استفاده از میکرومورفولوژی جلای بیابان جهت تعیین سن عوارض ژئومورفیک و ردیابی تغییرات آب و هوایی دوره کواترنر در شمال شرق ایران
محورهای موضوعی : ژئو مورفولوژی
منصور صادقی
1
*
,
علی محمد نورمحمدی
2
1 - دکترای ژئومورفولوژی و مدیریت محیط، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران
2 - دکترای ژئومورفولوژی و مدیریت محیط، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
کلید واژه: انرژی پراکنی اشعه X, میکرومورفولوژی جلای بیابان, نسبت کاتیونی, تغییرات آب و هوایی کواترنر,
چکیده مقاله :
جلای سنگ شامل پوشش بسیار نازک در حد نانومتر تا میکرومتر، با تنوعی از رنگهای نارنجی متمایل به زرد تا مشکی میباشد که بر روی سطوح سنگها خصوصاً در محیطهای بیابانی گرم و خشک تشکیل میشود. بیشترین مواد سازنده جلای سنگ از ماده معدنی رس میباشد عجلای بیابان در مراحل شکلگیری خود، قابلیتهای منحصربهفردی را در ثبت و ذخیره عوامل و فرایندهای محیطی از جمله نواسانات اقلیمی دارند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف ردیابی تغییرات آب و هوایی و سنیابی اشکال ژئومورفیک بیابانهای شمال شرق ایران در دوره کواترنر صورت گرفته است. بر همین اساس، ابتدا نمونهها از سطوح مختلف ژئومورفیک جمعآوری و برای انجام آزمایشهای لازم به آزمایشگاه انتقال یافت. پس از انجام تجزیه و تحلیلهای مقتضی با استفاده از میکروسکوپ الکترون و تحلیلهای انرژی پراکنی اشعه، ویژگیهای فیزیکی جلای سنگ مثل عناصر شیمیایی، ضخامت، میکروچینهشناسی و مورفولوژی آن مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. یافتهها نشان داد جلای سنگها از نظر رنگ، بافت و اجزای سازنده با سنگ‌های میزبان خود متفاوت بوده و در شرایط اقلیمی بسیار خشک توام با فرایندهای بادی و گرد و غبار شدید جوی، شکل گرفتهاند. وجود درصد بالاتر آهن نسبت به منگنز نشانگر حاکمیت اقلیم خشک در زمان شکلگیری جلاها میباشد. همچنین بررسی کاتیونی آنها نشان داد، به احتمال خیلی زیاد تشکیل آنها با شروع دوره خشکی ابتدای هولوسن همزمان بوده باشد بر همین اساس قدیمیترین اشکال ژئومورفولوژیکی موجود در منطقه، دشت ریگی و رسوبات آبرفتی قدیمی و جوانترین آنها اینسلبرگها میباشند.
Stone polish consists of a very thin coating ranging from nanometers to micrometers, with a variety of colors ranging from orange to yellow to black, which is formed on the surfaces of stones, especially in hot and dry desert environments. The current research was carried out with the aim of tracking climate changes and dating the geomorphic forms of the northeastern deserts of Iran in the Quaternary period. Based on this, first, samples were collected from different geomorphic levels and transferred to the laboratory to perform the necessary tests. After conducting appropriate analyzes using electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), the physical characteristics of stone polish such as chemical elements, thickness, microstratigraphy and morphology were studied. took The findings showed that the polished stones are different from their host stones in terms of color, texture and components, and they were formed in very dry climatic conditions with windy processes and severe atmospheric dust. The presence of a higher percentage of iron than manganese indicates the rule of dry climate during the formation of glazes. Also, their cation analysis showed that it is very likely that their formation coincided with the beginning of the dry period at the beginning of the Holocene. Accordingly, the oldest geomorphological forms in the region are sandy plains and old alluvial sediments, and the youngest ones are inselbergs
Afify, A.M& Sanz-Montero, M.E& Calvo, J.P., (2015), “Ironstone Deposits Hosted in Eocene Carbonates from Bahariya (Egypt)—New Perspective on Cherty Ironstone Occurrences”, Sedimentary Geology, vol. 329, 81–97. DOI: 10.21608/shedet.2021.207866.
Álvarez Romero, C., (2012), Los pigmentos en la Prehistoria: proyecto de experimentación térmica con óxidos e hidróxidos de hierro: Boletín de Arqueología Experimental, 9, 25-42. DOI:10.15366.2012.9.003.
Broecker, W., Liu, T.,( 2001). Rock varnish Recorder of desert wetness. GSA Today 11(8),pp:4–10. DOI:10.1130/1052-5173.
Chaddha AS, Singh NK, Malviya M, et al. (2022). Birnessite-clay mineral couple in the rock varnish: a nature’s electrocatalyst. Sustainable Energy Fuels 6(10): 2553–2569. doi.org/10.1039/D1SE01230D.
Chaddha, A.S., Sharma, A., Singh, N.K., (2021b). Clay minerals identification in rock varnish by XRD: a one-step reduction approach. MethodsX 8, 101511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2021.101511 .
Chaddha, Amritpal Singh., er al.(2022). Birnessite-clay mineral couple in the rock varnish: a nature's electrocatalyst, Sustianable Energy Fuels, 6,pp:2553-2569. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b07383.
Chaddha, Amritpal Singh., er al.(2024). Biotic-abiotic mingle in rock varnish formation: A new perspective, Chemical Geology, 648, 121961.pp: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2024.121961.
Chaddha, Amritpal Singh., Sharma, Anupam., Singh, N.K.(2021).Clay minerals identification in rock varnish by XRD: A one-step reduction approach, Methodex, Vol8,101511, pp: 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101511.
Chaddha, Amritpal Singh., Sharma,Anupam,.(2024). Rock Varnish: A Nature’s Shield, ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, Vol 7, Issue8, pp: 10-39. DOI:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2402813/v1.
Darwin, C.R. (1839). Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty´s Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle´s circumnavigation of the globe.Journal and remarks. 1832-1836. London: Henry Colburn.
De la Fuente, B.,(2004)Presentación La Pintura mural prehispánica en México, Boletín informativo, 13(26), 3-5.
Dietzel, M., Kolmer, H., P¨olt, P., Simic, S., (2008). Desert varnish and petroglyphs on sandstone –Geochemical composition and climate changes from Pleistocene to Holocene (Libya). Geochemistry 68, 31–43. DOI:10.1016/j.chemer.2007.03.001.
DiGregorio, B.E., (2005). Rock Varnish and the Manganese Oxide connection. Anal. Chem. 77.
Dorn RI (2001) Chronometric techniques: Engravings. In: Whitley DS (ed.) Handbook of Rock Art Research, pp. 167–189. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press.
Dorn RI and Krinsley DH (1991) Cation-leaching sites in rock varnish. Geology 19: 1077–1080. Dorn, R. I.(1983).Cation ratio dating a new rock varnish age-determination technique,Quaternary Res.20: 49-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(83)90065-0. Dorn, R.I.( 1986). Rock varnish as an indicator of aeolian environmental change, in Aeolian Geomorphology The Binghamton Symposia in Gemorphology: International Series 17, Allen and Unwin, Boston, pp. 291–307.
Dorn, R. I., (2009), Desert rock coatings, in Parsons, A.J., Abrahams, A.D., (eds), Geomorphology of desert environments: Dordrecht, Springer, 153-186.
Dorn, R.I& Krinsley, D. (2011). Spatial, Temporal and Geographic Considerations of the Problem of Rock Varnish Diagenesis, Scale Issues in Geomorphology, vol. 130, no. 1, 91–99. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.002.
Dorn, R.I., (2009). Desert Rock Coatings, In: Geomorphology of Desert Environments, Dordrecht, Netherlands, , 153–86.
Dorn, R.I., Oberlander, T.M., (1981). Microbial Origin of Desert Varnish. Science 213, 1245–1247.
Dorn, Ronald.,(2024). Rock varnish revisited, Progress in Physical Geogaphy , Vol.43(3). Pp: 389-419. doi/10.1177/03091333241248038.
Elshabrawy,Ahmed & Found, Mona.,(2021) Characterization of rock varnish Ferromanganese crusts on ancient Egyptian wall paintings from Bahariya oasis Egypt, SHEDET, Issue 8, pp: 168-185. DOI:10.21608/shedet.2021.207866.
Elvidge, C.D., Fuente, C.B.,(1980). Restoration of petroglyphs with artificial desert varnish. Stud. Conserv. 25, 108–117.
Engel, C.G., Sharp, R.P., (1958), Chemical data on desert varnish: Geological Society of America Bulletin, 69(5), 487- 518. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606.
Esposito,Alfonso., et al., (2015)., “Comparison of Rock Varnish Bacterial Communities with Surrounding Non-Varnished Rock Surfaces: Taxon-Specific Analysis and Morphological Description”, in: Microbial Ecology, vol. 70, no. 3,pp: 741–50. doi.org/10.1007/s00248-015-0617-4.
Esposito,Alfonso., et al., (2019)., Taxonomic and functional insights into rock varnish microbiome using shotgun metagenomics, Microbiology Ecology,Vol 95,No 12, pp:1-10. doi: 10.1093/femsec/fiz180.
Forster, Jan-David., et al.,( 2022). X‑ray Microspectroscopy and Ptychography on Nanoscale Structures in Rock Varnish, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 125, pp:22684-22697. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133324124803.
Garvie, L.A.J., Burt, D.M., Buseck, P.R.,( 2008). Nanometer-scale complexity, growth, and diagenesis in desert varnish. Geology 36, 215–218. doi: 10.1130/G24409A.1 .
Goldsmith, Y., Stein, M. and Enzel, Y., (2014). From dust to varnish: Geochemical constraints on rock varnish formation in the Negev Desert, Israel. Geochimica etcosmochimica acta, 126, pp.97-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.10.040.
Hayden JD .(2006). Pre-Altithermal Archaeology in the Sierra Pinacate, Sonora, Mexico. Am Antiq.
Jones, C.E.,( 1991). Characteristics and origin of rock varnish from the hyperarid coastal deserts of northern Peru. Quaternary Research, 35 (1); 116-129. doi:10.1016/0033-5894(91)90099-Q.
Koslowski, B .(1996). Theory and Evidence: The Development of Scientific Reasoning. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Krinsley, D., (1998) Models of rock varnish formation constrained by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Sedimentology 45: 711–725. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.1998.00172.x.
Krinsley D, Dorn RI, DiGregorio B .(2009). Astrobiological Implications of Rock Varnish in Tibet. Astrobiology 9, pp:551–562. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2008.0238.
Krinsley, D.H., DiGregorio, B., Dorn, R.I., Razink, J., Fisher, R.,( 2017). Mn-Fe-enhancing budding bacteria in century-old rock varnish, Erie Barge Canal, New York: The Journal of Geology, 125(3), 317-336. DOI: 10.1086/691147.
Krumbein, W.E., Jens, K.,( 1981). Biogenic rock varnishes of the negev desert (Israel) an ecological study of iron and manganese transformation by cyanobacteria and fungi. Oecologia 50, 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00378791.
Kuhlman, K.R., Venkat, P., La Duc, M.T., Kuhlman, G.M.,( 2008). Evidence of a microbial community associated with rock varnish at Yungay, Atacama Desert, Chile: Life in rock varnish in the Atacama. J. Geophys. Res. 113. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000677.
Lanza, N.L., Ollila, A.M., Cousin, A., et al ., (2015). Understanding the signature of rock coatings in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy data. Icarus 249, 62–73. doi.:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.05.038.
Lebedeva,Marna., et al.,( 2019) .Microscopic and tomographic studies for interpreting the genesis of desert varnish and the vesicular horizon of desert soils in Mongolia and the USA, Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana, Vol 71, No.1, pp:21-42. https://doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2019v71n1a3.
Lingappa, Usha.F., et al.,(2021).An ecophysiological explanation for manganese enrichment in rock varnish, PNAS, VOL 118, No. 25, pp: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2025188118.
Liu, T., Broecker, W.S., (2000). How fast does rock varnish grow? Geology,Vol 28(2),pp: 183–196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28%3C183:HFDRVG%3E2.0.CO;2.
Liu, T. (2003). Blind testing of rock varnish microstratigraphy as a chronometric indicator: results on late Quaternary lava fl ows in the Mojave Desert, California. Geomorphology 53, 209–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00331-8.
Liu, T., Broecker, W.S., (2007), Holocene rock varnish microstratigraphy and its chronometric application in the drylands of western USA: Geomorphology, 84(1-2), pp:1-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.06.008.
Liu, T., Broecker, W.S.,( 2013). Millennial-scale varnish microlamination dating of late Pleistocene geomorphic features in the drylands of western USA. Geomorphology 187, pp: 38–60. DOI:10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.12.034.
Liu, Tanzhue; Lepre, Christopher.,(2021). Rock varnish record of the African Humid Period in the Lake Turkana basin of East Africa, The Holocene, Vol.31(8),pp: 1239-1249. DOI:10.1177/09596836211011655.
Loendorf, L., (1991) Cation-ratio varnish dating and petroglyph chronology in southeastern Colorado. Antiquity 65: 246–255. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00079692.
Martinez-Pabello, Pavel., et al.,(2020). Rock varnish as a natural canvas for rock art in La Proveedora, northwestern Sonoran Desert (Mexico): integrating archaeological and geological evidences , Quaternary International, 572(6). DOI:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.10.028.
Martinez-Pabello, Pavel., et al.,(2022). Lithodiversity and cultural use of desert varnish in the Northern Desert of Mexico, Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana, 74(3)/ A100622. https://doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2022v74n3a100622.
Menéndez Iglesias, B., (2018). El Conjunto de grabados rupestres de la región de El Arenoso- El Sásabe: Contextualización tipológica y crono-cultural: España, Universitat Rovira i Virigili de Tarragona, Tesis Doctoral, 1001p .
Moore, C., Elvidge, C., (1982). Desert varnish. In: Reference Handbook on the Deserts of North America. Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn, pp. 527–536.
Nordstrom DK.(2012). Models, validation, and applied geochemistry: issues in science, communication, and philosophy. Applied Geochemistry 27: 1899–1919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.07.007.
Otter, Laura. M., et al.,(2020). Geochemical insights into the relationship of rock varnish and adjacent mineral dust fractions, Chemical Geology, 551. pp: 1-16. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119775.
Perry, R. S., and Adams, J. B. (1978). Desert varnish: evidence for cyclic deposition of manganese. Nature 276, 489-491. https://doi.org/10.1038/276489a0.
Perry, R.S., Lynne, B.Y., Sephton , M.A., Kolb, V.M., (2006). Baking black opal in the desert sun: the importance of silica in desert varnish. Geol 34, 537. https://doi.org/10.1130/G23410C.1 . Pineda, C., Peisach, M and Jacobson, L.(1988). Ion beam analysis for the determination of cation ratios as a means of dating southern African rock varnishes.Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res.35:463-466.
Potter, R. M.,(1979), The tetravalent manganese oxides: clarification of their structural variations and relationships and characterization of their occurrence in the terrestrial weathering environment as desert varnish and other manganese oxides: Pasadena, California Institute of Technology, Ph.D. Dissertation thesis, 245 p.
Potter, R.M., Rossman, G.R., (1977). Desert varnish: the importance of clay minerals. Science, 196(4297), 1446-1448. DOI: 10.1126/science.196.4297.1446. Potter, R.M., Rossman, G.R., (1979). Mineralogy of manganese dendrites and coatings. American Mineralogist, 64(11-12), 1219-1226. DOI:0003-004X/79/1112-121902.00.
Sarmast M, Farpoor MH, and Esfandiarpour, I., (2017) Soil and desert varnish development as indicators of landform evolution in central Iranian deserts. Catena 149: 98–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.09.003
Sarmast. M, Farpoor M.H, Jafari A, and Esfandiarpour, I., (2019) Tracing environmental changes and paleoclimate using the micromorphology of soils and desert varnish in Central Iran. Desert 24(2): 331–353. DOI:10.22059/jdesert.2019.76389.
Stoops, G.,( 2010). Micromorphology as a tool in soil and regolith studies. Interpretation of micromorphological features of soils and regolith. Amsterdam, Netherlands, Elsevier, pp:1-13.
Spilde, M.N., Melim, L.A., Northup, D.E (2013). Anthropogenic lead as a tracer of rock varnish growth: Implications for rates of formation: Geology, 41(2), 263- 266. DOI:10.1130/G33514.1.
von Humboldt, A.(1812). Personal narrative of travels to the equinoctial regions of America during the years 1799–1804 by Alexander von Humboldt and Aime Bonpland. London, Bell, 521 p. (trans. and ed. by T. Ross in 1907).
Wang, X., Zeng, L., Wiens, M., Schloßmacher, U., Jochum, K.P., Schr¨oder, H.C., (2011). Evidence for a biogenic, microorganismal origin of rock varnish from the Gangdese Belt of Tibet. Micron 42, 401–411. doi: 10.1016/j.micron.2010.12.001.
Whitley, D.S., Santoro, C. M., Valenzuela, D.( 2017). Climate change, rock coatings, and the archaeological record. Elements, 13(3), 183-186. DOI:10.2113/gselements.13.3.183.
Xu, X., Ding, H., Li, Y., Lu, A., Li, Y., Wang, C.,( 2018). Mineralogical characteristics of Mn coatings from different weathering environments in China: clues on their formation. Mineral. Petrol. 112, 671–683. DOI:10.1007/s00710-018-0564-0.
Xu, Xiaoming., et al.,(2019).Characteristics of desert varnish from nanometer to micrometer scale: A photo-oxidation model on its formation, , Chemical Geology, 522, pp: 55-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.05.016.
Y. Goldsmith, Y. Enzel, M. Stein, (2012). Systematic Mn fluctuations in laminated rock varnish developed on coeval early Holocene flint artifacts along a climatic transect, Negev Desert,. Quat. Res. 78, 474–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2012.07.009.
Zerboni A, Villa F,Wu Y-L, et al. (2022). The sustainability of rock art: preservation and research. Sustainability 14: 6305. DOI: 10.3390/su14106305.
Zerboni, A.,( 2008). Holocene rock varnish on the Messak plateau (Libyan Sahara): chronology of weathering processes. Geomorphology, 102 (3); 640-65. doi. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.06.010. Zhang Y, Liu T, and Li S (1990) Establishment of a cation-leaching curve of rock varnish and its application to the boundary region of Gansu and Xinjiang, western China. Seismology and Geology (Beijing) 12: 251–261. doi:10.1006/qres.1995.1031.