Effects of Nano-Zinc Oxide, Salicylic Acid, and Sodium Nitroprusside on Physiological and Enzymetic Traits of Sweet Violets Under Different Water Regims
محورهای موضوعی : مجله گیاهان زینتی
Hamide Bagheri
1
,
Davood Hashemabadi
2
,
Bahman Pasban Eslam
3
,
Shahram Sedaghathoor
4
1 - Ph.D. Candidate of Horticulture, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
2 - Department of Horticultural Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
3 - Department of Horticultural Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
|Associate Professor of Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, East Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Enter, AREEO, Tabriz, Iran
4 - Department of Horticultural Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
کلید واژه: Proline, Oxidative stress, Stomatal Conductance, Membrane stability index,
چکیده مقاله :
The effects of Nano-zinc oxide (ZnO), salicylic acid (SA), and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were studied on sweet violets under different irrigation water regimes in a factorial experiment. The factors were drought stress at three levels including irrigation at 85 (control), 65 (moderate stress) and 55 (severity stress) percent of field capacity (FC) soil water depletion and foliar application of ZnO, SA, SNP, and distilled water as a control. Means comparison showed that the best resutls was obtained from interaction 200 mgL-1 SA, with irrigation and 85 % FC, the treatment that influenced most traits positively. Also, 300 mgL-1 SA and both SNP rates significantly outperformed the control and Nano-ZnO. The lowest stomatal conductance was related to the 200 µM SNP at 55% FC. The lowest malondialdehyde (MDA) content was observed in 200 mgL-1 SA and 85 % FC treatment. The highest relative water content (RWC) was associated with the application of 1500 mgL-1, Nano-ZnO at 85% FC. The control plants at 55% FC recorded the highest proline (46.62 μgg-1 FW). The highest peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity was related to the treatment of 1000 mgL-1 Nano-ZnO and the highest ascorbate peroxidase (APX) to the treatment of 1500 mgL-1 Nano-ZnO at 55% FC.
اثرات نانواکسید روی (ZnO)، اسید سالیسیلیک (SA) و سدیم نیتروپروساید (SNP) روی بنفشه معطر در شرایط مختلف آبیاری بهصورت آزمایش فاکتوریل مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. عوامل عبارت بودند از تنش خشکی در سه سطح شامل آبیاری در 55 (تنش شدید)، 65 (تنش ملایم) و 85 (شاهد) درصد ظرفیت مزرعه (FC) بر اساس تخلیه آب خاک و استفاده برگی ZnO، SA، SNP و آب مقطر (به عنوان شاهد) در 7 سطح. مقایسه میانگین‌ها نشان داد که بهترین نتایج از اثر متقابل 200 میلی‌گرم در لیتر SA و آبیاری در سطح 85 درصد FC بهدست آمد و این تیمار روی اکثر صفات اثر مثبت داشت. همچنین تیمار 300 میلی‌گرم در لیتر و هر دو سطح SNP نسبت به شاهد و نانواکسید روی بهتر بودند. کمترین هدایت روزنه‌ای در SNP 200 میکرومولار در 55 درصد ظرفیت مزرعه بهدست آمد. کمترین مالوندی آلدئید (MDA) در تیمار 200 میلی‌گرم در لیتر SA و 85 درصد FC حاصل شد. بیشترین مقدار رطوبت نسبی (RWC) در تیمار 1500 میلی‌گرم در لیتر نانواکسید روی و 85 درصد ظرفیت مزرعه دیده شد. گیاهان شاهد در 55 درصد FC بیشترین پرولین (62/46 میکروگرم در گرم وزن تر) را داشتند. بالاترین فعالیت آنزیم پراکسیداز (POD) مربوط به تیمار 1000 میلی‌گرم در لیتر نانو اکسید روی و بیشترین فعالیت آنزیم آسکوربات پراکسیداز (APX) در تیمار 1500 میلی‌گرم در لیتر نانواکسید روی در 55 درصد ظرفیت مزرعه بهدست آمد.
Abbaszadeh, B., Sharifi Ashour-Abadi, A., Lebaschi, M.H., Naderi Haji Bagher Kandi, M. and Maghdami, F. 2007. Effect of drought stress on proline, soluble sugars, chlorophyll and relative water content of Melissa officinalis L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 23 (4): 504-513.
Agarwal, S. and Pandey, V. 2004. Antioxidant enzyme responses to Nacl stress in Cassia angustifolia. Plant Biology, 48: 555-560.
Ahmadi, A., Ehsanzadeh, P. and Jabberi, F. 2008. Introduction to plant physiology. University of Tehran Press, 498 page.
Alexieva, V., Sergiev, I., Mapelli, S. and Karanov, E. 2001. The effect of drought and ultraviolet radiation on growth and stress markers in pea and wheat. Plant Cell Environment, 24: 1337–1344.
Amini, Z., Hadad, R. and Moradi, F. 2008. The effect of drought stress on antioxidant enzymes activity in reproductive growth stages (Hordeum vulgare L.). Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 46: 74-65.
Asadi Sanam, S., Zavareh, M., Pirdashti, H., Mirjalili, M.H. and Hashempour, A. 2014. Effect of exogenous nitric oxide on germination and some of biochemical characteristics of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L.) in saline condition. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology, 6 (20): 55-74.
Bagheri, A. and Mohamadalipour, Z. 2011. The effect of salicylic acid on growth, yield components in (Glycin max L.) under salinity stress. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology, 3 (8): 29-41. (in Persian)
Baradaran Rahimi, V., Askari, V.R., Emami, S.A. and Tayarani Najaran, Z. 2017. Anti melanogenic activity of Viola odorata different extracts on B16F10 murine melanoma cells. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 20 (3): 242-249.
Bates, L.S., Waldern, S.P. and Teave, I.D. 1973. Rapid determination of proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39: 205-207.
Bayat, H., Mardani, H., Arouie, H. and Salahvarzi, Y. 2011. Effects of salicylic acid on morphological and physiological characteristics of cucumber seedling (Cucumis sativus cv. Super Dominus) under drought stress. Journal of Plant Production, 18 (3): 63-76.
Bayoumi, T., Eid, M.H. and Metwali, E. 2010. Application of physiological and biochemical indices as a screening technique for drought tolerance in wheat genotypes. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7: 2341-2352.
Chamani, F., Tohidi Nejad, E. and Mohayeji, M. 2018. Effect of salicylic acid on morpho-agronomical traits of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) under drought stress. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 12 (4): 569-580.
Chen, G.X. and Asada, K. 1989. Ascorbate peroxidase in tea leaves: Occurrence of two isozymes and the differences in their enzymatic and molecular properties. Plant and Cell Physiology, 30: 987–998.
Colom, M.R. and Vazzana, C. 2003. Photosynthesis and PSII functionality of drought-resistant and drought-sensitive weeping love grass plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 49: 135–144.
de Vos, C., Schat, H., De Waal, M., Vooijs, R. and Ernst, W. 1991. Increased to copper-induced damage of the root plasma membrane in copper tolerant Silene cucubalus. Plant Physiology, 82: 523-528.
Del Rio, L.A., Corpas, F.J. and Barroso, J.B. 2004. Nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase activity in plants. Phytochemistry, 65: 783-792.
Din, J., Khan, S. U., Ali, I. and Gurmani, A.R. 2011. Physiological and agronomic response of canola varieties to drought stress. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 21 (1): 78-82.
Dolatmand Shahri, N. and Haghshenas, M. 2017. Effect of different amounts of soil moisture in different salicylic acid levels on enzymes activity and morphophysiological characteristics of alfalfa. Crop Physiology Journal, 9 (33): 99-118.
Du, Y.C., Nose, A., Wasano, K. and Uchida, Y. 1998. Responses to water stress of enzyme activities and metabolite levels in relation to sucrose and starch synthesis, the Calvin cycle and the C4 pathway in sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) leaves. Journal Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 25: 253-260.
El-Tayeb, M.A. 2005. Response of barley gains to the interactive effect of salinity and salicylic acid. Plant Growth Regulation, 45: 215-225.
Faridoddin, Q., Hayat, S. and Ahmad, A. 2003. Salicylic acid influences net photosynthetic rate, carboxilation efficiency, nitrate reductase activity and seed yield in Brassica juncea. Photosynthetica, 41: 281-284.
Farooq, M., Basra, S.M.A., Wahid, A. and Rahman, H. 2009. Exogenously applied nitric oxide enhances the drought tolerance in fine grain aromatic rice. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 195: 254-261.
Fayez, K.A. and Bazaid, S.A. 2014. Improving drought and salinity tolerance in barley by application of salicylic acid and potassium nitrate. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 13: 45-55.
Fu, J. and Huang, B. 2001. Involvement of antioxidant and lipid peroxidation in the adaptation of two cool-season grasses to localized drought stress. Environment and Experimental Botany, 45: 105-114.
Ghaderi, N., Normohammadi, S. and Javadi, T. 2015. Morpho physiological responses of strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa) to exogenous salicylic acid application under drought stress. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 17: 167-178.
Gill, S.S. and Tuteja, N. 2010. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 48: 909-930.
Gorgini Shabankareh, H. and Khorasaninejad, S. 2017. Effects of sodium nitroprusside on physiological and biochemical characteristics of savory (Satureja khuzestanica) under deficit water regimes. Journal of Plant Production (Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources), 24 (3): 55 - 70.
Haverkort, A.J., Waart, M. and Bodlaender, K.A. 1990. The effect of early drought stress on number of tubers and stolons of potato in controlled and field conditions. Potato Research, 33 (1): 89-94.
Horvath, E., Szalai, G. and Janda, T. 2007. Induction of abiotic stress tolerance by salicylic acid signaling. Plant Growth Regulation, 26 (3): 290-300.
Jalili Marandi, R. 2010. Physiology of environmental stress and resistance mechanisms in horticultural plants. Published by Jahad -e- Daneshgahi Press, 636 page.
Janda, T., Horváth, E., Szalai, G. and Páldi, E. 2007. Role of salicylic acid in the induction of abiotic stress tolerance. In: Hayat, S., Ahmad, A., editors. Salicylic acid: A plant hormone. The Netherlands: Springer, 91–150.
Jeyaramraja, P.R., Meenakshi, S.N., Kumar, R.S., Joshi, S.D. and Ramasubramanian, B. 2005. Water deficit induced oxidative damage in tea (Camelia sinensis L.) plants. Journal of Plant Physiology, 162: 413-419.
Jones, H. G. and Cortlett, J.E. 1992. Current topics in drought physiology. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 119: 291-296.
Khan, W., Prithiviraj, B. and Smith, D. 2003. Photosynthetic responses of corn and soybean to foliar application of salicylates. Journal of Plant Physiology, 160: 485-492.
Kumar, A. and Singh, D.P. 1998. Use of physiological indices as screening technique for drought tolerance in oil seed Brassica species. Annual of Botany, 81: 413-420.
Laspina, N.V., Groppa, M.D., Tomaro, M.L. and Benavides, M.P. 2005. Nitric oxide protects sunflower leaves against Cd induced oxidative stress. Journal of Plant Science, 169: 323-330.
Lei, Y., Yin, C., Ren, J. and Li, C. 2007. Effect of osmotic stress and sodium nitroprusside pretreatment on proline metabolism of wheat seedlings. Biology Plantarum, 51: 386-390.
Liu, R. and Lal, R. 2015. Potentials of engineered Nanoparticles as fertilizers for increasing agronomic productions. Science of the Total Environment, 514: 131–139.
Mahil, E.I.T. and Kumar, B.N.A. 2019. Foliar application of nanofertilizers in agricultural crops – A review. Journal of Farm Sciences, 32 (3): 239-249.
Makarian, H., Shojaei, H., Damavandi, A., Nasiri Dehsorkhi, A. and Akhyani, A. 2017. The effect of foliar application of zinc oxide in common and nanoparticles forms on some growth and quality traits of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) under drought stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research, 8 (2): 166-180.
Mardani, H., Bayat, H. and Azizi, M. 2011. Effects of salicylic acid application on morphological and physiological characteristics of cucumber seedling (Cucumis sativus cv. Super Dominus) under drought stress. Journal of Horticultural Science, 25 (3): 320-326.
Mazumdar, B.C. and Majumdar, K. 2003. Methods on physicochemical analysis of fruits. www. Sundeepbooks.com. 187p.
Miura, K. and Tada, Y. 2014. Regulation of water, salinity, and cold stress responses by salicylic acid. Plant Science Journal, 5 (4): 1-12.
Munns, R. and James, R.A. 2003. Screening methods for salinity tolerance: A case study with tetraploid wheat. Plant and Soil, 253: 201-218.
Naderi, M.R. and Abedi, A. 2012. Application of Nanotechnology in agriculture and refinement of environmental pollutants. Journal of Nanotechnology, 11 (1): 18-26. (in Persian)
Naghizadeh, M. and Gholami Tooran Poshti, M. 2014. Evaluation the effect of seed priming by salicylic acid on yield and yield components of wheat under drought stress conditions. Journal of Agroecology, 6 (1): 162-170.
Naghizadeh, M. and Kabiri. R. 2017. Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid on some of Physiological characteristics of corn (Zea mays L.) under drought stress conditions. Environmental Stresses in Crop Science, 9 (4): 315- 327.
Narimani, R., Moghaddam, M. and Shokouhi, D. 2017. The effect of different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside in alleviating oxidative damages caused by water stress of polyethylene glycol in medicinal plant of catmint hairless under in vitro condition. The Plant Production (Scientific Journal of Agriculture), 40 (3): 77-89.
Nasibi, F. 2011. Effect of different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) pretreatment on oxidative damages induced by drought stress in tomato. Journal of Plant Biology, 3 (9): 63-74.
Neill, S.J., Desikan, R. and Hancock, J.T. 2003. Nitric oxide signaling in plants. New Phytologist, 159: 11-35.
Noctor, B. and Foyer, C.H. 1998. Ascorbate and glutathione: Keeping active oxygen under control. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 49: 249-279.
Omidi, F. and Sepehri, A. 2015. Effect of sodium nitroprusside application on leaf area, growth and water use efficiency of kidney bean under water deficit stress. Journal of Crops Improvement, 16 (4): 871-885.
Pandy, R.K., Maranvill, J.W. and Chetima, M.M. 2000. Deficit irrigation and nitrogen effects on maize in a Sahelian environment. II. Shoot growth, nitrogen uptake and water extraction. Agriculture Water Manage, 46: 15-27.
Pasban Eslam, B. 2004. Evaluation of yield and its components of new spin less safflower genotypes. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science, 35 (4): 869-874.
Paygzar, Y., Ghanbari, A., Heidari, M. and Tavassoli, A. 2009. Effect foliar of micronutrients on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of millet under drought stress (Pennisetum glacum) species notrifed. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 3 (10): 67-78. (in Persian)
Peterson, G.L. 1977. A simplifiCation of the protein assay method of Lowry et al. which is more generally applicable. Analytical Biochemistry, 83 (2): 346-356.
Rao, S.R., Qayyum, A., Razzaq, A., Ahmad, M., Mahmood, I. and Sher, A. 2012. Role of foliar application of salicylic acid and l-tryptophan in drought tolerance of maize. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 22 (3): 768-772.
Rowell, D.L. 1994. Soil science: Method and application. Longman Scientific and Technical, Wiley, UK. P. 350.
Sakhabutidnova, A.R., Fatkhutdinova, D.R., Bezrukova, M.V. and Shakirova, F.M. 2003. Salicylic acid prevents the damage action of stress factors on wheat plants. Plant Physiology, 5: 314-319.
Sanjari Mijani, M., Sirousmehr, A. and Fakheri, B. 2015. Effect of drought stress and humic acid on some physiological characteristics of (Hibiscus sabdarifa). Journal of Crops Improvement (Journal of Agriculture), 17 (2): 403-414. (in Persian)
Sepehri, A., Abasi, R. and Karami, A. 2015. Effect of drought stress and salicylic acid on yield and yield component of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes. Quarterly Journal of Crops Improvement (Journal of Agriculture), 17 (2): 503-516.
Shallan, M.A., Hassan, H.M., Namich, A.M. and Ibrahim, A.A. 2012. Effect of sodium niroprusside, putrescine and glycine betaine on alleviation of drought stress in cotton plant. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 12 (9): 1252-1265.
Sharma, P. and Dubey, R.S. 2005. Drought induces oxidative stress and enhances the activities of antioxidant enzymes in growing rice seedlings. Plant Growth Regulator, 46: 209-221.
Shehab, G.G., Ahmed, O.K. and El Beltagi, J.S. 2010. Effects of various chemical agents for alleviation of drought stress in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 38: 139-148.
Shojaei, H. and Makarian, H. 2015. The Effect of nano and non-nano zinc oxide particles foliar application on yield and yield components of mungbean (Vigna radiate) under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 12 (4): 727-737.
Siddiqi, H.S., Mehmood, M.H., Rehman, N.U. and Gilani, A.H. 2012. Studies on the antihypertensive and antidyslipidemic activities of Viola odorata leaves extract. Lipids in health and disease, 11: 6.
Singh, B. and Usha, K. 2003. Salicylic acid induced physiological and biochemical changes in wheat seedlings under water stress. Plant Growth Regulation, 39: 137-141.
Siosemardeh, A., Ranjbar-balkhkanlou, H., Sohrabi, Y. and Bahram Nejad, Y. 2011. Evaluation of grain yield, gas exchange and source and sink limitation in sunflower under drought stress at different levels of defoliation. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 42 (3): 585-596. (in Persian)
Slama, I., Messedi, D., Ghunaya, T., Savaure, A. and Abdelly, C. 2006. Effects of water deficit on growth and proline metabolism in Sesuvium portulacastrum. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 56: 231-238.
Tan, J., Zhao, H., Hong, J., Han, Y. and Zhao, W. 2008. Effects of exogenous nitric oxide on photosynthesis, antioxidant capacity and proline accumulation in wheat seedlings subjected to osmotic stress. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4 (3): 307-313.
Thalooth, A.T., Tawfik, M.M. and Magda Mohamad, H. 2006. A comparative study on the effect of foliar application of zinc, potassium and magnesium on growth, yield and some chemical constituents of mungbean plants grown under water stress conditions. Bulletin of Egypt, World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2 (1): 37-46.
Tian, X. and Lei, Y. 2006. Nitric oxide treatment alleviates drought stress in wheat seedlings. Biologia Plantarum, 50: 775-778.
Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. 1998. Plant physiology. (2nd). Sinauer Associates Inc., Massachusetts. www. Medplant.ir.
Tohidi Nejad, Z., Farahbakhsh, H. and Maghsoudi Moud, A.A. 2015. Evaluation of salicylic acid effects on some physiological traits of fenugreek under drought stress. Journal of Plant Process and Function, 5 (16): 85-96.
Tu, J., Shen, W.B. and Xu, L.L. 2003. Regulation of nitric oxide on ageing processes of wheat leaves. Acta Botanica Sinica, 45: 1057-1061.
Upadhyaya, H., Shome, S., Tewari, S., Bhattacharya, M.K. and Panda, S.K. 2015. Effect of Zn nano-particles on growth responses of rice. In: Nanotechnology: Novel perspectives and prospects (eds B. Singh., A. Kaushik., S.K. Mehta, S.K. Tripathi, A.), pp. 508–512. New Delhi, India: McGraw Hill Education.
Waling, I., Van Vark, W., Houba, V.J.G. and van der Lee, J.J. 1989. Soil and plant analysis, a series of syllabi. Part 7, Plant Analysis Procedures, Wageningen Agriculture University, Netherland.
Xiong, J., Zhang, L., Fu, G., Yang, Y., Zhu, C. and Tao, L. 2012. Drought induced proline accumulation is uninvolved with increased nitric oxide, which alleviates drought stress by decreasing transpiration in rice. Journal of Plant Research, 125: 155-164.
Yadollahi, P., Javaheri, M.A. and Asgharipour, M.R. 2017. Effect of ascorbic acid and sodium nitroprusside foliar spraying on yield and qualitative characteristics of summer squash (Cucurbita pepo) at different levels of drought stress. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology, 10 (35): 88-101. (in Persian)
Yavas, I. and Unay, A. 2016. Effects of zinc and salicylic acid on wheate under drought stress. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 26 (4): 1012-1018.
Yazdandoost Hamedani, M., Ghobadi, M., Ghobadi, M. E., Jalali-Honarmand, S. and Saeidi, M. 2019. Influence of foliar application of some chemicals on gas exchange, water relations and photosynthetic traits in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under different irrigation regimes. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 17 (3): 477-489.
Yazdanpanah, S., Baghizadeh, A. and Abbassi, F. 2011. The interaction between drought stress and salicylic and ascorbic acids on some biochemical characteristics of Satureja hortensis. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6 (4): 798-807.
Zangani, E., Zehtab Salmasi, S., Andalibi, B. and Zamani, A.A. 2017. Enhancement of drought stress tolerance in two genotypes of milk thistle (Silybium marianum (L.) Gaertn.) by exogenous application of sodium nitroprusside. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant, 33 (4): 636-648.
Zhang, Y., Kendy, E., Qiang, Y., Changming, L., Yanjun, Sh. and Hongyong, S. 2004. Effect of soil water deficit on evapotranspiration, crop yield, and water use efficiency in the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management, 64: 107-122.
Zhao, L., Peralta Videa, J.R., Rico, C.M., Hernandez-Viezcas, J.A., Sun, Y., Niu, G., Servin, A., Nunez, J.E., Duarte-Gardea, M. and Gardea-Torresdey, J.L. 2014. CeO2 and ZnO nanoparticles change the nutritional qualities of cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62: 2752–2759.
Zokaee Khosroshahi, M., Esna Ashari, M., Ershadi, A. and Imani, A. 2014. Morphological changes in response to drought stress in cultivated and wild almond species. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 1 (1): 79-92.