تولید بوتانل زیستی با استفاده از کاه برنج: مروری بر پیش تیمار، هیدرولیز و تخمیر
محورهای موضوعی : زیست فناوری میکروبی
1 - استادیار، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد ارومیه، گروه زیست شناسی، ارومیه، ایران
کلید واژه: تخمیر, هیدرولیز, کاه برنج, پیش تیمار, بوتانل زیستی,
چکیده مقاله :
کاه برنج به دلیل فراوانی و ارزش پایین اقتصادی، به عنوان یکی از محصولات مازاد کشاورزی مناسب برای تولید بوتانل زیستی مطرح می‌باشد. کاه برنج دارای مقادیر زیادی قند می‌باشد که می‌توانند به قندهای قابل تخمیر تبدیل شوند. با این حال، تولید بوتانل زیستی با استفاده از کاه برنج بر اساس تکنولوژی فعلی به دلیل چالش‌ها و محدودیت‌های فرایندهای زیستی تبدیل کاه برنج به بوتانل اقتصادی نیست. برای این‌که این فرآیند به لحاظ اقتصادی امکان پذیر باشد، استفاده از یک روش پیش تیمار مناسب از اهمیت بسیار زیادی برخوردار است، زیرا به کارگیری یک روش پیش تیمار مطلوب منجر به فرایند هیدرولیز کارآمد می‌شود. در این مقاله، در ابتدا با استفاده از واژگان کلیدی تعداد ۶۶ مقاله در فاصله سال‌های ۱۹۸۰ تا ۲۰۱۸ در پایگاه‌های اطلاعاتی جستجو و سپس ارزیابی شد. این مقاله رویکردهای فعلی و پیشرفت‌های موجود در زمینه تولید بوتانل زیستی را با استفاده از کاه برنج بررسی می‌کند. همچنین، چالش‌های موجود در فرآیند کلی تبدیل زیستی کاه برنج به بوتانل مورد بحث قرار گرفته است. اگرچه با هدف توسعه تکنیک مناسب پیش تیمار کاه برنج پژوهش‌های زیادی انجام شده است، انجام تحقیقات بیشتر برای توسعه یک فرایند پیش تیمار کارآمد و اقتصادی ضرورت دارد. استفاده از سویه‌های اصلاح شده ژنتیکی مقاوم به بوتانل منجر به تولید بوتانل در غلظت‌های بالاتر شده است. بنابراین سیستم‌های برداشت محصول در محل، مقرون به صرفه گردیده واثر مهاری سوبسترا و سمیت بوتانل به میکروارگانیسم به شدت کاهش می‌یابد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Rice straw is a promising agricultural residue for the production of biobutanol due to its plentitude and low commercial value. Rice straw has high potential sugars that can be converted into fermentable sugars. However, biobutanol production from rice straw-based on the current technology is not economically viable due to the challenges and restrictions throughout the overall process of rice straw-biobutanol conversion. For the process to be economically viable, the use of an appropriate pretreatment technique is of great significance since an effective pretreatment can result in efficient hydrolysis. In this article, a total number of 66 articles from 1980-2018 were first searched on databases using keywords and then were reviewed. This paper reviews the current approaches and advances available for the production of biobutanol from rice straw. The challenges encountered throughout the overall process of bioconversion of rice straw into biobutanol are discussed as well. Even though much attempt has been made to develop a proper technique for pretreatment of rice straw, efforts are still required to make the process more efficient and economically feasible. The use of genetically modified butanol tolerant strains has resulted in butanol production at higher concentrations. Therefore, in situ product-recovery systems have become more economical as substrate inhibition and butanol toxicity to the culture are drastically reduced.
منابع و مأخذ:
Lee SY, Park JH, Jang SH, Nielsen LK, Kim J, Jung KS. Fermentative butanol production
by Clostridia. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2008;101(2): 209-227.
2. Qureshi N, Saha BC, Hector RE, Hughes SR, Cotta MA. Butanol production from wheat
straw by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using Clostridium beijerinckii: Part
І- Batch fermentation. Biomass Bioenerg. 2008; 32: 168-175.
3. Qureshi N, Saha BC, Cotta MA. Butanol production from wheat straw hydrolysate using
Clostridium beijerinckii. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. 2007; 30: 419-427.
4. Zhu S, Wu Y, Yu Z, Liao J, Zhang Y. Pretreatment by microwave /alkali of rice straw and
its enzymatic hydrolysis. Process Biochem. 2005; 40: 3082-3086.
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popping pretreatment. Biotechnol Biofuels. 2013; 6(1): 166.
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RK, Pandey A. Bioethanol production from rice straw: An overview. Bioresour Technol.
2010; 101: 4767-4774.
7. Chandra RP, Bura R, Mabee WE, Berlin A, Pan X, Saddler JN. Substrate pretreatment: The
key to effective enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosics. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol.
2007; 108: 67-93.
8. Taherzadeh MJ, Karimi K. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes to improve ethanol and
biogas production: A review. Int J Mol Sci. 2008; 9: 1621-1651.
9. Kumar P, Barrett DM, Delwiche MJ, Stroeve P. Methods for pretreatment of lignocellulosic
biomass for efficient hydrolysis and biofuels production. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2009; 48:
3713-3729.
10. Sun W, Cheng J. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review.
Bioresour Technol. 2002; 83: 1-11.
11. Jin S, Chen H. Superfine grinding of steam-exploded rice straw and its enzymatic
hydrolysis. Biochem Eng J. 2006; 30: 225-230.
12. Hideno A, Inoue H, Tsukahara K, Fujimoto S, Minowa T, Inoue S, Endo T, Sawayama S.
Wet disk milling pretreatment without sulfuric acid for enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw.
Bioresour Technol. 2009; 100: 2706-2711.
13. Bak, JS, Ko JK, Han YH, Lee BC, Choi IG, Kim KH. Improved enzymatic hydrolysis yield
of rice straw using electron beam irradiation pretreatment. Bioresour Technol. 2009; 100:
1285-1290.
14. Ooshima H, Aso K, Harano Y. Microwave treatment of cellulosic materials for their
enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotechnol Lett. 1984; 6(5): 289-294.
15. Kitchaiya P, Intanakul P, Krairish M. Enhancement of enzymatic hydrolysis of
lignocellulosic wastes by microwave pretreatment under atmospheric pressure. J Wood
Chem Technol. 2003; 23: 217-225.
16. Ma H, Liu WW, Chen X, Wua YJ, Yu ZL. Enhanced enzymatic saccharification of rice straw
by microwave pretreatment. Bioresour Technol. 2009; 100: 1279-1284.
17. Gaspar M, Kalman G, Kati Reczey K. Corn fiber as a raw material for hemicellulose and
ethanol production. Process Biochem. 2007; 42: 1135-1139.
18. Jeya, M, Zhang YW, Kim IW, Lee JK. Enhanced saccharification of alkali-treated rice straw
by cellulase from Trametes hirsuta and statistical optimization of hydrolysis conditions by
RSM. Bioresour Technol. 2009; 100: 5155-5161.
19. Zhang Q, Cai W. Enzymatic hydrolysis of alkali-pretreated rice straw by Trichoderma reesei
ZM4-F3. Biomass Bioenerg. 2008; 32: 1130-1135.
20. Hsu TC, Guo GL, Chen WH, Hwang WS. Effect of dilute acid pretreatment of rice straw on
structural properties and enzymatic hydrolysis. Bioresour Technol. 2010; 101: 4907-4913.
21. Gould JM. Alkaline peroxide delignification of agricultural residues to enhance enzymatic
saccharification. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1984; 26: 46-52.
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the enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw. Biotechnol bioeng. 1985; 27: 1418-1426.
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solubilization of rice straw. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1982; 14: 35-39.
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2006; 30(3): 231.
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SY, Huang Q. Impact of surfactant type for ionic liquid pretreatment on enhancing
delignification of rice straw. Bioresour Technol. 2017; 227: 388-392.
27. Hendriks ATWM, Zeeman G. Pretreatments to increase the digestibility of lignocellulosic
biomass. Bioresour Technol. 2009; 100: 10-18.
28. Mtui GY. Recent advances in pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes and production of value
added products. Afr J Biotechnol. 2009; 8(8): 1398-1415.
29. Nakamura Y, Sawada T, Inoue E. Enhanced ethanol production from enzymatically treated
steam‐exploded rice straw using extractive fermentation. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2001;
76(8): 879-884.
30. Moniruzzaman M. Effect of steam explosion on the physicochemical properties and
enzymatic saccharification of rice straw. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 1996; 59(3): 283-297.
31. Zhong C, Lau MW, Balan V, Dale BE, Yuan YJ. Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis and
ethanol fermentation from AFEX-treated rice straw. Appl Microbio Biotechnol. 2009; 84:
667-676.
32. Yu G, Yano S, Inoue H, Inoue S, Endo T, Sawayama S. Pretreatment of rice straw by a
hot-compressed water process for enzymatic hydrolysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2010; 160
(2): 539-551.
33. Chang KL, Thitikorn-amorn J, Hsieh JF, Ou BM, Chen SH, Ratanakhanokchai K, Huang PJ,
Chen ST. Enhanced enzymatic conversion with freeze pretreatment of rice straw. Biomass
Bioenerg. 2011; 35: 90-95.
34. Taniguchi M, Suzuki H, Watanabe D, Sakai K, Hoshino K, Tanaka T. Evaluation of
pretreatment with Pleurotus ostreatus for enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw. J Biosci Bioeng.
2005; 100(6): 637-643.
35. Bak JS, Kim MD, Choi IG, Kim KH. Biological pretreatment of rice straw by fermenting with
Dichomitus squalens. New Biotechnol. 2010; 27(4): 424-434.
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and rice straw. Internet J Microbiol. 2007; 4(1): 1-6.
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alkali assisted with photocatalysis technology. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2009; 84(8):
1240-1245.
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by alkali and hydrogen peroxide treatments. Carbohydr Polym. 2000; 42(2): 111-122.
39. Chen WH, Pen BL, Yu CT, Hwang WS. Pretreatment efficiency and structural characterization
of rice straw by an integrated process of dilute-acid and steam explosion for bioethanol
production. Bioresour Technol. 2011; 102(3): 2916-2924.
40. Zhu S, Wu Y, Yu Z, Wang C, Yu F, Jin S, Ding Y, Chi R, Liao J, Zhang Y. Comparison of
three microwave/chemical pretreatment processes for enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw.
Biosyst Eng. 2006; 93(3): 279-283.
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with low concentrations of alkali solution. Bioresour Technol. 1993; 43(1): 13-17.
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straw using optimized aqueous-ammonia soaking pretreatment and simultaneous
saccharification and fermentation processes. Bioresour Technol. 2009; 100(19): 4374-4380.
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butanol, and ethanol production. Bioresour Technol. 2014; 152: 450-456.
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pretreatment using renewable ionic liquid-water mixtures. Bioresour Technol. 2013; 136:
469-474.
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an ionic liquid [EMIM] Ac Pretreatment. Energy Source. 2013; 35(21): 2042-2050.
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_||_
Lee SY, Park JH, Jang SH, Nielsen LK, Kim J, Jung KS. Fermentative butanol production
by Clostridia. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2008;101(2): 209-227.
2. Qureshi N, Saha BC, Hector RE, Hughes SR, Cotta MA. Butanol production from wheat
straw by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using Clostridium beijerinckii: Part
І- Batch fermentation. Biomass Bioenerg. 2008; 32: 168-175.
3. Qureshi N, Saha BC, Cotta MA. Butanol production from wheat straw hydrolysate using
Clostridium beijerinckii. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. 2007; 30: 419-427.
4. Zhu S, Wu Y, Yu Z, Liao J, Zhang Y. Pretreatment by microwave /alkali of rice straw and
its enzymatic hydrolysis. Process Biochem. 2005; 40: 3082-3086.
5. Wi SG, Choi IS, Kim KH, Kim HM, Bae HJ. Bioethanol production from rice straw by
popping pretreatment. Biotechnol Biofuels. 2013; 6(1): 166.
6. Binod P, Sindhu R, Singhania RR, Vikram S, Devi L, Nagalakshmi S, Kurien N, Sukumaran
RK, Pandey A. Bioethanol production from rice straw: An overview. Bioresour Technol.
2010; 101: 4767-4774.
7. Chandra RP, Bura R, Mabee WE, Berlin A, Pan X, Saddler JN. Substrate pretreatment: The
key to effective enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosics. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol.
2007; 108: 67-93.
8. Taherzadeh MJ, Karimi K. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes to improve ethanol and
biogas production: A review. Int J Mol Sci. 2008; 9: 1621-1651.
9. Kumar P, Barrett DM, Delwiche MJ, Stroeve P. Methods for pretreatment of lignocellulosic
biomass for efficient hydrolysis and biofuels production. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2009; 48:
3713-3729.
10. Sun W, Cheng J. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review.
Bioresour Technol. 2002; 83: 1-11.
11. Jin S, Chen H. Superfine grinding of steam-exploded rice straw and its enzymatic
hydrolysis. Biochem Eng J. 2006; 30: 225-230.
12. Hideno A, Inoue H, Tsukahara K, Fujimoto S, Minowa T, Inoue S, Endo T, Sawayama S.
Wet disk milling pretreatment without sulfuric acid for enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw.
Bioresour Technol. 2009; 100: 2706-2711.
13. Bak, JS, Ko JK, Han YH, Lee BC, Choi IG, Kim KH. Improved enzymatic hydrolysis yield
of rice straw using electron beam irradiation pretreatment. Bioresour Technol. 2009; 100:
1285-1290.
14. Ooshima H, Aso K, Harano Y. Microwave treatment of cellulosic materials for their
enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotechnol Lett. 1984; 6(5): 289-294.
15. Kitchaiya P, Intanakul P, Krairish M. Enhancement of enzymatic hydrolysis of
lignocellulosic wastes by microwave pretreatment under atmospheric pressure. J Wood
Chem Technol. 2003; 23: 217-225.
16. Ma H, Liu WW, Chen X, Wua YJ, Yu ZL. Enhanced enzymatic saccharification of rice straw
by microwave pretreatment. Bioresour Technol. 2009; 100: 1279-1284.
17. Gaspar M, Kalman G, Kati Reczey K. Corn fiber as a raw material for hemicellulose and
ethanol production. Process Biochem. 2007; 42: 1135-1139.
18. Jeya, M, Zhang YW, Kim IW, Lee JK. Enhanced saccharification of alkali-treated rice straw
by cellulase from Trametes hirsuta and statistical optimization of hydrolysis conditions by
RSM. Bioresour Technol. 2009; 100: 5155-5161.
19. Zhang Q, Cai W. Enzymatic hydrolysis of alkali-pretreated rice straw by Trichoderma reesei
ZM4-F3. Biomass Bioenerg. 2008; 32: 1130-1135.
20. Hsu TC, Guo GL, Chen WH, Hwang WS. Effect of dilute acid pretreatment of rice straw on
structural properties and enzymatic hydrolysis. Bioresour Technol. 2010; 101: 4907-4913.
21. Gould JM. Alkaline peroxide delignification of agricultural residues to enhance enzymatic
saccharification. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1984; 26: 46-52.
22. Wei CJ, Cheng CY. Effect of hydrogen peroxide pretreatment on the structural features and
the enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw. Biotechnol bioeng. 1985; 27: 1418-1426.
23. Taniguchi M, Tanaka M, Matsuno R, Kamikubo T. Evaluation of chemical pretreatment for
solubilization of rice straw. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1982; 14: 35-39.
24. Mohammadi-Rovshandeh J, Talebizadeh A, Rezayati-Charani P. Pulping of rice straw by high
boiling solvents in atmospheric pressure. Iran Polym J. 2005; 14: 223-227.
25. Jahan MS, Lee ZZ, Jin Y. Organic acid pulping of rice straw. I: cooking. Turk J Agric For.
2006; 30(3): 231.
26. Chang KL, Chen XM, Wang XQ, Han YJ, Potprommanee L, Liu JY, Liao YL, Ning XA, Sun
SY, Huang Q. Impact of surfactant type for ionic liquid pretreatment on enhancing
delignification of rice straw. Bioresour Technol. 2017; 227: 388-392.
27. Hendriks ATWM, Zeeman G. Pretreatments to increase the digestibility of lignocellulosic
biomass. Bioresour Technol. 2009; 100: 10-18.
28. Mtui GY. Recent advances in pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes and production of value
added products. Afr J Biotechnol. 2009; 8(8): 1398-1415.
29. Nakamura Y, Sawada T, Inoue E. Enhanced ethanol production from enzymatically treated
steam‐exploded rice straw using extractive fermentation. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2001;
76(8): 879-884.
30. Moniruzzaman M. Effect of steam explosion on the physicochemical properties and
enzymatic saccharification of rice straw. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 1996; 59(3): 283-297.
31. Zhong C, Lau MW, Balan V, Dale BE, Yuan YJ. Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis and
ethanol fermentation from AFEX-treated rice straw. Appl Microbio Biotechnol. 2009; 84:
667-676.
32. Yu G, Yano S, Inoue H, Inoue S, Endo T, Sawayama S. Pretreatment of rice straw by a
hot-compressed water process for enzymatic hydrolysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2010; 160
(2): 539-551.
33. Chang KL, Thitikorn-amorn J, Hsieh JF, Ou BM, Chen SH, Ratanakhanokchai K, Huang PJ,
Chen ST. Enhanced enzymatic conversion with freeze pretreatment of rice straw. Biomass
Bioenerg. 2011; 35: 90-95.
34. Taniguchi M, Suzuki H, Watanabe D, Sakai K, Hoshino K, Tanaka T. Evaluation of
pretreatment with Pleurotus ostreatus for enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw. J Biosci Bioeng.
2005; 100(6): 637-643.
35. Bak JS, Kim MD, Choi IG, Kim KH. Biological pretreatment of rice straw by fermenting with
Dichomitus squalens. New Biotechnol. 2010; 27(4): 424-434.
36. Patel SJ, Onkarappa R, Shobha KS. Study of ethanol production from fungal pretreated wheat
and rice straw. Internet J Microbiol. 2007; 4(1): 1-6.
37. Niu K, Chen P, Zhang X, Tan WS. Enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw pretreated by
alkali assisted with photocatalysis technology. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2009; 84(8):
1240-1245.
38. Sun RC, Tomkinson J, Ma PL, Liang SF. Comparative study of hemicelluloses from rice straw
by alkali and hydrogen peroxide treatments. Carbohydr Polym. 2000; 42(2): 111-122.
39. Chen WH, Pen BL, Yu CT, Hwang WS. Pretreatment efficiency and structural characterization
of rice straw by an integrated process of dilute-acid and steam explosion for bioethanol
production. Bioresour Technol. 2011; 102(3): 2916-2924.
40. Zhu S, Wu Y, Yu Z, Wang C, Yu F, Jin S, Ding Y, Chi R, Liao J, Zhang Y. Comparison of
three microwave/chemical pretreatment processes for enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw.
Biosyst Eng. 2006; 93(3): 279-283.
41. Xin LZ, Kumakura M. Effect of radiation pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw
with low concentrations of alkali solution. Bioresour Technol. 1993; 43(1): 13-17.
42. Ko JK, Bak JS, Jung MW, Lee HJ, Choi IG, Kim TH, Kim KH. Ethanol production from rice
straw using optimized aqueous-ammonia soaking pretreatment and simultaneous
saccharification and fermentation processes. Bioresour Technol. 2009; 100(19): 4374-4380.
43. Amiri H, Karimi K, Ziloueia H. Organosolv pretreatment of rice straw for efficient acetone,
butanol, and ethanol production. Bioresour Technol. 2014; 152: 450-456.
44. Hou XD, Li N, Zong MH. Significantly enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw after
pretreatment using renewable ionic liquid-water mixtures. Bioresour Technol. 2013; 136:
469-474.
45. Sun WL, Ye WF, Tao WY. Improving enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose from rice straw using
an ionic liquid [EMIM] Ac Pretreatment. Energy Source. 2013; 35(21): 2042-2050.
46. Poornejad N, Amin Salehi SM, Karimi K, Taherzadeh MJ, Behzad T. 2011. Improvement of
enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw by N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) pretreatment.
World Renewable Energy Congress. 8-13 May, Linkoping, Sweden, 566.
47. Adsul MG, Bastawde KB, Varma AJ, Gokhale DV. Strain improvement of Penicillium
janthinellum NCIM 1171 for increased cellulase production. Bioresour Technol. 2007; 98(7):
1467-1473.
48. Galbe M, Zacchi G. A review of the production of ethanol from softwood. Appl Microbiol
Biotechnol. 2002; 59(6): 618-628.
49. Sulbarán-de-Ferrer B, Aristiguieta M, Dale BE, Ferrer A, Ojeda-de-Rodriguez G. Enzymatic
hydrolysis of ammonia-treated rice straw. Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals. Humana
Press; 2003: 155-164.
50. Singh A, Bishnoi NR. Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated rice straw and
ethanol production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2012; 93(4): 1785-1793.
51. Wongsorn C, Kangsadan T, Kongruang S, Burapatana V, Pripanapong P. 2010. Ultrasonic
pretreatment enhanced the enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw. International Conference on
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (ICCCE), 1-3 Aug, Kyoto, Japan, 20-23.
52. Aggarwal NK, Goyal V, Saini A, Yadav A, Gupta R. Enzymatic saccharification of pretreated
rice straw by cellulases from Aspergillus niger BK01, Biotech, 2017; 7:158.
53. Morone A, Chakrabarti T, Pandey RA. Cellulose. 2017; 24: 4885.
54. Chang KL, Wang XQ, Han YJ, Deng H, Liu JY, Lin, YCh. Enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of
rice straw pretreated by oxidants assisted with photocatalysis technology. Materials. 2018; 11
(5): 82.
55. Vlasenko EYu, Ding H, Labavitch JM, Shoemaker SP. Enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated
rice straw. Bioresour Technol. 1997; 59: 109-119.
56. Harnpicharnchai p, Champreda V, Sornlake W, Lily Eurwilaichitr L. A thermotolerant β-
glucosidase isolated from an endophytic fungi, Periconia sp., with a possible use for biomass
conversion to sugars. Protein Expr Purif. 2009; 67: 61-69.
57. Ranjan R, Mayank A, Moholkar VS. Process optimization for butanol production from
developed rice straw hydrolysate using Clostridium acetobutylicum MTCC 481 strain.
Biomass Conversion Biorefinery. 2013; 3(2): 143-155.
58. Chen WH, Chen YC, Lin JG. Evaluation of biobutanol production from non-pretreated rice
straw hydrolysate under non-sterile environmental conditions. Bioresour Technol. 2012; 135:
262-268.
59. Gottumukkala LD, Parameswaran B, Valappil SK, Mathiyazhakan K, Pandey A, Sukumaran
RK. Biobutanol production from rice straw by a on acetone producing Clostridium
sporogenes BE01. Bioresour Technol. 2013; 145: 182-187.
60. Moradi F, Amiri H, Soleimanianzad S, Ehsani MR, Karimi K. Improvement of acetone,
butanol and ethanol production from rice straw by acid and alkaline pretreatments. Fuel.
2013; 112: 8-13.
61. Ranjan A, Khanna,S, Moholkar VS. Feasibility of rice straw as alternate substrate for
biobutanol production. Appl Energy. 2013; 103: 32-38.
62. Rahnama N, Foo HL, Rahman NAA, Ariff A, Shah UKM. Saccharification of rice straw by
Journal of Microbial World, Volume 12, No. 2, July 2019. Production of biobutanol from rice straw. Nooshin Rahnama.
202
cellulase from a local Trichoderma harzianum SNRS3 for biobutanol production. BMC
biotechnol. 2014; 14(1): 103.
63. Kiyoshi K, Furukawa M, Seyama T, Kadokura T, Nakazato A, Nakayama Sh. Butanol
production from alkali-pretreated rice straw by co-culture of Clostridium
thermocellum and Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum. Bioresour Technol. 2015; 3:
325-328.
64. Saini M, Chiang ChJ, Li SY, Chao YP. Production of biobutanol from cellulose hydrolysate
by the Escherichia coli co-culture system. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2016; 363(4): pii: fnw008.
65. Kharkwal S, Karimi IA, Chang MW, Lee DY. Strain improvement and process development
for biobutanol production. Recent Pat Biotechnol. 2009; 3: 202-210.
66. Qureshi N, Ezeji TC. Butanol, ‘a superior biofuels ‘production from agricultural residues
(renewable biomass): recent progress in technology. Biofuel Bioprod Bior. 2008; 2: 319-330.
by Clostridia. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2008;101(2): 209-227.
2. Qureshi N, Saha BC, Hector RE, Hughes SR, Cotta MA. Butanol production from wheat
straw by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using Clostridium beijerinckii: Part
І- Batch fermentation. Biomass Bioenerg. 2008; 32: 168-175.
3. Qureshi N, Saha BC, Cotta MA. Butanol production from wheat straw hydrolysate using
Clostridium beijerinckii. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. 2007; 30: 419-427.
4. Zhu S, Wu Y, Yu Z, Liao J, Zhang Y. Pretreatment by microwave /alkali of rice straw and
its enzymatic hydrolysis. Process Biochem. 2005; 40: 3082-3086.
5. Wi SG, Choi IS, Kim KH, Kim HM, Bae HJ. Bioethanol production from rice straw by
popping pretreatment. Biotechnol Biofuels. 2013; 6(1): 166.
6. Binod P, Sindhu R, Singhania RR, Vikram S, Devi L, Nagalakshmi S, Kurien N, Sukumaran
RK, Pandey A. Bioethanol production from rice straw: An overview. Bioresour Technol.
2010; 101: 4767-4774.
7. Chandra RP, Bura R, Mabee WE, Berlin A, Pan X, Saddler JN. Substrate pretreatment: The
key to effective enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosics. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol.
2007; 108: 67-93.
8. Taherzadeh MJ, Karimi K. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes to improve ethanol and
biogas production: A review. Int J Mol Sci. 2008; 9: 1621-1651.
9. Kumar P, Barrett DM, Delwiche MJ, Stroeve P. Methods for pretreatment of lignocellulosic
biomass for efficient hydrolysis and biofuels production. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2009; 48:
3713-3729.
10. Sun W, Cheng J. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review.
Bioresour Technol. 2002; 83: 1-11.
11. Jin S, Chen H. Superfine grinding of steam-exploded rice straw and its enzymatic
hydrolysis. Biochem Eng J. 2006; 30: 225-230.
12. Hideno A, Inoue H, Tsukahara K, Fujimoto S, Minowa T, Inoue S, Endo T, Sawayama S.
Wet disk milling pretreatment without sulfuric acid for enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw.
Bioresour Technol. 2009; 100: 2706-2711.
13. Bak, JS, Ko JK, Han YH, Lee BC, Choi IG, Kim KH. Improved enzymatic hydrolysis yield
of rice straw using electron beam irradiation pretreatment. Bioresour Technol. 2009; 100:
1285-1290.
14. Ooshima H, Aso K, Harano Y. Microwave treatment of cellulosic materials for their
enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotechnol Lett. 1984; 6(5): 289-294.
15. Kitchaiya P, Intanakul P, Krairish M. Enhancement of enzymatic hydrolysis of
lignocellulosic wastes by microwave pretreatment under atmospheric pressure. J Wood
Chem Technol. 2003; 23: 217-225.
16. Ma H, Liu WW, Chen X, Wua YJ, Yu ZL. Enhanced enzymatic saccharification of rice straw
by microwave pretreatment. Bioresour Technol. 2009; 100: 1279-1284.
17. Gaspar M, Kalman G, Kati Reczey K. Corn fiber as a raw material for hemicellulose and
ethanol production. Process Biochem. 2007; 42: 1135-1139.
18. Jeya, M, Zhang YW, Kim IW, Lee JK. Enhanced saccharification of alkali-treated rice straw
by cellulase from Trametes hirsuta and statistical optimization of hydrolysis conditions by
RSM. Bioresour Technol. 2009; 100: 5155-5161.
19. Zhang Q, Cai W. Enzymatic hydrolysis of alkali-pretreated rice straw by Trichoderma reesei
ZM4-F3. Biomass Bioenerg. 2008; 32: 1130-1135.
20. Hsu TC, Guo GL, Chen WH, Hwang WS. Effect of dilute acid pretreatment of rice straw on
structural properties and enzymatic hydrolysis. Bioresour Technol. 2010; 101: 4907-4913.
21. Gould JM. Alkaline peroxide delignification of agricultural residues to enhance enzymatic
saccharification. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1984; 26: 46-52.
22. Wei CJ, Cheng CY. Effect of hydrogen peroxide pretreatment on the structural features and
the enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw. Biotechnol bioeng. 1985; 27: 1418-1426.
23. Taniguchi M, Tanaka M, Matsuno R, Kamikubo T. Evaluation of chemical pretreatment for
solubilization of rice straw. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1982; 14: 35-39.
24. Mohammadi-Rovshandeh J, Talebizadeh A, Rezayati-Charani P. Pulping of rice straw by high
boiling solvents in atmospheric pressure. Iran Polym J. 2005; 14: 223-227.
25. Jahan MS, Lee ZZ, Jin Y. Organic acid pulping of rice straw. I: cooking. Turk J Agric For.
2006; 30(3): 231.
26. Chang KL, Chen XM, Wang XQ, Han YJ, Potprommanee L, Liu JY, Liao YL, Ning XA, Sun
SY, Huang Q. Impact of surfactant type for ionic liquid pretreatment on enhancing
delignification of rice straw. Bioresour Technol. 2017; 227: 388-392.
27. Hendriks ATWM, Zeeman G. Pretreatments to increase the digestibility of lignocellulosic
biomass. Bioresour Technol. 2009; 100: 10-18.
28. Mtui GY. Recent advances in pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes and production of value
added products. Afr J Biotechnol. 2009; 8(8): 1398-1415.
29. Nakamura Y, Sawada T, Inoue E. Enhanced ethanol production from enzymatically treated
steam‐exploded rice straw using extractive fermentation. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2001;
76(8): 879-884.
30. Moniruzzaman M. Effect of steam explosion on the physicochemical properties and
enzymatic saccharification of rice straw. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 1996; 59(3): 283-297.
31. Zhong C, Lau MW, Balan V, Dale BE, Yuan YJ. Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis and
ethanol fermentation from AFEX-treated rice straw. Appl Microbio Biotechnol. 2009; 84:
667-676.
32. Yu G, Yano S, Inoue H, Inoue S, Endo T, Sawayama S. Pretreatment of rice straw by a
hot-compressed water process for enzymatic hydrolysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2010; 160
(2): 539-551.
33. Chang KL, Thitikorn-amorn J, Hsieh JF, Ou BM, Chen SH, Ratanakhanokchai K, Huang PJ,
Chen ST. Enhanced enzymatic conversion with freeze pretreatment of rice straw. Biomass
Bioenerg. 2011; 35: 90-95.
34. Taniguchi M, Suzuki H, Watanabe D, Sakai K, Hoshino K, Tanaka T. Evaluation of
pretreatment with Pleurotus ostreatus for enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw. J Biosci Bioeng.
2005; 100(6): 637-643.
35. Bak JS, Kim MD, Choi IG, Kim KH. Biological pretreatment of rice straw by fermenting with
Dichomitus squalens. New Biotechnol. 2010; 27(4): 424-434.
36. Patel SJ, Onkarappa R, Shobha KS. Study of ethanol production from fungal pretreated wheat
and rice straw. Internet J Microbiol. 2007; 4(1): 1-6.
37. Niu K, Chen P, Zhang X, Tan WS. Enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw pretreated by
alkali assisted with photocatalysis technology. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2009; 84(8):
1240-1245.
38. Sun RC, Tomkinson J, Ma PL, Liang SF. Comparative study of hemicelluloses from rice straw
by alkali and hydrogen peroxide treatments. Carbohydr Polym. 2000; 42(2): 111-122.
39. Chen WH, Pen BL, Yu CT, Hwang WS. Pretreatment efficiency and structural characterization
of rice straw by an integrated process of dilute-acid and steam explosion for bioethanol
production. Bioresour Technol. 2011; 102(3): 2916-2924.
40. Zhu S, Wu Y, Yu Z, Wang C, Yu F, Jin S, Ding Y, Chi R, Liao J, Zhang Y. Comparison of
three microwave/chemical pretreatment processes for enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw.
Biosyst Eng. 2006; 93(3): 279-283.
41. Xin LZ, Kumakura M. Effect of radiation pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw
with low concentrations of alkali solution. Bioresour Technol. 1993; 43(1): 13-17.
42. Ko JK, Bak JS, Jung MW, Lee HJ, Choi IG, Kim TH, Kim KH. Ethanol production from rice
straw using optimized aqueous-ammonia soaking pretreatment and simultaneous
saccharification and fermentation processes. Bioresour Technol. 2009; 100(19): 4374-4380.
43. Amiri H, Karimi K, Ziloueia H. Organosolv pretreatment of rice straw for efficient acetone,
butanol, and ethanol production. Bioresour Technol. 2014; 152: 450-456.
44. Hou XD, Li N, Zong MH. Significantly enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw after
pretreatment using renewable ionic liquid-water mixtures. Bioresour Technol. 2013; 136:
469-474.
45. Sun WL, Ye WF, Tao WY. Improving enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose from rice straw using
an ionic liquid [EMIM] Ac Pretreatment. Energy Source. 2013; 35(21): 2042-2050.
46. Poornejad N, Amin Salehi SM, Karimi K, Taherzadeh MJ, Behzad T. 2011. Improvement of
enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw by N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) pretreatment.
World Renewable Energy Congress. 8-13 May, Linkoping, Sweden, 566.
47. Adsul MG, Bastawde KB, Varma AJ, Gokhale DV. Strain improvement of Penicillium
janthinellum NCIM 1171 for increased cellulase production. Bioresour Technol. 2007; 98(7):
1467-1473.
48. Galbe M, Zacchi G. A review of the production of ethanol from softwood. Appl Microbiol
Biotechnol. 2002; 59(6): 618-628.
49. Sulbarán-de-Ferrer B, Aristiguieta M, Dale BE, Ferrer A, Ojeda-de-Rodriguez G. Enzymatic
hydrolysis of ammonia-treated rice straw. Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals. Humana
Press; 2003: 155-164.
50. Singh A, Bishnoi NR. Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated rice straw and
ethanol production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2012; 93(4): 1785-1793.
51. Wongsorn C, Kangsadan T, Kongruang S, Burapatana V, Pripanapong P. 2010. Ultrasonic
pretreatment enhanced the enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw. International Conference on
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (ICCCE), 1-3 Aug, Kyoto, Japan, 20-23.
52. Aggarwal NK, Goyal V, Saini A, Yadav A, Gupta R. Enzymatic saccharification of pretreated
rice straw by cellulases from Aspergillus niger BK01, Biotech, 2017; 7:158.
53. Morone A, Chakrabarti T, Pandey RA. Cellulose. 2017; 24: 4885.
54. Chang KL, Wang XQ, Han YJ, Deng H, Liu JY, Lin, YCh. Enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of
rice straw pretreated by oxidants assisted with photocatalysis technology. Materials. 2018; 11
(5): 82.
55. Vlasenko EYu, Ding H, Labavitch JM, Shoemaker SP. Enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated
rice straw. Bioresour Technol. 1997; 59: 109-119.
56. Harnpicharnchai p, Champreda V, Sornlake W, Lily Eurwilaichitr L. A thermotolerant β-
glucosidase isolated from an endophytic fungi, Periconia sp., with a possible use for biomass
conversion to sugars. Protein Expr Purif. 2009; 67: 61-69.
57. Ranjan R, Mayank A, Moholkar VS. Process optimization for butanol production from
developed rice straw hydrolysate using Clostridium acetobutylicum MTCC 481 strain.
Biomass Conversion Biorefinery. 2013; 3(2): 143-155.
58. Chen WH, Chen YC, Lin JG. Evaluation of biobutanol production from non-pretreated rice
straw hydrolysate under non-sterile environmental conditions. Bioresour Technol. 2012; 135:
262-268.
59. Gottumukkala LD, Parameswaran B, Valappil SK, Mathiyazhakan K, Pandey A, Sukumaran
RK. Biobutanol production from rice straw by a on acetone producing Clostridium
sporogenes BE01. Bioresour Technol. 2013; 145: 182-187.
60. Moradi F, Amiri H, Soleimanianzad S, Ehsani MR, Karimi K. Improvement of acetone,
butanol and ethanol production from rice straw by acid and alkaline pretreatments. Fuel.
2013; 112: 8-13.
61. Ranjan A, Khanna,S, Moholkar VS. Feasibility of rice straw as alternate substrate for
biobutanol production. Appl Energy. 2013; 103: 32-38.
62. Rahnama N, Foo HL, Rahman NAA, Ariff A, Shah UKM. Saccharification of rice straw by
Journal of Microbial World, Volume 12, No. 2, July 2019. Production of biobutanol from rice straw. Nooshin Rahnama.
202
cellulase from a local Trichoderma harzianum SNRS3 for biobutanol production. BMC
biotechnol. 2014; 14(1): 103.
63. Kiyoshi K, Furukawa M, Seyama T, Kadokura T, Nakazato A, Nakayama Sh. Butanol
production from alkali-pretreated rice straw by co-culture of Clostridium
thermocellum and Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum. Bioresour Technol. 2015; 3:
325-328.
64. Saini M, Chiang ChJ, Li SY, Chao YP. Production of biobutanol from cellulose hydrolysate
by the Escherichia coli co-culture system. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2016; 363(4): pii: fnw008.
65. Kharkwal S, Karimi IA, Chang MW, Lee DY. Strain improvement and process development
for biobutanol production. Recent Pat Biotechnol. 2009; 3: 202-210.
66. Qureshi N, Ezeji TC. Butanol, ‘a superior biofuels ‘production from agricultural residues
(renewable biomass): recent progress in technology. Biofuel Bioprod Bior. 2008; 2: 319-330.
_||_
by Clostridia. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2008;101(2): 209-227.
2. Qureshi N, Saha BC, Hector RE, Hughes SR, Cotta MA. Butanol production from wheat
straw by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using Clostridium beijerinckii: Part
І- Batch fermentation. Biomass Bioenerg. 2008; 32: 168-175.
3. Qureshi N, Saha BC, Cotta MA. Butanol production from wheat straw hydrolysate using
Clostridium beijerinckii. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. 2007; 30: 419-427.
4. Zhu S, Wu Y, Yu Z, Liao J, Zhang Y. Pretreatment by microwave /alkali of rice straw and
its enzymatic hydrolysis. Process Biochem. 2005; 40: 3082-3086.
5. Wi SG, Choi IS, Kim KH, Kim HM, Bae HJ. Bioethanol production from rice straw by
popping pretreatment. Biotechnol Biofuels. 2013; 6(1): 166.
6. Binod P, Sindhu R, Singhania RR, Vikram S, Devi L, Nagalakshmi S, Kurien N, Sukumaran
RK, Pandey A. Bioethanol production from rice straw: An overview. Bioresour Technol.
2010; 101: 4767-4774.
7. Chandra RP, Bura R, Mabee WE, Berlin A, Pan X, Saddler JN. Substrate pretreatment: The
key to effective enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosics. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol.
2007; 108: 67-93.
8. Taherzadeh MJ, Karimi K. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes to improve ethanol and
biogas production: A review. Int J Mol Sci. 2008; 9: 1621-1651.
9. Kumar P, Barrett DM, Delwiche MJ, Stroeve P. Methods for pretreatment of lignocellulosic
biomass for efficient hydrolysis and biofuels production. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2009; 48:
3713-3729.
10. Sun W, Cheng J. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review.
Bioresour Technol. 2002; 83: 1-11.
11. Jin S, Chen H. Superfine grinding of steam-exploded rice straw and its enzymatic
hydrolysis. Biochem Eng J. 2006; 30: 225-230.
12. Hideno A, Inoue H, Tsukahara K, Fujimoto S, Minowa T, Inoue S, Endo T, Sawayama S.
Wet disk milling pretreatment without sulfuric acid for enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw.
Bioresour Technol. 2009; 100: 2706-2711.
13. Bak, JS, Ko JK, Han YH, Lee BC, Choi IG, Kim KH. Improved enzymatic hydrolysis yield
of rice straw using electron beam irradiation pretreatment. Bioresour Technol. 2009; 100:
1285-1290.
14. Ooshima H, Aso K, Harano Y. Microwave treatment of cellulosic materials for their
enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotechnol Lett. 1984; 6(5): 289-294.
15. Kitchaiya P, Intanakul P, Krairish M. Enhancement of enzymatic hydrolysis of
lignocellulosic wastes by microwave pretreatment under atmospheric pressure. J Wood
Chem Technol. 2003; 23: 217-225.
16. Ma H, Liu WW, Chen X, Wua YJ, Yu ZL. Enhanced enzymatic saccharification of rice straw
by microwave pretreatment. Bioresour Technol. 2009; 100: 1279-1284.
17. Gaspar M, Kalman G, Kati Reczey K. Corn fiber as a raw material for hemicellulose and
ethanol production. Process Biochem. 2007; 42: 1135-1139.
18. Jeya, M, Zhang YW, Kim IW, Lee JK. Enhanced saccharification of alkali-treated rice straw
by cellulase from Trametes hirsuta and statistical optimization of hydrolysis conditions by
RSM. Bioresour Technol. 2009; 100: 5155-5161.
19. Zhang Q, Cai W. Enzymatic hydrolysis of alkali-pretreated rice straw by Trichoderma reesei
ZM4-F3. Biomass Bioenerg. 2008; 32: 1130-1135.
20. Hsu TC, Guo GL, Chen WH, Hwang WS. Effect of dilute acid pretreatment of rice straw on
structural properties and enzymatic hydrolysis. Bioresour Technol. 2010; 101: 4907-4913.
21. Gould JM. Alkaline peroxide delignification of agricultural residues to enhance enzymatic
saccharification. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1984; 26: 46-52.
22. Wei CJ, Cheng CY. Effect of hydrogen peroxide pretreatment on the structural features and
the enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw. Biotechnol bioeng. 1985; 27: 1418-1426.
23. Taniguchi M, Tanaka M, Matsuno R, Kamikubo T. Evaluation of chemical pretreatment for
solubilization of rice straw. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1982; 14: 35-39.
24. Mohammadi-Rovshandeh J, Talebizadeh A, Rezayati-Charani P. Pulping of rice straw by high
boiling solvents in atmospheric pressure. Iran Polym J. 2005; 14: 223-227.
25. Jahan MS, Lee ZZ, Jin Y. Organic acid pulping of rice straw. I: cooking. Turk J Agric For.
2006; 30(3): 231.
26. Chang KL, Chen XM, Wang XQ, Han YJ, Potprommanee L, Liu JY, Liao YL, Ning XA, Sun
SY, Huang Q. Impact of surfactant type for ionic liquid pretreatment on enhancing
delignification of rice straw. Bioresour Technol. 2017; 227: 388-392.
27. Hendriks ATWM, Zeeman G. Pretreatments to increase the digestibility of lignocellulosic
biomass. Bioresour Technol. 2009; 100: 10-18.
28. Mtui GY. Recent advances in pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes and production of value
added products. Afr J Biotechnol. 2009; 8(8): 1398-1415.
29. Nakamura Y, Sawada T, Inoue E. Enhanced ethanol production from enzymatically treated
steam‐exploded rice straw using extractive fermentation. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2001;
76(8): 879-884.
30. Moniruzzaman M. Effect of steam explosion on the physicochemical properties and
enzymatic saccharification of rice straw. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 1996; 59(3): 283-297.
31. Zhong C, Lau MW, Balan V, Dale BE, Yuan YJ. Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis and
ethanol fermentation from AFEX-treated rice straw. Appl Microbio Biotechnol. 2009; 84:
667-676.
32. Yu G, Yano S, Inoue H, Inoue S, Endo T, Sawayama S. Pretreatment of rice straw by a
hot-compressed water process for enzymatic hydrolysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2010; 160
(2): 539-551.
33. Chang KL, Thitikorn-amorn J, Hsieh JF, Ou BM, Chen SH, Ratanakhanokchai K, Huang PJ,
Chen ST. Enhanced enzymatic conversion with freeze pretreatment of rice straw. Biomass
Bioenerg. 2011; 35: 90-95.
34. Taniguchi M, Suzuki H, Watanabe D, Sakai K, Hoshino K, Tanaka T. Evaluation of
pretreatment with Pleurotus ostreatus for enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw. J Biosci Bioeng.
2005; 100(6): 637-643.
35. Bak JS, Kim MD, Choi IG, Kim KH. Biological pretreatment of rice straw by fermenting with
Dichomitus squalens. New Biotechnol. 2010; 27(4): 424-434.
36. Patel SJ, Onkarappa R, Shobha KS. Study of ethanol production from fungal pretreated wheat
and rice straw. Internet J Microbiol. 2007; 4(1): 1-6.
37. Niu K, Chen P, Zhang X, Tan WS. Enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw pretreated by
alkali assisted with photocatalysis technology. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2009; 84(8):
1240-1245.
38. Sun RC, Tomkinson J, Ma PL, Liang SF. Comparative study of hemicelluloses from rice straw
by alkali and hydrogen peroxide treatments. Carbohydr Polym. 2000; 42(2): 111-122.
39. Chen WH, Pen BL, Yu CT, Hwang WS. Pretreatment efficiency and structural characterization
of rice straw by an integrated process of dilute-acid and steam explosion for bioethanol
production. Bioresour Technol. 2011; 102(3): 2916-2924.
40. Zhu S, Wu Y, Yu Z, Wang C, Yu F, Jin S, Ding Y, Chi R, Liao J, Zhang Y. Comparison of
three microwave/chemical pretreatment processes for enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw.
Biosyst Eng. 2006; 93(3): 279-283.
41. Xin LZ, Kumakura M. Effect of radiation pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw
with low concentrations of alkali solution. Bioresour Technol. 1993; 43(1): 13-17.
42. Ko JK, Bak JS, Jung MW, Lee HJ, Choi IG, Kim TH, Kim KH. Ethanol production from rice
straw using optimized aqueous-ammonia soaking pretreatment and simultaneous
saccharification and fermentation processes. Bioresour Technol. 2009; 100(19): 4374-4380.
43. Amiri H, Karimi K, Ziloueia H. Organosolv pretreatment of rice straw for efficient acetone,
butanol, and ethanol production. Bioresour Technol. 2014; 152: 450-456.
44. Hou XD, Li N, Zong MH. Significantly enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw after
pretreatment using renewable ionic liquid-water mixtures. Bioresour Technol. 2013; 136:
469-474.
45. Sun WL, Ye WF, Tao WY. Improving enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose from rice straw using
an ionic liquid [EMIM] Ac Pretreatment. Energy Source. 2013; 35(21): 2042-2050.
46. Poornejad N, Amin Salehi SM, Karimi K, Taherzadeh MJ, Behzad T. 2011. Improvement of
enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw by N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) pretreatment.
World Renewable Energy Congress. 8-13 May, Linkoping, Sweden, 566.
47. Adsul MG, Bastawde KB, Varma AJ, Gokhale DV. Strain improvement of Penicillium
janthinellum NCIM 1171 for increased cellulase production. Bioresour Technol. 2007; 98(7):
1467-1473.
48. Galbe M, Zacchi G. A review of the production of ethanol from softwood. Appl Microbiol
Biotechnol. 2002; 59(6): 618-628.
49. Sulbarán-de-Ferrer B, Aristiguieta M, Dale BE, Ferrer A, Ojeda-de-Rodriguez G. Enzymatic
hydrolysis of ammonia-treated rice straw. Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals. Humana
Press; 2003: 155-164.
50. Singh A, Bishnoi NR. Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated rice straw and
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