مروری بر تولید طعم‌دهنده‌های مواد غذایی توسط روش‌های بیوتکنولوژیکی
محورهای موضوعی : شیمی مواد غذاییاسما بساطی 1 , مینا خان بگی دوگاهه 2 , مریم قراچورلو 3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری گروه علوم و مهندسی صنایع غذایی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
2 - دانشجوی دکتری گروه علوم و مهندسی صنایع غذایی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
3 - استاد گروه علوم و مهندسی صنایع غذایی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: تخمیر, طعم, کشت بافت, میکروارگانیسم, آنزیم, بیوتکنولوژی,
چکیده مقاله :
مقدمه: عطرو طعم یکی از مهم‌ترین ویژگی‌های غذا است که مستقیماً با پذیرش محصول توسط مصرف‌کنندگان ارتباط دارد. روند رو به افزایش مصرف ترکیبات طعم‌دهنده غذا باعث ایجاد انگیزه در تولید طعم‌های غذایی شده بطوریکه تقاضای جهانی برای طعم و عطر طبیعی به‌طور مداوم در حال افزایش است. گیاهان و میکروارگانیسم‌ها منابع اصلی ترکیبات ایجاد کننده طعم و عطر مانند ترپنوئیدها، آلدئیدها، متیل کتون ها هستند اما به دلیل تولید در غلظت‌های کمتر، جداسازی و استخراج چنین مواد شیمیایی با ارزش افزوده هزینه‌بر است. لذا تولید بیوتکنولوژیکی ترکیبات طعم دهنده مورد توجه قرار گرفته است.مواد و روش ها: در دهه گذشته تحقیقات گسترده ای در زمینه تولید بیوتکنولوژیکی ترکیبات طعم دهنده انجام شده است. در این مطالعه سعی شده است تا سه روش بیوتکنولوژیکی اصلی شامل استفاده از آنزیم‌ها، استفاده از میکروارگانیسم‌ها و بافت گیاهی و کشت سلولی مورد بحث قرار گیرند.یافته ها: تکنیک‌های مرسوم تولید ترکیبات طعم‌دهنده با توجه به تقاضای صعودی بازار از نظر کمیت و تنوع کافی نیست. روش‌های تولید طعم فعلی از سنتز شیمیایی استفاده می‌کنند که می‌تواند تعداد بیشتری طعم را با زمان کمتر تولید کند. بااین‌حال، تقاضا برای محصولات طبیعی در مواد مصرفی، نیاز به روش‌های جدید برای تولید ترکیبات طعم‌دهنده با برچسب منشأ طبیعی را ایجاد کرده است. تولید بیوتکنولوژیکی جایگزین جذابی برای تولید طعم است، زیرا در شرایط ملایم رخ می‌دهد، انتخاب‌پذیری بالایی دارد، ضایعات سمی تولید نمی‌کند و محصولاتی تولید می‌کند که می توانند به‌عنوان طبیعی برچسب‌گذاری شوند. ترکیبات طعم دهنده طبیعی که توسط فرآیندهای بیوتکنولوژیکی به دست می آیند به دلیل افزایش تقاضای مصرف کنندگان برای افزودنی های غذایی طبیعی، نقش فزاینده ای در صنایع غذایی، آرایشی، شیمیایی و دارویی ایفا می کنند.نتیجه گیری: تکنیک‌های نوظهور در بیوتکنولوژی، صنایع را قادر به تولید ترکیباتی کرده است که می‌تواند طبیعی در نظر گرفته شود. شکی نیست که این فناوری ها به سبب مزایای زیاد، در آینده به عوامل مهم‌تری در تولید طعم‌دهنده تبدیل خواهند شد.
Introduction: Flavor is one of the most important characteristics of food, which is directly related to the acceptance of the product by consumers. The increasing trend in the consumption of food flavoring compounds has motivated the production of food flavors therefore the global demand for natural flavors and aromas is continuously increasing. Plants and microorganisms are the main sources of flavor and aroma compounds such as terpenoids, aldehydes, methyl ketones, but due to their production in lower concentrations, the isolation and extraction of such value-added chemicals is expensive. Therefore, the biotechnological production of flavor compounds has been considered.Materials and Methods: In the last decade, research has been carried out in the field of biological production of flavoring compounds. In this study, main biotechnological methods including the use of enzymes, microorganisms, tissue plants and cell culture have been investigated.Results: Conventional techniques for producing flavor compounds are not sufficient in terms of quantity and variety due to the rising market demand. Current flavor production methods use chemical synthesis, which can produce a greater number of flavors in less time. However, the demand for natural products has created the need for new methods to produce flavoring compounds labeled as natural origin. Biotechnological production is an attractive alternative to flavor production because it occurs under mild conditions, has high selectivity, produces no toxic waste, and produces products that can be labeled as "natural." Natural flavoring compounds obtained by biotechnological processes play an increasing role in the food, cosmetic, chemical and pharmaceutical industries due to the increasing consumer demand for natural food additives.Conclusion: Emerging techniques in biotechnology have enabled industries to produce compounds that might be considered natural. There is no doubt that these technologies will become more important factors in the production of flavoring chemicals in the future due to their many advantages.
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