بررسی بقایای سم هپاتوتوکسین ناشی از سیانوباکترها در نمونه‌های آب با روش میکرو استخراج مایع-مایع پخشی
محورهای موضوعی :
سم شناسی زیست محیطی
سهیلا رضائی تبار
1
(دکتری آلودگی محیط زیست، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم دریائی، نور، مازندران، ایران. * (مسوول مکاتبات))
عباس اسماعیلی ساری
2
(استاد گروه محیط زیست، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم دریائی، نور، مازندران، ایران.)
نادر بهرامی فر
3
(استادیار گروه محیط زیست، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم دریائی، نور، مازندران، ایران.)
تاریخ دریافت : 1395/04/01
تاریخ پذیرش : 1395/06/17
تاریخ انتشار : 1401/10/01
کلید واژه:
سموم هپاتوتوکسین,
مایکروسیس‌تین ال.آر,
روش میکرو استخراج مایع-مایع پخشی,
سیانوباکتر,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: سموم هپاتوتوکسین (سموم کبدی) که توسط سیانوباکترها تولید می شوند از سموم زیستی خطرناک هستند. با توجه به هزینه بر و زمان بر بودن فرآیند استخراج و اندازه گیری آن ها، هدف از تحقیق حاضر بررسی میزان کارائی شیوه استخراج سریع و جدید تحت عنوان میکرو استخراج مایع-مایع پخشی (DLLME) با استفاده از حلال های آلی کلره در استخراج یکی از سموم هپاتوتوکسین بنام Microcystin-LR از نمونه ی آب می باشد.
روش بررسی: در تحقیق حاضر ابتداء راندمان استخراج MC-LR با استفاده از روش رایج بکارگیری جاذب C18 بررسی شد. سپس راندمان استخراج با روش DLLME با بکارگیری نسبت های مختلفی از حلال های استخراج کننده ی کلره (کلروفرم، دی کلرومتان، تتراکلریدکربن و تترا کلرواتیلن) و حلال های پخش کننده (استون، متانول، اتانول و استونیتریل) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.
یافته‌ها: نتایج تحقیق حاضر نشان داد که راندمان استخراج روش SPE با استفاده از جاذب C18، 102 % می باشد. لازمه دستیابی به حداکثر راندمان استخراج در روش DLLME، تشکیل محیط ابری در نمونه (نشان دهنده ی پخش شدگی حلال استخراج کننده در فاز آبی) می باشد که در این تحقیق، فقط در ترکیب استون و تتراکلرو اتیلن محیط ابری پایدار مشاهده شد. میزان بازیابی برای روش DLLME کمتر از 3% بدست آمد.
بحث و نتیجه گیری: نتایج تحقیق حاضر نشان داد که اگرچه استفاده از حلال های استخراج گر کلره از درصد بازیابی قابل قبولی برای استخراج سم MC-LR از نمونه های آبی برخوردار نمی باشد ولی نظر به اینکه DLLME، روشی دوستدار محیط زیست، با مصرف کم حلال و مستقل از زمان می باشد با بکارگیری حلال های دیگری مانند حلال های استخراج گر یونی می توان به نتایج دقیق و قابل قبول دست یافت.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Hepatotoxins are dangerous biological toxins produced by cyanobacteria. Because of the high consumption of cost and time in the extraction and detection procedure of these toxins, the main aim of the present study is to investigate the performance of a new extraction technique, termed dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) in the extraction of one hepatotoxin with the name Microcystin LR from water samples, using chlorinated organic extraction solvents.
Material and Methodology: In the first stage, the efficiency of the common method (solid phase extraction) was investigated. Then the mixture of disperser solvents (acetone, ethanol, methanol, and acetonitrile) and extraction solvents (chloroform, dichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethylene) were used to investigate the efficiency of DLLME.
Findings: The results showed that the efficiency of SPE using a C18 cartridge was 102 %. For high efficiency of DLLME, a cloudy solution should be formed (fine particles of extraction solvent which are dispersed entirely into the aqueous phase). In the present study, only in a mixture of acetone and tetrachloroethylene (with different ratios), a stable cloudy solution was found. The best-observed efficiency was 3 % for DLLME.
Discussion and Conclusion: The observations in this study suggest that although based on the obtained efficiency, the chlorinated organic solvents, could not be appropriate extraction solvents in MC-LR extraction, but the DLLME method using other solvents like Ionic liquid extraction solvents is a suitable technique for hepatotoxin extraction because of low consumption of cost, time and solvents in the extraction procedure.
منابع و مأخذ:
Zurawell, R.W, Chen, H., Burke, J.M, Prepas, E.E. 2005. Hepatotoxic cyanobacteria: A review of the biological importance of microcystins in freshwater environments. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health.8(1), 1–37.
1999. Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management. I. C. a. J. Bartram (Ed). 400 p.
Cyanobacterial toxins: Microcystin-LR in drinking-water. 1998;2(2):14p.
Kaushik,, Balasubramanian, R. 2013. Methods and approaches used for detection of cyanotoxins in environmental samples: A Review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology. 43(13), 1349-1383.5.
Ott, J.L., Carmichael, W.W. 2006. LC/ESI/MS method development for the analysis of hepatotoxic cyclic peptide microcystins in animal tissues. Toxicon. 47(7), 734-74.
Maske, S.S., Sangolkar, L.N., Chakrabarti, T. 2010. Temporal variation in density and diversity of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in lakes at Nagpur (Maharashtra state), India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.169(1-4):299–308S.
Merel, S., LeBot, b., Clement, M., Seux, R., Thomas, O. 2009. Ms Identification of microcystin-LR chlorination by-products. Chemosphere.74(6), 832-839.
Yuan, M., Carmichael, W.W., Hilborn, E.D. 2006. Microcystin analysis in human sera and liver from human fatalities in Caruaru, Brazil 1996. Toxicon. 48(6), 627-6409.
Lawton, L.A., Edwards, Ch., Codd, GA. 1994. Extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of microcystins in raw and treated waters. Analyst. 119(7), 1525-1530.
Lahti, K., Rapala, J., Färdig, M., Niemelä, M., Sivonen, K. 1997. Persistence of cyanobacterial hepatotoxin, microcystin-LR in particulate material and dissolved in lake water. Water Research. 31(5), 1005-1012.
Hummert, C., Reichelt M, Weib, J., Liebert, H.P., Luckas, B. 2001. Identification of microcystins in cyanobacteria from the Bleiloch former drinking-water reservoir (Thuringia, Germany). Chemosphere.44(7), 1581-1588.
Ame, M.V., Pilar, Diaz, M.d., Wunderlin, D.A. 2003. Occurance of toxic cyanobacterial blooms in San Roque reservoir (Cordoba, Argentina): A field and chemometric study. Environmental Toxicology. 18(3), 192-201.
Zhang, L., Xie, P., Yang, Zh. 2004. Determination of microcystin-LR in surface water using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem electrospray ionization mass detector. Talanta. 62(1), 193–200.
Vieira, J.M.d.S., Azevedo, M.T.d.P., Azevedo, S.M.F.d.O., Honda, R.Y., Corrêa, B. 2005. Toxic cyanobacteria and microcystin concentrations in a public water supply reservoir in the Brazilian Amazonia region. Toxicon. 45(7), 901-909.
Messineo, V., Bogialli, S., Melchiorre, S., Sechi, N., Lugliè, A., Casiddu, P., 2009. Cyanobacterial toxins in Italian freshwaters. Limnologica- Ecology and Management of Inland Waters. 39(2), 95-106.
Li, Z., Yu, J., Yang, M., Zhang, J., Burch, M.D., Han, W. 2010. Cyanobacterial population and harmful metabolites dynamics during a bloom in Yanghe reservoir, North China. Harmful Algae. 9(5), 481-488.
Lawton, L.A., Chambers, H., Edwards, Ch., Nwaopara, A.A., Healy, M. 2010. Rapid detection of microcystins in cells and water. Toxin. 55(5), 973–978.
Triantis, T., Tsimeli, K., Kaloudis, T., Thanassoulias, N., Lytras, E., Hiskia, A. 2010. Development of an integrated laboratory system for the monitoring of cyanotoxins in surface and drinking waters. Toxicon. 5(5), 979-989.
Shan, Y., Shi, X., Dou, A., Zou, C., He, H., Yang, Q., Zhao, S., Lu, X., Xu, G. 2011. A fully automated system with on-line micro solid-phase extraction combined with capillary liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for high throughput analysis of microcystins and nodularin-R in tap water and lake water. Journal of Chromatography A. 1218(13), 1743-1748.
2008. Guidelines for drinking water quality. 3rd ed. Vol 1. Geneva.
Rezaee, M., Assadi, Y., Hosseini, M.R., Aghaee, E., Ahmadi, F., Berijani, S. 2006. Determination of organic compounds in water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Journal of Chromatography A. 1116(1-2), 1-9.
Rezaee, M., Yamini, Y., Faraji, M. 2010. Evolution of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method, Journal of Chromatography A. 1217(16), 2342-2357.
Berijani, S., Assadi, Y., Anbia, M., Milani. Hosseini, M.R., Aghaee, E. 2006. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with gas chromatography-flame photometric detection. Very simple, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water. Journal of Chromatography A. 1123(1), 1–9.
Farahani, H., Norouzi, P., Dinarvand, R., Ganjali, M.R. 2007. Development of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as a simple, rapid and highly sensitive method for the determination of phthalate esters in water samples. Journal of Chromatography A.1172(2), 105–112.
Nuhu, A.a., Basheer, C., Saad, B. 2011. Liquid-phase and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction techniques with derivatization: Recent applications in bioanalysis. Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 879(17-18), 1180–1188.
Rezaei, F., Bidari, A., Birjandi, A.P., Milani, Hosseini, M.R., Assadi, Y. 2008. Development of a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in water. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 158(2-3), 621–627.
Yu, H., Clark, K.D., Anderson, J.L. 2015. Rapid and sensitive analysis of microcystins using ionic liquid-based in situ dispersive liquid – liquid microextraction. Journal of Chromatography A. 1406, 10–18.
Amé, M.V., Galanti, L.N., Menone, M.L., Gerpe, M.S., Moreno, V.J., Wunderlin, D.A. 2010. Microcystin–LR, –RR, –YR and –LA in water samples and fishes from a shallow lake in Argentina. Harmful Algae. 9(1), 66-73.
Cazenave, J., Wunderlin, D.A., Bistoni, M.d.l.Á., Amé, M.V., Krause. E., Pflugmacher. S., Wiegand, C. 2005. Uptake, tissue distribution and accumulation of microcystin-RR in Corydoras paleatus, Jenynsia multidentata and Odontesthes bonariensis: A field and laboratory study, Aquatic Toxicology.;75(2):178-190.
Liang, P., Xu, J., Li, Q. 2008. Application of dispersive liquid liquid microextraction and high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of three phthalate esters in water samples. Analytica Chimica Acta. 609(1), 53-58.
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Zurawell, R.W, Chen, H., Burke, J.M, Prepas, E.E. 2005. Hepatotoxic cyanobacteria: A review of the biological importance of microcystins in freshwater environments. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health.8(1), 1–37.
1999. Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management. I. C. a. J. Bartram (Ed). 400 p.
Cyanobacterial toxins: Microcystin-LR in drinking-water. 1998;2(2):14p.
Kaushik,, Balasubramanian, R. 2013. Methods and approaches used for detection of cyanotoxins in environmental samples: A Review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology. 43(13), 1349-1383.5.
Ott, J.L., Carmichael, W.W. 2006. LC/ESI/MS method development for the analysis of hepatotoxic cyclic peptide microcystins in animal tissues. Toxicon. 47(7), 734-74.
Maske, S.S., Sangolkar, L.N., Chakrabarti, T. 2010. Temporal variation in density and diversity of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in lakes at Nagpur (Maharashtra state), India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.169(1-4):299–308S.
Merel, S., LeBot, b., Clement, M., Seux, R., Thomas, O. 2009. Ms Identification of microcystin-LR chlorination by-products. Chemosphere.74(6), 832-839.
Yuan, M., Carmichael, W.W., Hilborn, E.D. 2006. Microcystin analysis in human sera and liver from human fatalities in Caruaru, Brazil 1996. Toxicon. 48(6), 627-6409.
Lawton, L.A., Edwards, Ch., Codd, GA. 1994. Extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of microcystins in raw and treated waters. Analyst. 119(7), 1525-1530.
Lahti, K., Rapala, J., Färdig, M., Niemelä, M., Sivonen, K. 1997. Persistence of cyanobacterial hepatotoxin, microcystin-LR in particulate material and dissolved in lake water. Water Research. 31(5), 1005-1012.
Hummert, C., Reichelt M, Weib, J., Liebert, H.P., Luckas, B. 2001. Identification of microcystins in cyanobacteria from the Bleiloch former drinking-water reservoir (Thuringia, Germany). Chemosphere.44(7), 1581-1588.
Ame, M.V., Pilar, Diaz, M.d., Wunderlin, D.A. 2003. Occurance of toxic cyanobacterial blooms in San Roque reservoir (Cordoba, Argentina): A field and chemometric study. Environmental Toxicology. 18(3), 192-201.
Zhang, L., Xie, P., Yang, Zh. 2004. Determination of microcystin-LR in surface water using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem electrospray ionization mass detector. Talanta. 62(1), 193–200.
Vieira, J.M.d.S., Azevedo, M.T.d.P., Azevedo, S.M.F.d.O., Honda, R.Y., Corrêa, B. 2005. Toxic cyanobacteria and microcystin concentrations in a public water supply reservoir in the Brazilian Amazonia region. Toxicon. 45(7), 901-909.
Messineo, V., Bogialli, S., Melchiorre, S., Sechi, N., Lugliè, A., Casiddu, P., 2009. Cyanobacterial toxins in Italian freshwaters. Limnologica- Ecology and Management of Inland Waters. 39(2), 95-106.
Li, Z., Yu, J., Yang, M., Zhang, J., Burch, M.D., Han, W. 2010. Cyanobacterial population and harmful metabolites dynamics during a bloom in Yanghe reservoir, North China. Harmful Algae. 9(5), 481-488.
Lawton, L.A., Chambers, H., Edwards, Ch., Nwaopara, A.A., Healy, M. 2010. Rapid detection of microcystins in cells and water. Toxin. 55(5), 973–978.
Triantis, T., Tsimeli, K., Kaloudis, T., Thanassoulias, N., Lytras, E., Hiskia, A. 2010. Development of an integrated laboratory system for the monitoring of cyanotoxins in surface and drinking waters. Toxicon. 5(5), 979-989.
Shan, Y., Shi, X., Dou, A., Zou, C., He, H., Yang, Q., Zhao, S., Lu, X., Xu, G. 2011. A fully automated system with on-line micro solid-phase extraction combined with capillary liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for high throughput analysis of microcystins and nodularin-R in tap water and lake water. Journal of Chromatography A. 1218(13), 1743-1748.
2008. Guidelines for drinking water quality. 3rd ed. Vol 1. Geneva.
Rezaee, M., Assadi, Y., Hosseini, M.R., Aghaee, E., Ahmadi, F., Berijani, S. 2006. Determination of organic compounds in water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Journal of Chromatography A. 1116(1-2), 1-9.
Rezaee, M., Yamini, Y., Faraji, M. 2010. Evolution of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method, Journal of Chromatography A. 1217(16), 2342-2357.
Berijani, S., Assadi, Y., Anbia, M., Milani. Hosseini, M.R., Aghaee, E. 2006. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with gas chromatography-flame photometric detection. Very simple, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water. Journal of Chromatography A. 1123(1), 1–9.
Farahani, H., Norouzi, P., Dinarvand, R., Ganjali, M.R. 2007. Development of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as a simple, rapid and highly sensitive method for the determination of phthalate esters in water samples. Journal of Chromatography A.1172(2), 105–112.
Nuhu, A.a., Basheer, C., Saad, B. 2011. Liquid-phase and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction techniques with derivatization: Recent applications in bioanalysis. Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 879(17-18), 1180–1188.
Rezaei, F., Bidari, A., Birjandi, A.P., Milani, Hosseini, M.R., Assadi, Y. 2008. Development of a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in water. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 158(2-3), 621–627.
Yu, H., Clark, K.D., Anderson, J.L. 2015. Rapid and sensitive analysis of microcystins using ionic liquid-based in situ dispersive liquid – liquid microextraction. Journal of Chromatography A. 1406, 10–18.
Amé, M.V., Galanti, L.N., Menone, M.L., Gerpe, M.S., Moreno, V.J., Wunderlin, D.A. 2010. Microcystin–LR, –RR, –YR and –LA in water samples and fishes from a shallow lake in Argentina. Harmful Algae. 9(1), 66-73.
Cazenave, J., Wunderlin, D.A., Bistoni, M.d.l.Á., Amé, M.V., Krause. E., Pflugmacher. S., Wiegand, C. 2005. Uptake, tissue distribution and accumulation of microcystin-RR in Corydoras paleatus, Jenynsia multidentata and Odontesthes bonariensis: A field and laboratory study, Aquatic Toxicology.;75(2):178-190.
Liang, P., Xu, J., Li, Q. 2008. Application of dispersive liquid liquid microextraction and high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of three phthalate esters in water samples. Analytica Chimica Acta. 609(1), 53-58.
