بررسی میزان جذب ذرات معلق کوچک‌تر از 5/2 میکرون توسط فیلترهای خودرو و بهبود کیفیت جذب این فیلترها با استفاده از‌نانوالیاف پلیمری و کامپوزیتی
محورهای موضوعی :
آلودگی هوا
محمد حسن امینی
1
,
میترا محمدزاده آهنی
2
1 - استادیار،پژوهشگاه شیمی و مهندسی شیمی ایران،پژوهشکده فناوری‌های پاک، تهران، ایران. * (مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - کارشناس ارشد شیمی آلی، پژوهشگاه شیمی و مهندسی شیمی ایران، پژوهشکده فناوری‌های پاک، تهران، ایران.
تاریخ دریافت : 1398/12/03
تاریخ پذیرش : 1399/10/15
تاریخ انتشار : 1400/12/01
کلید واژه:
پلی‌آکریلونیتریل,
فیلتر هوای کابین خودرو,
فیلتر هوای موتور خودرو,
نانوکیتوزان,
حذف ذرات معلق,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: ذرات معلق یکی از آلاینده‌های اصلی هوا مخصوصاً در کشورهای در حال توسعه می‌باشند. بخشی از این ذرات به دلیل قطر کوچک خود، توسط بدن جذب شده و در نهایت وارد سیستم گردش خون انسان یا سیستم تنفسی می‌شوند. ازآن جا که سوخت ناقص موتور خودرو‌ها منبع اصلی تولید ذرات معلق است، سرنشینان خودرو به‌ویژه در ترافیک شهرهای بزرگ در معرض این آلودگی قرار دارند. از این‌رو، مطالعه حاضر با هدف ارزیابی فیلترهای تجاری موجود در انواع خودرو‌ها به لحاظ میزان جذب ذرات معلق کوچک‌تر از5/2 میکرون (PM2.5) انجام گرفت و در ادامه جهت بهبود قابلیت حذف ذرات معلق توسط این فیلترها از نانوالیاف پلی‌آکریلونیتریل و کامپوزیت آن با نانوکیتوزان استفاده شد.
روش بررسی: ابتدا سیستمی برای اندازه‌گیری کارایی جذب PM 2.5 و افت فشار فیلترها در آزمایشگاه طراحی و ساخته شد. سپس شش نمونه از انواع فیلترهای تجاری هوای کابین و موتور خودروهای داخلی و خارجی تهیه شده و جذب آن‌ها اندازه‌گیری شد. در ادامه فیلترهایی از جنس نانوالیاف پلیمری و کامپوزیتی به عنوان جاذب ساخته شده و کارایی آن‌ها بررسی گردید و درنهایت نتایج مورد مقایسه قرار گرفت.
یافته‌ها: برای فیلترهای تجاری موتور خودرو جذب برابر با صفر وجذب فیلترهای کابین در گستره33/8-5 % به دست آمد. جذب ذرات معلق توسط فیلتر نانو الیاف پلی‌آکریلونیتریل و فیلتر نانوالیاف کامپوزیتی پلی‌آکریلونیتریل با نانوکیتوزان به ترتیب 97 و 95 درصد اندازه‌گیری شد.
بحث و نتیجه گیری: با توجه به این‌که فیلتر خودروهای بررسی شده در این پژوهش قابلیت حذف PM2.5 را نداشتند، از فیلترهای نانویی استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که فیلترهای نانو الیاف پلی‌آکریلونیتریل توانایی حذف 97-95 % از PM2.5 را دارند و بنابراین می‌توان با افزودن یک لایه نانو الیاف معرفی شده در این پژوهش به فیلترهای خودرو مخصوصاً فیلتر کابین، کارآیی حذف را افزایش داد و بدین ترتیب هوای پاکی برای سرنشینان خودرو تاًمین نمود.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Particulate matter is one of the main air pollutants, especially in developing countries. Due to their small diameter, some of these particles are absorbed by the body and eventually entered the human circulatory or respiratory system. Since incomplete combustion of fuels are the main source of particulate matter, car occupants are particularly exposed to this pollution, especially in large city traffic. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the commercial filters in various vehicles in terms of the absorption of particulate matter less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5). Then polyacrylonitrile nanofiber and its composite with nano-chitosan were used to improve the ability to remove suspended particles by these filters .
Material and Methodology: First, a system was designed and built in the laboratory to measure the adsorption efficiency of PM2.5 and the pressure drop of filters. Then, six samples of various commercial cabin air filters and engine air filters were prepared and their PM2.5 adsorption was measured. The polymeric and composite nanofiber filters were made and their efficiency was investigated and finally, the results were compared.
Findings: For commercial engine air filters, the PM 2.5 adsorption was equal to zero and the absorption by cabin air filters was measured in the range of 5-8.33%. The adsorption was measured respectively 97 and 95% by polyacrylonitrile nanofiber and polyacrylonitrile composite nanofiber filter with nanochitosan .
Discussion and Conclusion: This study showed that the car filters were not able to remove PM2.5 but the polyacrylonitrile nanofiber filters were able to remove 95-97% of PM2.5. Therefore, by adding a layer of Nano-fiber introduced in this study to car filters, especially cabin filters, the PM2.5 removal efficiency can be improved, thus clean air is provided for car occupants.
منابع و مأخذ:
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Maricq MM. Chemical characterization of particulate emissions from diesel engines: A review. Journal of Aerosol Science. 2007; 38(11):1079-118.
Zhang R, Jing J, Tao J, Hsu S-C, Wang G, Cao J, et al. Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM 2.5 in Beijing: seasonal perspective. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2013; 13(14): 7053-74.
Watson JG. Visibility: Science and regulation. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2002; 52(6): 628-713.
Andreae M, Rosenfeld D. Aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions. Part 1. The nature and sources of cloud-active aerosols. Earth-Science Reviews. 2008;89(1-2):13-41.
Mahowald N. Aerosol indirect effect on biogeochemical cycles and climate. Science. 2011;334(6057):794-6.
Horton DE, Skinner CB, Singh D, Diffenbaugh NS. Occurrence and persistence of future atmospheric stagnation events. Nature climate change. 2014;4(8):698.
Nel A. Air pollution-related illness: effects of particles. Science. 2005; 308(5723): 804-6.
Betha R, Behera SN, Balasubramanian R. 2013 Southeast Asian smoke haze: fractionation of particulate-bound elements and associated health risk. Environmental science & technology. 2014;48(8):4327-35.
Wu S, Deng F, Wei H, Huang J, Wang X, Hao Y, et al. Association of cardiopulmonary health effects with source-appointed ambient fine particulate in Beijing, China: a combined analysis from the Healthy Volunteer Natural Relocation (HVNR) study. Environmental science & technology. 2014;48(6):3438-48.
Anenberg SC, Horowitz LW, Tong DQ, West JJ. An estimate of the global burden of anthropogenic ozone and fine particulate matter on premature human mortality using atmospheric modeling. Environmental health perspectives. 2010;118(9):1189-95.
Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, Pope III CA, Brook JR, Bhatnagar A, Diez-Roux AV, et al. Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;121(21):2331-78.
Timonen KL, Vanninen E, De Hartog J, Ibald-Mulli A, Brunekreef B, Gold DR, et al. Effects of ultrafine and fine particulate and gaseous air pollution on cardiac autonomic control in subjects with coronary artery disease: the ULTRA study. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology. 2006;16(4):332.
Zhao S, Chen L, Li Y, Xing Z, Du K. Summertime spatial variations in atmospheric particulate matter and its chemical components in different functional areas of Xiamen, China. Atmosphere. 2015;6(3):234-54.
Hoek G, Krishnan RM, Beelen R, Peters A, Ostro B, Brunekreef B, et al. Long-term air pollution exposure and cardio-respiratory mortality: a review. Environmental health. 2013;12(1):43.
Raaschou-Nielsen O, Andersen ZJ, Beelen R, Samoli E, Stafoggia M, Weinmayr G, et al. Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). The lancet oncology. 2013;14(9):813-22.
Hu D, Jiang J. A study of smog issues and 5 pollutant control strategies in China. Journal of Environmental Protection. 2013;4(07):746.
Roshani M A, Shahbazi H,Torbatian S, Karimi E,. Tehran air quality and noise report in 1397 1398. (In Persian)
Hutten IM. Handbook of nonwoven filter media: Elsevier; 2007.
Heger M, Sarraf M. Air pollution in Tehran: health costs, sources, and policies. World Bank; 2018.
Terzano C, Di Stefano F, Conti V, Graziani E, Petroianni A. Air pollution ultrafine particles: toxicity beyond the lung. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2010;14(10):809-21.
Doozandegan M,Masumi A,Izanloo H,Soot removal pilot projectfrom Beyhaghi suburban terminal, Technical report of air quality control company,QM96/06/26(U)/01. (In Persian)
Hinds WC. Aerosol technology: properties, behavior, and measurement of airborne particles: John Wiley & Sons; 1999.
Li P, Zong Y, Zhang Y, Yang M, Zhang R, Li S, et al. In situ fabrication of depth-type hierarchical CNT/quartz fiber filters for high efficiency filtration of sub-micron aerosols and high water repellency. Nanoscale. 2013;5(8):3367-72.
Gong G, Zhou C, Wu J, Jin X, Jiang L. Nanofibrous adhesion: The twin of gecko adhesion. ACS nano. 2015;9(4):3721-7.
Souzandeh H, Johnson KS, Wang Y, Bhamidipaty K, Zhong W-H. Soy-protein-based nanofabrics for highly efficient and multifunctional air filtration. ACS applied materials & interfaces. 2016;8(31):200.31-23
Li J, Zhang D, Yang T, Yang S, Yang X, Zhu H. Nanofibrous membrane of graphene oxide-in-polyacrylonitrile composite with low filtration resistance for the effective capture of PM2. 5. Journal of membrane science. 2018;551:85-92.
Pooraeini F Chitosan and its application in wastwater treatment,second national conference on solutions to water crisis in Iran and the middle East,Shiraz,scientific conference center. 1394.
Lin T-C, Krishnaswamy G, Chi DS. Incense smoke: clinical, structural and molecular effects on airway disease. Clinical and Molecular Allergy. 2008;6(1):3.
Zhang R, Liu C, Hsu PC, Zhang C, Liu N, Zhang J, et al. Nanofiber Air Filters with High-Temperature Stability for Efficient PM2.5 Removal from the Pollution Sources. Nano Lett. 2016;16(6):3642-9.
Xu Y, Liu X, Zhang Y, Sun W, Zhou Z, Xu M, et al. Field Measurements on the Emission and Removal of PM2.5from Coal-Fired Power Stations: 3. Direct Comparison on the PM Removal Efficiency of Electrostatic Precipitators and Fabric Filters. Energy & Fuels. 2016;30(7):5930-6.
Zhang R, Liu C, Hsu P-C, Zhang C, Liu N, Zhang J, et al. Nanofiber air filters with high-temperature stability for efficient PM2. 5 removal from the pollution sources. Nano letters. 2016;16(6):364.9-2
Li P, Wang C, Zhang Y, Wei F. Air filtration in the free molecular flow regime: a review of high‐efficiency particulate air filters based on carbon nanotubes. Small. 2014;10(22):4543-61.
