طراحی یک مدل تحلیلی کیفی نگرش گردشگری کودکان در جهت توسعه اجتماعی از طریق سرمایه‌های ناملموس
محورهای موضوعی :
مطالعات توسعه اجتماعی ایران
مهدی کروبی
1
(دانشیار و عضو هیات علمی گروه جهانگردی، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه علّامه طباطبائی)
محمود ضیائی
2
(دانشیار و عضو هیات علمی گروه جهانگردی، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه علّامه طباطبائی)
زهره محمدی
3
(دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت گردشگری، دانشگاه علّامه طباطبائی)
تاریخ دریافت : 1397/06/06
تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/06/06
تاریخ انتشار : 1397/06/01
کلید واژه:
مطالعات کودک,
نقاشی کودکان,
منافع سفر و گردشگری,
نگرش کودکان به گردشگری,
چکیده مقاله :
دوره کودکی از لحاظ شکل گیری هویت فردی و اجتماعی دارای اهمیت می‌باشد و هرچه کودکان در معرض مراودات اجتماعی قرار گیرند، هوش هیجانی بالاتری خواهند داشت. گردشگری بستر ساز مراودات اجتماعی است درحالی که نقش این پدیده در شکل گیری هویت اجتماعی کودکان نادیده انگاشته شده است. این مطالعه به دنبال کشف انگیزه‌های ادارک شده سفر و گردشگری کودکان از طریق منافع ادراک شده آنها در سفرهای گذشته انها بوده است. روش جمع اوری داده‌ها ترکیبی از نقاشی موضوعی کودکان و مصاحبه کوتاه در مورد توصیف نقاشی از زبان خود کودکان می‌باشد. نقاشی‌ها و متن مصاحبه‌ها مورد تحلیل تماتیک قرار گرفتند. کودکان 9 تا 12 ساله دبستان‌های دولتی و غیر‌دولتی دخترانه و پسرانه چهار منطقه 1و3و4و12 شهر تهران مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند و در مجموع 105 نقاشی مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. مدل تحلیلی نقاشی کودکان در 1 فاز توصیفی و 3 فاز تحلیلی طراحی و به کار گرفته شد. تجزیه و تحلیل نقاشی‌های کودکان، بینشی به ادراک و جهت گیری آنها نسبت به گردشگری ارائه می‌نماید و شروعی نوآورانه برای تحقیق "با" کودکان است. این مطالعه نشان داد که کودکان عناصر اجتماعی فعالی در توسعه گردشگری خواهند بود و می‌توانند محور و محرک سفر به حساب آیند.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Taking qualitative steps from an early idea to the final results, this study reached a model design. The study sought to discover the perceived motivations of travel and tourism for children through their perceived interests and benefits in their past best travels. The data collection method is a combination of children's thematic painting and a short interview about describing the painting in their own language. The paintings and the text of the interviews were analyzed with thematic content analysis. Children aged 9-12 years old girls and boys were studied in four areas of 1, 3, 4, and 12 in Tehran. Also, the sample was distributed in public and private schools in each district. Totally, 107 paintings were analyzed. The analytical model of children's drawing was designed and applied in a descriptive phase and three analytical phases. The analysis of children's paintings provides an insight into their perception and orientation towards tourism and is an innovative start for research with children.
منابع و مأخذ:
Barker, J., & Weller, S. (2003). "Is it Fun?" Developing Child-Centred Research Methods. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 23(1), 33-58.
Blichfeldt, B., Pedersen, B., Johansen, A., & L. Hansen. (2010). Tween tourists: children and decision-making. Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice, 2(1), 1-24.
Clark, A., & Moss, P. (2001). Listening to young children: the Mosaic approach (London, National Children’s Bureau for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation).
Clark, A., (2005). Listening to and involving young children: a review of research and practice. Early Child Development and Care, 175(6), 489-505.
Cullingford, C. (1995). Children’s attitudes to holiday overseas. Tourism Management, 16, 121–127.
Darbyshire, P., Schiller, W., & MacDougall, C. (2005). Extending new paradigm childhood research: meeting the challenges of including younger children. Early Child Development and Care, 175(6), 467-472.
Dockett, S., Einarsdottir, J., & Perry, B. (2009). Researching with children: Ethical tensions. Journal of Early childhood research, 7(3), 283-298.
Fargas-Malet, M., McSherry, D., Larkin, E., & Robinson, C. (2010). Research with children: Methodological issues and innovative techniques. Journal of early childhood research, 8(2), 175-192.
Farrell, A. (2005). Ethics and research with children (pp. 1-14). Open University Press, McGraw-Hill.
Frandberg, L. (2010). Activities and activity patterns involving travel abroad while growing up: the case of young Swedes. Tourism Geographies, 12(1), 100-117.
Glinka, Hans-Jürgen (1998). Das narrative Interview. Eine Einführung für Sozialpädagogen. Weinheim, München: Juventa.
Grover, S. (2004). Why won’t they listen to us? On giving power and voice to children participating in social research. Childhood, 11(1), 81-93.
Gunn, C.A. (1988). Tourism Planning (2nd ed.). New York: Taylor and Francis.
Heinzel, Friederike (1997). Qualitative Interviews mit Kindern. In Barbara Friebertshäuser & Annedore Prengel (Eds.), Handbuch Qualitative Forschungsmethoden in der Erziehungswissenschaft (pp.396-413), Weinheim, München: Juventa.
Hill, M. (2005). Ethical considerations in researching children’s experiences. Researching children’s experience, 61-86.
Hill, M. (2006). Children’s voices on ways of having a voice: Children’s and young people’s perspectives on methods used in research and consultation. Childhood, 13(1), 69-89.
Jenkins, C.L. (1980). Tourism policies in developing countries: a critique. International journal of Tourism Management, 1(1), 36-48.
Johns, N., & Gyimothy. S. (2003). Postmodern family tourism in Legoland. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 3(1), 3-23.
Kellett, M., & Ding, S. (2004). Middle childhood. In S. Fraser, V. Lewis, S. Ding, M. Kellet and C. Robinson (eds) Doing Research with Children and Young People, pp. 161–74. London: The Open University.
Lamnek, Siegfried (1995b). Qualitative Sozialforschung. Band 2: Methoden und Techniken. Weinheim: PsychologieVerlagsUnion.
Larsen, S. & Jenssen, D. (2004). The school trip: travelling with, not to or from. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 4(1), 43-57.
Larsen, S. & Jenssen, D. (2004). The school trip: travelling with, not to or from. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 4(1), 43-57.
Leiper. (1989). Tourism and tourism systems. In Hall, C.M. (Ed.), Tourism planning: Policies, Process and Relationship (pp. 50). England: Pearson Hall.
Leonard, M. (2006). Children's drawings as a methodological tool: reflections on the eleven plus system in Northern Ireland. Irish Journal of Sociology, 15(2), 52-66.
Mayall, B. (2000). Conversations with children: working with generational issues in P. Christensen and A. James (Eds) Research with children: perspectives and practices.
Mayring, Philipp (1990). Einführung in die qualitative Sozialforschung. München: Psychologie-Verlags-Union.
Mill, R. C.; Morrison, A. M. (2002). The tourism system. Kendall Hunt.
Morgan, M., Gibbs, S., Maxwell, K., & Britten, N. (2002). Hearing children's voices: methodological issues in conducting focus groups with children aged 7-11 years. Qualitative research, 2(1), 5-20.
Morrow, V. (2001). Using qualitative methods to elicit young people's perspectives on their environments: some ideas for community health initiatives. Health education research, 16(3), 255-268.
Moss, P., & Petrie, P. (2005). From children's services to children's spaces: Public policy, children and childhood. Routledge.
Newman, M., Woodcock, A., & Dunham, P. (2006). ‘Playtime in the borderlands’: children's representations of school, gender and bullying through photographs and interviews. Children's Geographies, 4(3), 289-302.
Nickerson, N., & Jurowski, C. (2001). The influence of children on vacation travel patterns. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 7(1), 19-30.
Pearce, P. L. (2011). Tourist behaviour and the contemporary world (Vol. 51). Channel view publications.
Poria, Y., & Timothy, D. J. (2014). Where are the children in tourism research?. Annals of Tourism Research, 47, 93-95.
Poria, Y., Atzaba-Poria, N., & Barrett, M. (2005). The relationship between children’s geographical knowledge and travel experience: An exploratory study. Tourism Geographies, 7(4), 387–397.
Punch, S. (2002). Research with children: The same of different from research with adults?. Childhood, 9(3), 321-341.
Richter, Hans-Günther (1997). Die Kinderzeichnung. Entwicklung – Interpretation – Ästhetik. Berlin: Cornelsen.
Ryan, C. (1992). The child as a visitor. World Travel and Tourism Review: Indicators trends and Issues, 2(2), 135-139.
Samuels, J. (2004). Breaking the ethnographer’s frames: Reflections on the use of photo elicitation in understanding Sri Lankan monastic culture. American behavioral scientist, 47(12), 1528-1550.
Sartain, S. A., Clarke, C. L., & Heyman, R. (2000). Hearing the voices of children with chronic illness. Journal of advanced nursing, 32(4), 913-921.
Schänzel, H. A., & Smith, K. A. (2014). The Socialization of Families Away from Home: Group Dynamics and Family Functioning on Holiday. Leisure Sciences, 36(2), 126-143.
Schoppe, Andreas (1991). Kinderzeichnung und Lebenswelt. Herne: Verlag für Wissenschaft und Kunst.
Seaton, A. V., & Tagg S. (1995). The family vacation in Europe: paedonomic aspects of choices and satisfaction. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 4(1), 1-21.
Shaw, S. M., Havitz, M. E., & Delemere, F. M. (2008). "I decided to invest in my kids' memories": Family vacations, memories, and the social construction of the family. Tourism, Culture and Communication, 8(1), 13-26.
Small, J. (2008). The absence of childhood in tourism studies. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(3), 772–789.
Thornton, P. R., Shaw, G., & Williams, A. M. (1997). Tourist group holiday decision-making and behaviour: the influence of children. Tourism Management, 18(5), 287-297.
Thornton, P., Shaw, G., & Williams, A. (1997). Tourist group holiday decision-making and behaviour: the influence of children. Tourism Management, 18(5), 287-297.
Tschanz, Manuela & Krause, Christina (1992). Wie Grundschüler die Reaktion ihrer Eltern auf Zensuren reflektieren – eine Längsschnittanalyse thematischer Kinderzeichnungen. Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht, 39 (4), 264-276.
Urry, J. (2002). The Tourist Gaze (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
Wiegand, P. (1991). Does travel broaden the mind? Education 3-13, 19(1), 54-58.
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Barker, J., & Weller, S. (2003). "Is it Fun?" Developing Child-Centred Research Methods. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 23(1), 33-58.
Blichfeldt, B., Pedersen, B., Johansen, A., & L. Hansen. (2010). Tween tourists: children and decision-making. Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice, 2(1), 1-24.
Clark, A., & Moss, P. (2001). Listening to young children: the Mosaic approach (London, National Children’s Bureau for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation).
Clark, A., (2005). Listening to and involving young children: a review of research and practice. Early Child Development and Care, 175(6), 489-505.
Cullingford, C. (1995). Children’s attitudes to holiday overseas. Tourism Management, 16, 121–127.
Darbyshire, P., Schiller, W., & MacDougall, C. (2005). Extending new paradigm childhood research: meeting the challenges of including younger children. Early Child Development and Care, 175(6), 467-472.
Dockett, S., Einarsdottir, J., & Perry, B. (2009). Researching with children: Ethical tensions. Journal of Early childhood research, 7(3), 283-298.
Fargas-Malet, M., McSherry, D., Larkin, E., & Robinson, C. (2010). Research with children: Methodological issues and innovative techniques. Journal of early childhood research, 8(2), 175-192.
Farrell, A. (2005). Ethics and research with children (pp. 1-14). Open University Press, McGraw-Hill.
Frandberg, L. (2010). Activities and activity patterns involving travel abroad while growing up: the case of young Swedes. Tourism Geographies, 12(1), 100-117.
Glinka, Hans-Jürgen (1998). Das narrative Interview. Eine Einführung für Sozialpädagogen. Weinheim, München: Juventa.
Grover, S. (2004). Why won’t they listen to us? On giving power and voice to children participating in social research. Childhood, 11(1), 81-93.
Gunn, C.A. (1988). Tourism Planning (2nd ed.). New York: Taylor and Francis.
Heinzel, Friederike (1997). Qualitative Interviews mit Kindern. In Barbara Friebertshäuser & Annedore Prengel (Eds.), Handbuch Qualitative Forschungsmethoden in der Erziehungswissenschaft (pp.396-413), Weinheim, München: Juventa.
Hill, M. (2005). Ethical considerations in researching children’s experiences. Researching children’s experience, 61-86.
Hill, M. (2006). Children’s voices on ways of having a voice: Children’s and young people’s perspectives on methods used in research and consultation. Childhood, 13(1), 69-89.
Jenkins, C.L. (1980). Tourism policies in developing countries: a critique. International journal of Tourism Management, 1(1), 36-48.
Johns, N., & Gyimothy. S. (2003). Postmodern family tourism in Legoland. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 3(1), 3-23.
Kellett, M., & Ding, S. (2004). Middle childhood. In S. Fraser, V. Lewis, S. Ding, M. Kellet and C. Robinson (eds) Doing Research with Children and Young People, pp. 161–74. London: The Open University.
Lamnek, Siegfried (1995b). Qualitative Sozialforschung. Band 2: Methoden und Techniken. Weinheim: PsychologieVerlagsUnion.
Larsen, S. & Jenssen, D. (2004). The school trip: travelling with, not to or from. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 4(1), 43-57.
Larsen, S. & Jenssen, D. (2004). The school trip: travelling with, not to or from. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 4(1), 43-57.
Leiper. (1989). Tourism and tourism systems. In Hall, C.M. (Ed.), Tourism planning: Policies, Process and Relationship (pp. 50). England: Pearson Hall.
Leonard, M. (2006). Children's drawings as a methodological tool: reflections on the eleven plus system in Northern Ireland. Irish Journal of Sociology, 15(2), 52-66.
Mayall, B. (2000). Conversations with children: working with generational issues in P. Christensen and A. James (Eds) Research with children: perspectives and practices.
Mayring, Philipp (1990). Einführung in die qualitative Sozialforschung. München: Psychologie-Verlags-Union.
Mill, R. C.; Morrison, A. M. (2002). The tourism system. Kendall Hunt.
Morgan, M., Gibbs, S., Maxwell, K., & Britten, N. (2002). Hearing children's voices: methodological issues in conducting focus groups with children aged 7-11 years. Qualitative research, 2(1), 5-20.
Morrow, V. (2001). Using qualitative methods to elicit young people's perspectives on their environments: some ideas for community health initiatives. Health education research, 16(3), 255-268.
Moss, P., & Petrie, P. (2005). From children's services to children's spaces: Public policy, children and childhood. Routledge.
Newman, M., Woodcock, A., & Dunham, P. (2006). ‘Playtime in the borderlands’: children's representations of school, gender and bullying through photographs and interviews. Children's Geographies, 4(3), 289-302.
Nickerson, N., & Jurowski, C. (2001). The influence of children on vacation travel patterns. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 7(1), 19-30.
Pearce, P. L. (2011). Tourist behaviour and the contemporary world (Vol. 51). Channel view publications.
Poria, Y., & Timothy, D. J. (2014). Where are the children in tourism research?. Annals of Tourism Research, 47, 93-95.
Poria, Y., Atzaba-Poria, N., & Barrett, M. (2005). The relationship between children’s geographical knowledge and travel experience: An exploratory study. Tourism Geographies, 7(4), 387–397.
Punch, S. (2002). Research with children: The same of different from research with adults?. Childhood, 9(3), 321-341.
Richter, Hans-Günther (1997). Die Kinderzeichnung. Entwicklung – Interpretation – Ästhetik. Berlin: Cornelsen.
Ryan, C. (1992). The child as a visitor. World Travel and Tourism Review: Indicators trends and Issues, 2(2), 135-139.
Samuels, J. (2004). Breaking the ethnographer’s frames: Reflections on the use of photo elicitation in understanding Sri Lankan monastic culture. American behavioral scientist, 47(12), 1528-1550.
Sartain, S. A., Clarke, C. L., & Heyman, R. (2000). Hearing the voices of children with chronic illness. Journal of advanced nursing, 32(4), 913-921.
Schänzel, H. A., & Smith, K. A. (2014). The Socialization of Families Away from Home: Group Dynamics and Family Functioning on Holiday. Leisure Sciences, 36(2), 126-143.
Schoppe, Andreas (1991). Kinderzeichnung und Lebenswelt. Herne: Verlag für Wissenschaft und Kunst.
Seaton, A. V., & Tagg S. (1995). The family vacation in Europe: paedonomic aspects of choices and satisfaction. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 4(1), 1-21.
Shaw, S. M., Havitz, M. E., & Delemere, F. M. (2008). "I decided to invest in my kids' memories": Family vacations, memories, and the social construction of the family. Tourism, Culture and Communication, 8(1), 13-26.
Small, J. (2008). The absence of childhood in tourism studies. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(3), 772–789.
Thornton, P. R., Shaw, G., & Williams, A. M. (1997). Tourist group holiday decision-making and behaviour: the influence of children. Tourism Management, 18(5), 287-297.
Thornton, P., Shaw, G., & Williams, A. (1997). Tourist group holiday decision-making and behaviour: the influence of children. Tourism Management, 18(5), 287-297.
Tschanz, Manuela & Krause, Christina (1992). Wie Grundschüler die Reaktion ihrer Eltern auf Zensuren reflektieren – eine Längsschnittanalyse thematischer Kinderzeichnungen. Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht, 39 (4), 264-276.
Urry, J. (2002). The Tourist Gaze (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
Wiegand, P. (1991). Does travel broaden the mind? Education 3-13, 19(1), 54-58.
