects of 60 minutes of brisk walking per week, accumulated in two different patterns, on cardiovascular risk. Preventive medicine, 41(1), 92-97.
41. Potteiger, J. A., Kirk, E. P., Jacobsen, D. J., & Donnelly, J. E. (2008). Changes in resting metabolic rate and substrate oxidation after 16 months of exercise training in overweight adults. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 18(1), 79-95.
42. Rahimi, R., Rohani, H., & Ebrahimi, M. (2011). Effects of very short rest periods on testosterone to cortisol ratio during heavy resistance exercise in men. Apunts. Medicina de l'Esport, 46(171), 145-149.
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