نقد و بررسی آراء تجدیدنظرطلبانه پاتریشیا کرون در زمینه مطالعات اسلامى
محورهای موضوعی : تاریخ و تمدن اسلامی
سپیده نصرتی
1
(دانشجوی دکتری ادیان و عرفان دانشگاه تهران، عضو هیأت علمی بنیاد دایرة المعارف اسلامی، تهران، ایران)
قربان علمی
2
(دانشیار گروه ادیان و عرفان، دانشکده الهیات و معارف اسلامی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران)
ناصر گذشته
3
(استادیار گروه ادیان و عرفان، دانشکده الهیات و معارف اسلامی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران)
کلید واژه: پاتریشیا کرون, تجدیدنظرطلبی, هاجریسم, تجارت مکی, مطالعات اسلامی,
چکیده مقاله :
آراء تجدیدنظرطلبانه پاتریشیا کرون[1] تأثیر ژرفی بر مطالعات اسلامی، به‌خصوص بررسی تاریخ صدر اسلام نهاده است. کرون با تأثیرپذیری از مطالعات انتقادی پیش از خود، ضمن تشکیک در اعتبار منابع سنتی اسلامی، درصدد بود تا مهم‌ترین مؤلفه‌های تاریخی اسلام مانند جمع قرآن، زندگی پیامبر(ص) و ارتباط اسلام با سایر ادیان را در منابع خارج از چارچوب سنت اسلامی ردیابی کند. این مقاله می‌کوشد ضمن نقد و بررسی منابع و روش کرون، میزان وفاداری او به روش مطالعه انتقادی را بسنجد و نشان دهد که کرون به‌رغم تشکیک در اعتبار تاریخی منابع اسلامی، خود در بررسی‌هایش از منابعی بهره برده است که صحت، اصالت و اعتبار تاریخی روشنی ندارند و در نتیجه نظریه‌های او صرفا گمانه‌زنی‌هایی غیرقابل اثبات‌اند؛ اما توجه او به این منابع، به غنای داده‌های مفید درخصوص تاریخ صدر اسلام افزوده و چشم‌انداز تازه‌ای در مطالعات اسلامی فراهم آورده است. [1]. Patricia Crone
Patricia Crone’s views as a revisionist have profoundly influenced on Islamic studies, particularly on historical investigations of early Islam. Crone, influenced by the former critical studies, questioned the validity of traditional Islamic sources and sought to find the most important historical factors such as the collecting of Qur’an, Muhammad's life and the association of Islam with other religions based on non-Islamic tradition. Reviewing Crone’s sources and methods and inspecting her loyalty to the methods of critical study as well as the results of adopting this approach, shows that her reconstruction of the history of early Islam is based on sources and claims that their accuracy, originality and authenticity cannot be proven and therefore her views are historically in doubt. References Cook, Michael, Muhammad, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1983. Crone, Patricia, “Zindigī-nāma-yi Khūdniwisht”, Trans. Masoud Jafari Jazi, Bukhārā, Vol.18, No.108, Mihr & Ābān 1394/ September & October 2015. Crone, Patricia, Cook, Michael, Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1980. Idem, Roman Provincial and Islamic Law, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002. Idem, Slaves on Horses: the Evolution of the Islamic Polity, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003. Idem, Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam, New Jersey, Gorgias Press, 2004. Idem, “What do we actually know about Mohammed?”, retrieved from:https://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-urope_islam/mohammed_3866.jsp Donner, Fred M., Muhammad and the believers, Cambridge, Massachusetts, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2010. Idem, “Review of Hagarism”, Middle Eastern Studies Bulletin, V.40 2006. DSB (Dictionary of Scientific Biography), s.v. “Māshā’allāh”, by: David Pinger, New York, Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1981. Holmberg, Bo, “Hagarism Revisited”, in: Verbum et calamu, Semitic and Related Studies in Honour of the Sixtieth Birthday of Professor Tapani Harviainen, Studia Orientalia 99, ed. by Juusola, Hannu; Laulainen, Juha and Palva, HeikkI, Helsinki: The Finnish Oriental Society, 2004. Hoyland, Robert G., Seeing Islam as Others saw it: a Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam, Princeton, New Jersey, the Darwin Press, 1997. Ibid, “Writing the biography of the Prophet Muhammad: Problems and Solutions”, History Compass, V.5 (8 February 2007). Humphreys, R. Stephen, Islamic History, London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd, 1995. Liaquat Ali Khan, “Hagarism: The Story of a Book Written by Infidels for Infidels”, retrieved from: http://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/04/28/d60428020635.htm Mazor, Amir, “The Kitab futuh al-sham of al-Qudamias a Case Study for the Transmission of Traditions about the Conquest of Syria”, Der Islam, 84 (2008). Nevo, Yehuda D., “Towards a Prehistory of Islam”, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, vol.17, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1994. Peters, F. E., Muhammad and the Origins of Islam, New York, State of University of New York Press, 1994. Rippin, Andrew, “Literary Analysis of Qur’an, Tafsīr, and Sīra: the Methodologies of John Wansbrough”, in: Approaches to Islam in its Religious Studies, ed. by: R. C. Martin, Tuscon, University of Arizona Press, 2001. Robinson, Chase F., “Patricia Crone and the End of Orientalism”, in: Islamic cultures, Islamic contexts, ed. by: Behnam Sadeghi, Asad Q. Ahmed, Adam Silverstein, Robert Hoyland, in: Islamic History and Civilization, vol. 114, Leiden: Brill, 2015. Robinson, Neal, Discovering the Qur’an: A contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text, London, SCM Press, 2003. Rubin, Uri, “Meccan Trade and Quranic Exegesis (Quran 2:198)”, BSOAS, 53 (1990). Saḥḥāb, Fiktūr, Iylāf-i Ḳuraysh Riḥla al- Shshita wa- l- Ṣṣayf, Beirut, Kumbiyū nashr wa al- Markaz al- Thaḳāfa al- ʿArabī, 1992 AD/ 1412 AH. Schoeler, Gregor, Charakter und Authentie der Muslimischen Überlieferung über das Leben Mohammeds, Berlin, De Gruyter, 1996. (Translated and revised by Uwe Vagelpohl, and edited by James Montgomery as The Biography of Muhammad: Nature and Authenticity, New York, Routledge, 2011). Serjeant, Robert Bertram, “Review of Hagarism by Patricia Crone and Michael Cook”, in: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1978. Idem, "Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam: Misconceptions and Flawed Polemics", Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol.110, no.3 (Jul - Sep, 1990). Thompson, Thomas, The History of the Patriarchal Narratives: the Quest for the Historical Abraham, Berlin and New York, Walter de Gruyter, 1974. Tom Holland’s Obsession with Islam’s Origins: a Critical Response, http://thedebateinitiative.com Van Ess, Josef, “The Making of Islam”, Times Literary Supplement, 8 September 1978, cited from: Seeing Islam as Others Saw it: a Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on early Islam, Princeton, New Jersey, the Darwin Press, 1997. Waines, David, An Introduction to Islam, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995. Wansbrough, John, The Sectarian Milieu, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1978a. Idem, “Patricia Crone and Michael Cook: Hagarism: the Making of the Islamic World. ix, 268 pp. Cambridge, etc.: Cambridge University Press, 1977”, in: BSOAS, vol. 41 (XLI), no.1, 1978b; Idem, Quranic Studies: Sources and Methods of Scriptural Interpretation, foreword, translation and expanded notes by: Andrew Rippin, New York, Prometheus Books, 2004. Watt, W. Montgomery, Muhammad at Mecca, Oxford, Oxford University Press, reprinted in Pakistan, Karachi, Moiez Press, 1979.
کتابشناسى
سحّاب، فکتور، ایلاف قریش رحلة الشتاء و الصیف، بیروت، کمبیونشر و المرکز الثقافی العربی، 1992م.
کرون، پاتریشیا، «زندگی‌نامه خودنوشت»، ترجمه مسعود جعفری جزی، بخارا، سال هجدهم، شماره 108، مهر و آبان 1394ش.
Cook, Michael, Muhammad, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1983.
Crone, Patricia, Cook, Michael, Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1980.
Idem, Roman Provincial and Islamic Law, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Idem, Slaves on Horses: the Evolution of the Islamic Polity, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Idem, Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam, New Jersey, Gorgias Press, 2004.
Idem, “What do we actually know about Mohammed?”, retrieved from:https://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-urope_islam/mohammed_3866.jsp
Donner, Fred M., Muhammad and the believers, Cambridge, Massachusetts, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2010.
Idem, “Review of Hagarism”, Middle Eastern Studies Bulletin, V.40 2006.
DSB (Dictionary of Scientific Biography), s.v. “Māshā’allāh”, by: David Pinger, New York, Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1981.
Holmberg, Bo, “Hagarism Revisited”, in: Verbum et calamu, Semitic and Related Studies in Honour of the Sixtieth Birthday of Professor Tapani Harviainen, Studia Orientalia 99, ed. by Juusola, Hannu; Laulainen, Juha and Palva, HeikkI, Helsinki: The Finnish Oriental Society, 2004.
Hoyland, Robert G., Seeing Islam as Others saw it: a Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam, Princeton, New Jersey, the Darwin Press, 1997.
Ibid, “Writing the biography of the Prophet Muhammad: Problems and Solutions”, History Compass, V.5 (8 February 2007).
Humphreys, R. Stephen, Islamic History, London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd, 1995.
Liaquat Ali Khan, “Hagarism: The Story of a Book Written by Infidels for Infidels”, retrieved from:
http://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/04/28/d60428020635.htm
Mazor, Amir, “The Kitab futuh al-sham of al-Qudamias a Case Study for the Transmission of Traditions about the Conquest of Syria”, Der Islam, 84 (2008).
Nevo, Yehuda D., “Towards a Prehistory of Islam”, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, vol.17, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1994.
Peters, F. E., Muhammad and the Origins of Islam, New York, State of University of New York Press, 1994.
Rippin, Andrew, “Literary Analysis of Qur’an, Tafsīr, and Sīra: the Methodologies of John Wansbrough”, in: Approaches to Islam in its Religious Studies, ed. by: R. C. Martin, Tuscon, University of Arizona Press, 2001.
Robinson, Chase F., “Patricia Crone and the End of Orientalism”, in: Islamic cultures, Islamic contexts, ed. by: Behnam Sadeghi, Asad Q. Ahmed, Adam Silverstein, Robert Hoyland, in: Islamic History and Civilization, vol. 114, Leiden: Brill, 2015.
Robinson, Neal, Discovering the Qur’an: A contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text, London, SCM Press, 2003.
Rubin, Uri, “Meccan Trade and Quranic Exegesis (Quran 2:198)”, BSOAS, 53 (1990).
Schoeler, Gregor, Charakter und Authentie der Muslimischen Überlieferung über das Leben Mohammeds, Berlin, De Gruyter, 1996. (Translated and revised by Uwe Vagelpohl, and edited by James Montgomery as The Biography of Muhammad: Nature and Authenticity, New York, Routledge, 2011).
Serjeant, Robert Bertram, “Review of Hagarism by Patricia Crone and Michael Cook”, in: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1978.
Idem, "Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam: Misconceptions and Flawed Polemics", Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol.110, no.3 (Jul - Sep, 1990).
Thompson, Thomas, The History of the Patriarchal Narratives: the Quest for the Historical Abraham, Berlin and New York, Walter de Gruyter, 1974.
Tom Holland’s Obsession with Islam’s Origins: a Critical Response, http://thedebateinitiative.com
Van Ess, Josef, “The Making of Islam”, Times Literary Supplement, 8 September 1978, cited from: Seeing Islam as Others Saw it: a Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on early Islam, Princeton, New Jersey, the Darwin Press, 1997.
Waines, David, An Introduction to Islam, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Wansbrough, John, The Sectarian Milieu, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1978a.
Idem, “Patricia Crone and Michael Cook: Hagarism: the Making of the Islamic World. ix, 268 pp. Cambridge, etc.: Cambridge University Press, 1977”, in: BSOAS, vol. 41 (XLI), no.1, 1978b;
Idem, Quranic Studies: Sources and Methods of Scriptural Interpretation, foreword, translation and expanded notes by: Andrew Rippin, New York, Prometheus Books, 2004.
Watt, W. Montgomery, Muhammad at Mecca, Oxford, Oxford University Press, reprinted in Pakistan, Karachi, Moiez Press, 1979.
[56]. Wansbrough, The sectarian milieu, 58-59; ibid, Quranic Studies, 160-163; Crone and Cook, 3, 29-34; c.f. Rippin, idem, 154.
[66]. صافات، 133-137؛ انبیاء، 21؛ هود، 74-82؛ حجر، 71؛ ذاریات، 35-36؛ قاموس کتاب مقدس، ذیل «سدوم» و «عموره».
[86]. Seeing Islam as others Saw It: a Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam
[92]. The astrological history of Māshā’allāh, c.f. DBS. 9/160.
احتمالا ترجمه‌ای است از کتاب فی القرانات و الادیان و الملل
[96]. Tom Holland’s obsession with Islam’s origins: a critical response, http://thedebateinitiative.com