اعطای شخصیت حقوقی به عناصر طبیعت در پرتو توسعه پایدار

محورهای موضوعی : حقوق محیط زیست

زهرا سادات شارق ¹ , حسین رضازاده ²

1 - مرکز پژوهشی حوضه اقلیمی خزر- دانشگاه مازندارن- بابلسر- ایران.
2 - استادیار، گروه حقوق، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر-ایران. *(مسئول مکاتبات)

تاریخ دریافت : 1400/01/21 تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/06/10 تاریخ انتشار : 1400/12/01

کلید واژه: محیط‌زیست, توسعه پایدار, شخصیت حقوقی عناصر طبیعت, حقوق بین‌الملل, پایداری زیست‌محیطی,

چکیده مقاله :

بعد از جنگ جهانی دوم مفهوم توسعه پایدار به منظور ایجاد تعادل میان حفاظت از محیط زیست و بهره مندی از حقوق بنیادین بشری از جمله حق بر توسعه مطرح شد؛ تا استیفای حق های بشری بهانه ای برای تخریب محیط زیست محسوب نگردد. در واقع بشر دریافت که هرگونه خسارت به محیط زیست در نهایت انسان و کرامت وی را دچار مخاطره می نماید و لذا در کنار عناصر اقتصادی و اجتماعی، پایداری زیست محیطی به عنوان یکی از عناصر توسعه پایدار مطرح و مورد شناسایی قرار گرفت. تحقیق حاضر به دنبال بررسی این مسئله است که چگونه برخی دولت ها با شناسایی شخصیت حقوقی برای عناصر طبیعت، در راستای پایداری زیست محیطی و در نهایت تحقق توسعه پایدار گام برداشته اند. نوع پژوهش بنیادی است که به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه ای و همچنین بهره گیری از منابع الکترونیک اعم از کتاب، مقاله، پایان نامه، کنفرانس های رسمی مرتبط با موضوع(منطقه ای و بین المللی) به زبان های فارسی و انگلیسی موجود صورت گرفته و پس از طرح مسئله و تبیین فرضیات، داده های مدنظر متناسب با سوال های پژوهش در اسناد و رویه های قضائی ملی و بین الملل (اعم از فارسی و لاتین) جستجو، جمع آوری، جمع بندی و مورد تحلیل قرارگرفته است. در سال های اخیر یکی از اقداماتی که به منظور پایداری زیست محیطی اتخاذ شد شناسایی شخصیت حقوقی برای عناصر طبیعت بوده است. رویه برخی کشورها به خصوص از سال 2008 به بعد نشان می دهد که در راستای تحقق پایداری زیست محیطی، در سطح قانونگذاری یا رویه محاکم، عناصر طبیعت را صاحب حق دانسته و نمایندگانی برای پیگیری حقوق آن ها تعیین نموده اند. در مجموع تحولات حقوق محیط زیست نشان می دهد شناسایی شخصیت حقوقی برای عناصر طبیعت تحول جدیدی در حوزه حقوق محیط زیست و توسعه پایدار بوجود آورده که به سرعت در جامعه بین المللی در حال گسترش می باشد. به طوری که بسیاری از دولت ها می توانند با بهره گیری از تجربه یادشده در این مسیر گام نهاده تا بسترهای لازم برای حمایت های بیشتر از محیط زیست در سرتاسر جهان فراهم گردد.

چکیده انگلیسی:

After World War II , the concept of sustainable development was introduced in order to balance the protection of the environment with the enjoyment of fundamental human rights, including the right to development; So that the exercise of human rights is not an excuse to destroy the environment. In fact, human beings realized that any damage to the environment ultimately endangers human beings and their dignity, and therefore, along with economic and social elements, environmental sustainability was identified as one elements of sustainable development. The present study seeks to examine how some governments, by identifying legal personality for the elements of nature, have taken steps towards environmental sustainability and ultimately the realization of sustainable development. It is a type of basic research that is descriptive-analytical and using library resources as well as using electronic resources including books, articles, dissertations, official conferences related to the subject (regional and international)in Persian and English languages and after raising the issue and clarifying the hypotheses, the data in accordance with the research questions in national and international judicial documents and procedures(both Persian and Latin)have been searched, collected, summarized and analyzed. One of the measures taken in recent years to environmental sustainability, has been recognized legal personality to the elements of nature. The practice of some countries, especially since 2008,shows that in order to achieve environmental sustainability, at the level of legislation or the procedure of the courts, the elements of nature have been recognized as rightful and representatives have been appointed to pursue their rights. Overall, developments in environmental law show that the identification of legal personality for the elements of nature has created a new development in the field of environmental law and sustainable development that is rapidly expanding in the international community. So that many governments can use this experience to take this step to provide the necessary grounds for greater environmental protection around the world.

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