ارزیابی دلایل بیتوجهی و غفلت کشاورزان از عوارض سوء مصرف کودهای شیمیایی (بهویژه کود ازته) بهروش بحث متمرکز گروهی
محورهای موضوعی :
آلودگی های محیط زیست (آب، خاک و هوا)
معصومه عامریان
1
,
لقمان علی محمدیان
2
,
افسانه ملک حسینی
3
1 - - استادیار، دانشکده کشاورزی سنقر، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران* (مسوول مکاتبات).
2 - دانشجوی کارشناسی، دانشکده کشاورزی سنقر، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران.
3 - دانشجوی دکتری، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران.
تاریخ دریافت : 1395/08/12
تاریخ پذیرش : 1395/10/29
تاریخ انتشار : 1396/10/01
کلید واژه:
آگاهی,
روش کیفی,
کشاورزی سالم,
چکیده مقاله :
چکیده زمینه و هدف: افزایش جمعیت و تقاضا مستلزم بالا بردن میزان تولید در واحد سطح است. رقابت برای افزایش عملکرد موجب استفادهی بیش از حد از کودهای نیتراته شده است. مصرف بیرویه کودهای شیمیایی علاوه بر هزینه زیادی که بر کشاورز تحمیل میکند، اثرات زیانباری را نیز در پی دارد. با توجه به اینکه این کشاورزان هستند که در نهایت در وقت عمل میزان استفاده از کودهای شیمیایی را تعیین میکنند، لذا دلایل بیتوجهی و غفلت کشاورزان از عوارض سوء مصرف کودهای شیمیایی بر استفاده از روش بحث متمرکز گروهی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. روش بررسی: تحقیق با مشارکت 12 نفر از سبزی کاران شهرستان بوکان (آذربایجان غربی) انجام شد. در مجموع 5 دوره بحث متمرکز گروهی با مدت زمان 1 ساعت برای هر دوره اجرا گردید. یافته ها: با توجه به نتایج بهدست آمده دلایل بیتوجهی کشاورزان از اثرات سوء کودهای شیمیایی در قالب 5موضوع (Themes) اصلی مورد بحث و بررسی قرار گرفت که عبارتند از 1- هدف از تولید 2- نبود ملاک تشخیص محصولات سالم یا ارگانیک از محصولات غیرارگانیک 3- عناصر مورد توجه در تولید محصول 4- عملکرد مراکز تحقیقاتی و جهاد کشاورزی پیرامون عوارض سوء مصرف بیرویه کود ازته در مزارع و 5- عدم آشنایی کشاورزان با کشت ارگانیک. بحث و نتیجه گیری: فرهنگسازی در جامعه در جهت خرید و مصرف محصولات سالم ولو با قیمت بالا کمک بسیاری در جهت علاقمندی و رضایت کشاورز از کشت محصولات سالم با حداقل مصرف کود خواهد داشت و این زمانی تحقق می یابد که دولت در این زمینه به وظایف خود به نحو احسن عمل کند. از جمله موظف کردن کارشناسان سازمان های مربوطه بر نظارت و کنترل میزان کودهای مصرفی در مزارع سبزی کاری و جلب توجه و رضایت کشاورزان می تواند کمک چشمگیری در کاهش میزان مصرف کود در اراضی کشاورزی داشته باشد. تولید محصولات سالم به طور مستقیم با بهداشت و سلامت افراد جامع در ارتباط است. با بها دادن به تولید و مصرف محصولات سالم می توان جامعه ای سالم داشت و بدون مشکل به سوی اهداف مورد نظر در هر زمینه گام برداشت. نتایج این تحقیق نقش بسزایی در بهبود کشاورزی سالم بهمنظور تولید محصولات سالم و عاری از کود خواهد داشت.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and objectives: Increased population and demand is entails raise the amount of production per unit area. Competition for increased yield is reason excessive use of fertilizer nitrate. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers in addition to the enormous cost for farmer, also leads to harmful effects. These farmers are that at time to act amount the use of chemical fertilizers determine. Therefore, the reasons inattention and ignorance farmers the adverse effects of chemical fertilizers (especially nitrogen fertilizer) the using focus group discussion was studied. Method: The research with participation of 12 of vegetable growers in city of Buchanan (West Azerbaijan) was performed. A total of 5 courses focus group discussions were conducted with duration of 1 hour for each course. Findings: According to the results, the reasons for the of inattention of farmers from the adverse effects of chemical fertilizers in the form of the main 5 themes discussed were as follows, 1- Purpose of the production. 2- The absence of an inorganic or organic criterion for differentiating between healthy products. 3- The elements noted in the product. 4- The performance of agricultural Jihad and research centers in relation to the adverse effects of excessive consumption of nitrogen fertilizer on farms and 5- The farmers' lack of familiarity with organic cultural. Discussion and Conclusion: Culturalization in the community for the purchase and consumption of healthy products, although at a high price, will help many farmers to be interested to the cultivation of healthy crops. Including, monitoring and review experts on the amount of fertilizers used in the fields of vegetables and attracting the attention and satisfaction of farmers can make a significant contribution to reducing fertilizer use in agricultural lands. The production of healthy products is directly related to the health of the general population. Results of this research will play an important role in improving organic culture or safe agriculture in order to produce safe products and devoid of fertilizer.
منابع و مأخذ:
1. Razgallah, N., Chikh-Rouhou, H., Boughattas, H., Mhamdi, M., 2016. Nitrate contents in some vegetables in Tunisia. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, Vol. 62(4), pp. 473-483.
2. Pirsaheb, M., Rahimian, S., Pasdar, J., 2012. Amount of nitrate and nitrite in vegetables and fruits used in Kermanshah province in 2010. Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Vol. 16(1), pp. 73-86. (In Persian)
Kafshani, A., Yahi, M., Entezari, M. H., Hesanzadeh, A., Mohabat, L., Torabi, A., 2013. Comparison of Nitrate in Vegetables Irrigated with Zayandehrood Water and Well Water. Journal of Health Research, Eighth, No. 2, pp. 196-201. (In Persian)
Weitzberg, E., Lundberg, J. O., 2013. Novel aspects of dietary nitrate and human health. Nutrition, Vol. 33, pp. 129-159.
Yeganeh, M., Bazargan, K., 2016. Human health risks arising from nitrate in potatoes consumed in Iran and calculation nitrate critical value using risk assessment study. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, Vol. 22 (3), pp. 817-824.
Malkoti, M.J., Nouri, A., Samawati, S., Basirat, M., 2005. Causes of nitrate accumulation in fruity vegetables (cucumber, tomatoes, etc.) and its control methods. 2005, Technical publication No. 414, Sina publisher, Ministry of Agriculture Jihad, Water and Soil Research Institute, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
Noguero, M., Lacombe, B., 2016. Transporters Involved in Root Nitrate Uptake and Sensing by Arabidopsis. Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 7, pp. 1-7.
Gulser, F., 2005. Effects of Ammonium Sulphate and Urea on No3- and No2- accumulation, nutrient contents and yield criteria in spinach. Journal Scientia Horticulture, Vol. 106(3), pp. 330-340.
Hammad, S. A., Abou-Seeda, M. A., El-Ghamry, A. M., Selim, E. M., 2007. Nitrate accumulation in spinach plants by using N-fertilizer types in alluvial soil. Journal of Applied Science Research, Vol. 3(7), pp. 511-518.
Hushmandan Moghaddam Fard, Z., Shams, A.S., 2016. Effective factors on wheat farmers' attitude in khodabandeh province toward organic agriculture. Journal of Agricultural Knowledge and Sustainable Production. Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.155-170. (In Persian)
Pishbahar, A., Ghahremanzadeh, M., Haghjo, M., 2014. Investigating the effect of agricultural foreground on paying for healthy food products in Tabriz (Application of Therapeutic Effects Approach). Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. Vol. 24. No. 3, pp. 131-143. (In Persian)
Qadimi, S.A., Sha'banali Fami, H., Asadi, A.S., 2014. Measure the attitude and the rate of utilization of organic farming technologies by farmers growing potatoes of Frieden. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. Vol. 24. No. 2, pp. 55-71. (In Persian)
Yaqoubi, J., Javadi, A.S., 2014. Obstacles to the production of organic products from the perspective of agricultural Jihad experts. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. Vol. 24. No. 1, pp. 57-68. (In Persian)
Khosravi, Sh., Abed Sa'idi, J., 2010. A focused group, a way to collect information. Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Faculty. Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Iranian Journal of Nursing). Vol. 23. No. 68, pp. 19-30. (In Persian)
Lopez, C.P., 2005. Factors related to the adoption of organic farming in Spanish olive orchards. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol, 3 (1), pp. 5-16.
Khaledi, M., Amjadi, A., 2011. Study of the motives and barriers to convert to organic farming: Lessons from the experience of other countries. Proceedings of the Second National Conference on Rural Development, Hamedan, Bu-Ali Sina University, 15th and 16th of July 2011. (In Persian)
Moradi, J., Heydari, H., Azizi, M., Yaqoubi, A., 2011. Analysis the status of organic agriculture as a platform for sustainable development of agriculture from the viewpoint of farmers (case of Divandareh and Qorveh counties). Proceedings of the Second National Conference on Rural Development, Hamedan, Bu-Ali Sina University, 15th and 16th of July 2011. (In Persian)
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1. Razgallah, N., Chikh-Rouhou, H., Boughattas, H., Mhamdi, M., 2016. Nitrate contents in some vegetables in Tunisia. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, Vol. 62(4), pp. 473-483.
2. Pirsaheb, M., Rahimian, S., Pasdar, J., 2012. Amount of nitrate and nitrite in vegetables and fruits used in Kermanshah province in 2010. Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Vol. 16(1), pp. 73-86. (In Persian)
Kafshani, A., Yahi, M., Entezari, M. H., Hesanzadeh, A., Mohabat, L., Torabi, A., 2013. Comparison of Nitrate in Vegetables Irrigated with Zayandehrood Water and Well Water. Journal of Health Research, Eighth, No. 2, pp. 196-201. (In Persian)
Weitzberg, E., Lundberg, J. O., 2013. Novel aspects of dietary nitrate and human health. Nutrition, Vol. 33, pp. 129-159.
Yeganeh, M., Bazargan, K., 2016. Human health risks arising from nitrate in potatoes consumed in Iran and calculation nitrate critical value using risk assessment study. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, Vol. 22 (3), pp. 817-824.
Malkoti, M.J., Nouri, A., Samawati, S., Basirat, M., 2005. Causes of nitrate accumulation in fruity vegetables (cucumber, tomatoes, etc.) and its control methods. 2005, Technical publication No. 414, Sina publisher, Ministry of Agriculture Jihad, Water and Soil Research Institute, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
Noguero, M., Lacombe, B., 2016. Transporters Involved in Root Nitrate Uptake and Sensing by Arabidopsis. Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 7, pp. 1-7.
Gulser, F., 2005. Effects of Ammonium Sulphate and Urea on No3- and No2- accumulation, nutrient contents and yield criteria in spinach. Journal Scientia Horticulture, Vol. 106(3), pp. 330-340.
Hammad, S. A., Abou-Seeda, M. A., El-Ghamry, A. M., Selim, E. M., 2007. Nitrate accumulation in spinach plants by using N-fertilizer types in alluvial soil. Journal of Applied Science Research, Vol. 3(7), pp. 511-518.
Hushmandan Moghaddam Fard, Z., Shams, A.S., 2016. Effective factors on wheat farmers' attitude in khodabandeh province toward organic agriculture. Journal of Agricultural Knowledge and Sustainable Production. Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.155-170. (In Persian)
Pishbahar, A., Ghahremanzadeh, M., Haghjo, M., 2014. Investigating the effect of agricultural foreground on paying for healthy food products in Tabriz (Application of Therapeutic Effects Approach). Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. Vol. 24. No. 3, pp. 131-143. (In Persian)
Qadimi, S.A., Sha'banali Fami, H., Asadi, A.S., 2014. Measure the attitude and the rate of utilization of organic farming technologies by farmers growing potatoes of Frieden. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. Vol. 24. No. 2, pp. 55-71. (In Persian)
Yaqoubi, J., Javadi, A.S., 2014. Obstacles to the production of organic products from the perspective of agricultural Jihad experts. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. Vol. 24. No. 1, pp. 57-68. (In Persian)
Khosravi, Sh., Abed Sa'idi, J., 2010. A focused group, a way to collect information. Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Faculty. Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Iranian Journal of Nursing). Vol. 23. No. 68, pp. 19-30. (In Persian)
Lopez, C.P., 2005. Factors related to the adoption of organic farming in Spanish olive orchards. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol, 3 (1), pp. 5-16.
Khaledi, M., Amjadi, A., 2011. Study of the motives and barriers to convert to organic farming: Lessons from the experience of other countries. Proceedings of the Second National Conference on Rural Development, Hamedan, Bu-Ali Sina University, 15th and 16th of July 2011. (In Persian)
Moradi, J., Heydari, H., Azizi, M., Yaqoubi, A., 2011. Analysis the status of organic agriculture as a platform for sustainable development of agriculture from the viewpoint of farmers (case of Divandareh and Qorveh counties). Proceedings of the Second National Conference on Rural Development, Hamedan, Bu-Ali Sina University, 15th and 16th of July 2011. (In Persian)