تغییرپذیری مکانی ویژگیهای کیفی آبهای زیرزمینی با استفاده از زمین آمار (مطالعه موردی: دشت سگزی، اصفهان)
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت محیط زیستزهرا اژدری 1 , سید زینالعابدین حسینی 2
1 - دانشجوی دکتری آبخیزداری، گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه هرمزگان
2 - استادیار گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و کویرشناسی، دانشگاه یزد* (مسوول مکاتبات) .
کلید واژه: آب زیرزمینی, روشهای زمینآماری, کریجینگ, دشت سگزی,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: آگاهی از میزان تغییرات شیمیایی آبهای زیرزمینی و پهنهبندی آنها نقش مهمی در مدیریت بهینه آب های زیرزمینی یک منطقه ایفا میکند. روشهای مختلفی برای مطالعه و پهنهبندی ویژگیهای شیمیایی آبهای زیرزمینی وجود دارد که انتخاب روش مناسب بسته به هدف، شرایط منطقه و وجود آمار و اطلاعات دارد. روشهای زمینآماری وGIS میتوانند در این راستا ابزار مفیدی باشند. هدف از این تحقیق بررسی تغییرات مکانی کیفیت آب زیرزمینی و انتخاب بهترین روش پهنه بندی جهت مدیریت منابع آب زیرزمینی دشت سگزی است. روش بررسی: در این مقاله، توزیع آلایندههای کیفیpH, TDS, Hco3, EC, Ca, Mg, TH, Na وSo4 در سطح آبهای زیرزمینی دشت سگزی شهرستان اصفهان با استفاده از روش معین عکس فاصله و روشهای زمینآماری تخمینگر توابع شعاعی، تخمینگر موضعی، تخمینگر عام و روش کریجینگ معمولی در نرمافزارARCGIS9.3 مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. بر این اساس نمونههای آب زیرزمینی 445 چاه، چشمه و قنات مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. پس از بررسی واریوگرام و مشخص شدن مکانی بودن تغییرات پارامترهای مورد بررسی، اقدام به میانیابی پارامترها شد و با استفاده از فن ارزیابی متقابل و ریشه دوم میانگین مربع خطا، بهترین مدل ارزیابی با کمترین مقدار RMSE انتخاب شد. یافتهها: نتایج نشان داد که کلیه پارامترها با استفاده از روش کریجینگ معمولی کمترین مقدار RMSE را داشته است و جهت تهیه نقشه توزیع مکانی پارامترهای کیفیت آب زیرزمینی از این روش استفاده شد. نتایج پهنهبندی نشان داد که پارامترهای Na, Ca, Mg, So4, Hco3, pH به لحاظ شرب بدون محدودیت و پارامترهای EC, TH وTDS محدودیت ایجاد کردهاند. نتایج بیانگر استفاده بیش از حد منابع آب زیرزمینی منطقه مورد مطالعه است. نتیجه گیری: با توجه به نتایج استفاده از کریجینگ معمولی به دلیل دقت بیشتر و محاسبات کمتر در بین روشهای مختلف درونیابی برای پهنهبندی کیفیت آب زیرزمینی توصیه میشود. همچنین مدیریت منابع آب با استفاده از نتایج تحقیق قابل دسترس خواهد بود.
Background and Objective: Understanding chemical changes in groundwater and their mapping play a substantial role in optimal management of groundwater in an area. There are various methods for investigation and classification of groundwater chemical features, and selection of appropriate method depends on the purpose, conditions of the area and available information. Geostatistical methods and GIS can be useful tools in this regard. The aim of his study is to investigate the spatial variations of groundwater quality and select the best mapping method for the management of groundwater resources in Segsi plain. Method: In this paper, the distribution of quality pollutants pH, TDS, Hco3, EC, Ca, Mg, TH, Na and So4 in groundwater of Segsi plain was investigated using inverse distance and geostatistical methods, distance and bearing functions, local, general and ordinary Kriging estimator software ARCGIS9.3. Accordingly, the sample from 445 groundwater wells, springs and canals were examined. After evaluating variograms and determining the spatiality of the changes in the studied parameters, interpolation of parameters was performed and the best evaluation model with lowest RMSE was selected through mutual evaluation technique and the root-mean-square error. Findings: The results showed that all parameters had the lowest RMSE using the ordinary Kriging method and it was used for mapping the spatial distribution of water quality parameters. Results from mapping indicated that Na, Ca, Mg, So4, Hco3 and pH had no limitation and EC, TH and TDS had limitations in terms of drinkability. Conclusion: According to the results, application of the ordinary Kriging method is recommended for more precision, less calculation and less data demand among various interpolation methods for the groundwater mapping.
- Uyan, M., Cay, T., 2010. Geostatistical methods for mapping groundwater nitrate concentrations. 3rd International Conference on Cartography and GIS, 12-20 June, Nessebar, Bulgaria.
- Fetouani, S., Sbaa, M., Vanclooster, M., Bendra, B., 2008. Assessing groundwater quality in the irrigated plain of Triffa (North-east Morocco). Journal of Agricultural Water Management, Vol .95, pp.133-142.
- Askari, M., Mosaedi, A., Dehghani, A. A., Halghi M.M., 2009. Application of Geostatistics and GIS analysis, in study of groundwater quality spatial variability, Case study: Qazvin aquifer, Iran. International Conference on Water Resources, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran. (In Persian)
- Akbari, M., Jorge, M., Madani Sadat, H., 2009. Investigation of dropping (decreasing) of groundwater tables using GIS (case study: Mashhad plain aquifer). Water and Soil Conservation, Vol. 16(4), pp. 63-78. (In Persian)
- Duning, X., LI, X.Y., Song, D., Yang, G., 2007. Temporal and spatial dynamical simulation of groundwater characteristics in Minqin Oasis. Science China Series D-Earth Sciences, Vol. 50(2), pp. 261-273.
- Kathy, P., 2005. Water recreation and disease plausibility of associated infections: acute effects, sequelae and mortality. World Health Organization.
- Abdolghaderi, N., Hojjat, A., Ale sheikh, A., 2008. Modeling of groundwater contaminations using geostatistical analysis (case study: Shiraz Town). 11th symposium of Iran Geological Society, Tehran. (In Persian)
- Chandrasekharana, H., Sarangia, A., Nagarajanb, M., Singha, V.P., Natarajanc, K., Anbazhagan, S., 2009. Variability of soil–water quality due to Tsunami-2004 in the coastal belt of Nagapattinam district. Tamilnadu Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 89, pp. 63–72.
- Ahmadi, S.H., Sedghamiz, A., 2008. Application and evaluation of kriging and cokriging methods on groundwater depth mapping. Environment Model Assessment, Vol. 138, pp. 357–368.
- Delbari, M., Bahraini, Motlagh, M., Amiri, M., 2013, Spatiotemporal variability of groundwater depth in the Eghlid aquifer in southern Iran. Earth Science Researches, Vol. 17(2), pp. 105-114. (In Persian)
- Chowdhury, M.T.A., Meharg, A.A., Deacon, C., Hossain, M., and Norton, G.J., 2012. Hydrogeochemistry and Arsenic contamination of groundwater in Haor Basins of Bangladesh. Journal of Water Quality Exposure and Health, Vol. 4(2), pp. 67-78.
- Jamshidzadeh, Z., Mirbagheri, S.A., 2011. Evaluation of groundwater quantity and quality in the Kashan Basin, Central Iran. Desalination, Vol. 270, pp. 23-30.
- Makkasap, T., Satapanajaru, T., 2010. Spatial distribution of Cd, Zn and Hg in Groundwater at Rayong Province, Thailand. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 72, pp. 1-4.
- Kholghi, M. Hosseini, S.M. 2009. Comparison of groundwater level estimation using neuron fuzzy and ordinary kriging. Journal of Environment Model Assessment, Vol. 14, pp. 729-737.
- Zamzam, A., Rahnama, M.B., 2009. Assessment of chemical quality of ground waters using Wilcox and shuller diagrams. First International Conference of Water Resources Management. (In Persian)
- Lee, S.M., Min, K.D., Woo, N.C., Kim, Y.j., Ahn, C.H., 2003. Statistical models for the assessment of Nitrate contamination in urban groundwater using GIS. Journal Environment Geology, Vol. 44, pp. 210-221.
- Khasheie Siyuki, A., Sarbazi, M., 2015. Study of spatial distribution of groundwater quality using LS-SVM, MLP, and geostatistical models. Journal of Water and Wastewater, Vol. 26(3), pp. 93-103. (In Persian)
- Afzali, A., Shahedi, K., 2014. Investigation on trend of groundwater quantity-quality variation in Amol-Babol plain. Journal of Watershed Management Research, Vol. 5(10), pp. 144-156. (In Persian)
- Fathi E., Beigi, H., Davoudian, A.R., Tabatabaei, S.H., 2014. Comparison of spatial interpolation methods and selecting the appropriate method for mapping of nitrate and phosphate in the Shahrekord Aquifer. Irrigation & Water Engineering, Vol. 4(15), pp. 51-63. (In Persian)
- Ahmadpour, H., Khaledian, M.R., Ashrafzadeh, A., Rezaee, M., 2015. Spatial and temporal zoning of groundwater electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids in Guilan plain. Water Research in Agriculture, Vol. 28(3), pp. 667-676. (In Persian)
- Shabani, M., 2011. Assessment of geostatistical methods for both groundwater quality mapping and zoning, Case study: Neiriz plain, Fars Province. Journal of Natural Geography, Vol. 4(13), pp. 83-96. (In Persian)
- Ovsati, K., Salajeghe, A., 2009. Investigation of Nitrate spatial variations in groundwater using GIS. The 6th National Conference on Watershed Management of Iran, Noor, Iran. (In Persian)
- Nejati Jahromi, Z., Chitsazan, M., Mirzaee, S.Y., 2011. Investigation of Nitrate geostatistical distribution in Agheli plain’s aquifer in GIS. The 16th National Conference on Geomatics, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
- Marofi, S., Toranjeyan, A., Zare Abyaneh, H., 2009. Evaluation of geostatistical methods for estimating electrical conductivity and pH of stream drained water in Hamedan-Bahar Plain. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, Vol. 16(2), pp.169-186. (In Persian)
- Chitsazan, M., Rangzan, K., Derani Nejad, M.S., 2008. Hydrogeochemical zoning of some trace elements (As, Fe, and Mn) at Midavood Aquifer (Khoozestan Province) using GIS. 11th Symposium of Geological Society of Iran, Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian)
- Mahdavi, M. 2007. Applied Hydrology, Vol. 2. Tehran University press, Tehran, 441p. (In Persian)
- Alizadeh, A., 2008. Principles of Applied Hydrology, 25th Edition. Ferdowsi University Press, Mashahd, 870p. (In Persian)
- Christodoulidou, M., Charalambous, C., Aletrari, M., Nicolaidou, Kanari P., Petronda, A., Ward, N.I., 2012. Arsenic concentrations in groundwater of Cyprus. Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 468/469, pp. 94-100.
- Elyas Azar, K., 2002. Remediation of Saline and Sodic soils (Soil and Water Management). Jahad Daneshgahi Press, Tehran, 300p. (In Persian)
- Siska, p.p. Kuai Hung, I., 2001. Assessment of kriging accuracy in the GIS environment, the 21st Annual ESRI International User Conference, San Diego.
_||_
- Uyan, M., Cay, T., 2010. Geostatistical methods for mapping groundwater nitrate concentrations. 3rd International Conference on Cartography and GIS, 12-20 June, Nessebar, Bulgaria.
- Fetouani, S., Sbaa, M., Vanclooster, M., Bendra, B., 2008. Assessing groundwater quality in the irrigated plain of Triffa (North-east Morocco). Journal of Agricultural Water Management, Vol .95, pp.133-142.
- Askari, M., Mosaedi, A., Dehghani, A. A., Halghi M.M., 2009. Application of Geostatistics and GIS analysis, in study of groundwater quality spatial variability, Case study: Qazvin aquifer, Iran. International Conference on Water Resources, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran. (In Persian)
- Akbari, M., Jorge, M., Madani Sadat, H., 2009. Investigation of dropping (decreasing) of groundwater tables using GIS (case study: Mashhad plain aquifer). Water and Soil Conservation, Vol. 16(4), pp. 63-78. (In Persian)
- Duning, X., LI, X.Y., Song, D., Yang, G., 2007. Temporal and spatial dynamical simulation of groundwater characteristics in Minqin Oasis. Science China Series D-Earth Sciences, Vol. 50(2), pp. 261-273.
- Kathy, P., 2005. Water recreation and disease plausibility of associated infections: acute effects, sequelae and mortality. World Health Organization.
- Abdolghaderi, N., Hojjat, A., Ale sheikh, A., 2008. Modeling of groundwater contaminations using geostatistical analysis (case study: Shiraz Town). 11th symposium of Iran Geological Society, Tehran. (In Persian)
- Chandrasekharana, H., Sarangia, A., Nagarajanb, M., Singha, V.P., Natarajanc, K., Anbazhagan, S., 2009. Variability of soil–water quality due to Tsunami-2004 in the coastal belt of Nagapattinam district. Tamilnadu Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 89, pp. 63–72.
- Ahmadi, S.H., Sedghamiz, A., 2008. Application and evaluation of kriging and cokriging methods on groundwater depth mapping. Environment Model Assessment, Vol. 138, pp. 357–368.
- Delbari, M., Bahraini, Motlagh, M., Amiri, M., 2013, Spatiotemporal variability of groundwater depth in the Eghlid aquifer in southern Iran. Earth Science Researches, Vol. 17(2), pp. 105-114. (In Persian)
- Chowdhury, M.T.A., Meharg, A.A., Deacon, C., Hossain, M., and Norton, G.J., 2012. Hydrogeochemistry and Arsenic contamination of groundwater in Haor Basins of Bangladesh. Journal of Water Quality Exposure and Health, Vol. 4(2), pp. 67-78.
- Jamshidzadeh, Z., Mirbagheri, S.A., 2011. Evaluation of groundwater quantity and quality in the Kashan Basin, Central Iran. Desalination, Vol. 270, pp. 23-30.
- Makkasap, T., Satapanajaru, T., 2010. Spatial distribution of Cd, Zn and Hg in Groundwater at Rayong Province, Thailand. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 72, pp. 1-4.
- Kholghi, M. Hosseini, S.M. 2009. Comparison of groundwater level estimation using neuron fuzzy and ordinary kriging. Journal of Environment Model Assessment, Vol. 14, pp. 729-737.
- Zamzam, A., Rahnama, M.B., 2009. Assessment of chemical quality of ground waters using Wilcox and shuller diagrams. First International Conference of Water Resources Management. (In Persian)
- Lee, S.M., Min, K.D., Woo, N.C., Kim, Y.j., Ahn, C.H., 2003. Statistical models for the assessment of Nitrate contamination in urban groundwater using GIS. Journal Environment Geology, Vol. 44, pp. 210-221.
- Khasheie Siyuki, A., Sarbazi, M., 2015. Study of spatial distribution of groundwater quality using LS-SVM, MLP, and geostatistical models. Journal of Water and Wastewater, Vol. 26(3), pp. 93-103. (In Persian)
- Afzali, A., Shahedi, K., 2014. Investigation on trend of groundwater quantity-quality variation in Amol-Babol plain. Journal of Watershed Management Research, Vol. 5(10), pp. 144-156. (In Persian)
- Fathi E., Beigi, H., Davoudian, A.R., Tabatabaei, S.H., 2014. Comparison of spatial interpolation methods and selecting the appropriate method for mapping of nitrate and phosphate in the Shahrekord Aquifer. Irrigation & Water Engineering, Vol. 4(15), pp. 51-63. (In Persian)
- Ahmadpour, H., Khaledian, M.R., Ashrafzadeh, A., Rezaee, M., 2015. Spatial and temporal zoning of groundwater electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids in Guilan plain. Water Research in Agriculture, Vol. 28(3), pp. 667-676. (In Persian)
- Shabani, M., 2011. Assessment of geostatistical methods for both groundwater quality mapping and zoning, Case study: Neiriz plain, Fars Province. Journal of Natural Geography, Vol. 4(13), pp. 83-96. (In Persian)
- Ovsati, K., Salajeghe, A., 2009. Investigation of Nitrate spatial variations in groundwater using GIS. The 6th National Conference on Watershed Management of Iran, Noor, Iran. (In Persian)
- Nejati Jahromi, Z., Chitsazan, M., Mirzaee, S.Y., 2011. Investigation of Nitrate geostatistical distribution in Agheli plain’s aquifer in GIS. The 16th National Conference on Geomatics, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
- Marofi, S., Toranjeyan, A., Zare Abyaneh, H., 2009. Evaluation of geostatistical methods for estimating electrical conductivity and pH of stream drained water in Hamedan-Bahar Plain. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, Vol. 16(2), pp.169-186. (In Persian)
- Chitsazan, M., Rangzan, K., Derani Nejad, M.S., 2008. Hydrogeochemical zoning of some trace elements (As, Fe, and Mn) at Midavood Aquifer (Khoozestan Province) using GIS. 11th Symposium of Geological Society of Iran, Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian)
- Mahdavi, M. 2007. Applied Hydrology, Vol. 2. Tehran University press, Tehran, 441p. (In Persian)
- Alizadeh, A., 2008. Principles of Applied Hydrology, 25th Edition. Ferdowsi University Press, Mashahd, 870p. (In Persian)
- Christodoulidou, M., Charalambous, C., Aletrari, M., Nicolaidou, Kanari P., Petronda, A., Ward, N.I., 2012. Arsenic concentrations in groundwater of Cyprus. Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 468/469, pp. 94-100.
- Elyas Azar, K., 2002. Remediation of Saline and Sodic soils (Soil and Water Management). Jahad Daneshgahi Press, Tehran, 300p. (In Persian)
- Siska, p.p. Kuai Hung, I., 2001. Assessment of kriging accuracy in the GIS environment, the 21st Annual ESRI International User Conference, San Diego.