شناسایی منابع انتشار هیدروکربن‌های آروماتیک، آلکان¬های نرمال، هوپان و استران در نهشت اتمسفری شهر مشهد در سال 1397
محورهای موضوعی : آلودگی های محیط زیست (آب، خاک و هوا)
فائزه مهداد
1
,
علیرضا ریاحی بختیاری
2
*
,
مظاهر معین الدینی
3
,
Susanne Charlesworth
4
1 - دانشجوی دکتری، گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم دریایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران.
2 - استاد، گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم دریایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - استادیار، گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.
4 - Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
کلید واژه: نهشت اتمسفری, هیدروکربن‌ها, شهر مشهد, تعیین منشأ, تحلیل عاملی.,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: در این مطالعه به بررسی منابع اصلی انتشار هیدروکربن‌ها در نهشت اتمسفری کلانشهر مشهد پرداخته شد.
روش بررسی: بدین منظور ترکیبات PAH، آلکانهای نرمال، هوپان و استران بررسی و با استفاده از نسبت‌های تشخيصي و روش آماری تحلیل عاملی (PCA) منشأ انتشار هیدروکربن‌های همراه با ذرات معلق مشخص شد. تعداد 30 نمونه نهشت اتمسفری در فصل زمستان سال 1397 نمونه‌برداری شد.
یافته ها:میانگین غلظت ترکیبات در نمونه‌های نهشت اتمسفری 12/1575 نانوگرم بر گرم برای ترکیبات PAH ، 9/2269 برای آلكانهاي نرمال، 6/2208 برای هوپان‌ها و 2/298 میکروگرم بر گرم برای استران‌ها به دست آمد. فراوان‌ترین ترکیبات PAH در نهشت اتمسفری ترکیبات چهار و پنج حلقه‌ای بود. از سوی دیگر فراوان‌ترین آلكانهاي نرمال (n-C20 و n-C22) منشأ انسانی (پایروژنیک) را نشان داد. همچنین، حضور شناساگرهای زیستی هوپان و استران تأییدی بر منشأ پایروژنیک (موجود در ذرات خروجی از اگزوز وسایل نقلیه) در نمونه‌های موردمطالعه بود. در تمامی نمونه‌ها وجود مخلوط پيچيدۀ جدا نشده (UCM)، شاخص ارجحيت كربن (CPI) نزديک به 1، نسبت‌های تشخیصی ترکیبات PAH و نسبت‌های ترکیبات هوپان و استران، نشان‌دهنده منشأ غالب پایروژنيک برای هیدروکربن‌ها به دست آمد. در بررسی تحليل عاملي در نمونه های نهشت اتمسفری، دو عامل مشاهده شد كه شامل انتشار از موتورهاي گازوئيلي و بنزيني، و نیز سوزاندن زیست‌توده و سوخت‌های فسیلی ازجمله گاز طبیعی. دو عامل حاصل از تحليل عاملي براي تركيبات آلکانهای نرمال بود. عامل اول نشان‌دهنده مشاركت سوزاندن سوخت‌های فسيلي به‌ویژه انتشار از خودروها هست. عامل دوم ارتباط نزديكي با انتشار از منابع زیستی (بیوژنیک) دارد. نتایج شناسایی منشأ تركيبات PAH و آلكانهاي نرمال به‌وسیله تحلیل عاملی با روش نسبت‌های تشخیصی تطابق داشته و از سوی دیگر تحلیل عاملی مکمل آن‌ها در تعیین منشأ ترکیبات بود.
بحث و نتیجه گیری: نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین مشارکت در انتشار این تركيبات مربوط به منابع پایروژنیک به‌خصوص ترافیک است که سهم انتشار از اگزوز وسایل نقلیه بیشتر بود.
Background & Objective: In this study, the main sources of hydrocarbon emissions in the atmospheric deposition of Mashhad megacity were investigated.
Material and Methodology: For this purpose, the compounds of PAHs, n-alkanes, hopanes and steranes were investigated and the source of hydrocarbon emissions with particulate matter (PM) was determined using diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA). Thirty atmospheric deposition samples were sampled in the winter season in 2018.
Findings: The mean concentrations of compounds in atmospheric deposition samples were 1575/12 ng/g for PAHs, 2299.9 for n-alkanes, 2208.6 μg/g for hopanes and 298.2 μg/g for steranes. The most abundant PAHs in atmospheric deposition were four- and five-rings hydrocarbons. On the other hand, the most abundant n-alkanes (n-C20 and n-C22) demonstrated anthropogenic (pyrogenic) source. Moreover, the presence of hopanes and steranes biomarkers confirmed the pyrogenic source (present in vehicle exhaust particles) in the studied samples. In all samples, the presence of unresolved complex mixture (UCM), carbon preference index (CPI) close to 1, diagnostic ratios of PAHs and ratios of hopanes and steranes, indicating the predominant pyrogenic source for hydrocarbons were obtained. In this study, the PCA results for atmospheric deposition samples demonstrated two factors including emissions from diesel and gasoline engines, as well as the burning of biomass and fossil fuels, such as natural gas. Moreover, two factors were obtained for n-alkanes. The first factor exhibited the contribution of burning fossil fuels, especially emissions from automobiles. The second factor was related to emissions from biogenic sources. The PCA results for PAHs and n-alkanes were consistent with the diagnostic ratios approach and, the PCA results confirmed the consequences of diagnostic ratios.
Discussion and conclusion: The results from both methods exhibited that the highest contribution to the emission of these compounds is related to pyrogenic sources, especially traffic, which had a higher proportion of emissions from vehicle exhaust.
1. Wei B, Jiang F, Li X, Mu S. Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in urban road dusts from Urumqi, NW China. Microchemical Journal. 2009; 93(2): 52-147.
2. Maring H, Savoie D, Izaguirre M, Custals L, Reid J. Mineral dust aerosol size distribution change during atmospheric transport. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2003;108D. (19)
3. Pan Y, Wang Y. Atmospheric wet and dry deposition of trace elements at 10 sites in Northern China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 72-951: (2) 15; 2015.
4. Škrbić B, Đurišić-Mladenović N, Živančev J, Tadić Đ. Seasonal occurrence and cancer risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dust from the Novi Sad city, Serbia. Science of the total environment. 2019;647:191-203.
5. Wang L, Wang L, Tao W, Smardon RC, Shi X, Lu X. Characteristics, sources, and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban surface dust: a case study of the city of Xi’an in Northwest China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2016;23(13):13389-402.
6. Davoudi M, Esmaili-Sari A, Bahramifar N, Moeinaddini M. Spatio-temporal variation and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface dust of Qom metropolis, Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021;28(8):9276-89.
7. Miguel AH, Kirchstetter TW, Harley RA, Hering SV. On-road emissions of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and black carbon from gasoline and diesel vehicles. Environmental Science & Technology. 1998;32(4):450-5.
8. Mon EE, Phay N, Agusa T, Bach LT, Yeh H-M, Huang C-H, et al. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Road Dust Collected from Myanmar, Japan, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology. 2020;78(1):34-45.
9. Iakovides M, Iakovides G, Stephanou EG. Atmospheric particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, n-alkanes, hopanes, steranes and trace metals: PM2. 5 source identification, individual and cumulative multi-pathway lifetime cancer risk assessment in the urban environment. Science of The Total Environment. 2021;752:141834.
10. Mostafa A, Hegazi A, El-Gayar MS, Andersson J. Source characterization and the environmental impact of urban street dusts from Egypt based on hydrocarbon distributions. Fuel. 2009;88(1):95-104.
11. Song Z, You M, Duzgoren-Aydin NS. Characterization of particulate organics accumulated on the ceiling of vehicular tunnels in Hong Kong and Guangzhou, China. Atmospheric Environment. 2005;39(34):6398-408.
12. Kong S, Lu B, Ji Y, Bai Z, Xu Y, Liu Y, et al. Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in size-differentiated re-suspended dust on building surfaces in an oilfield city, China. Atmospheric environment. 2012;55:7-16.
13. Žibret G. Organic compounds in the urban dusts in Celje area. Geologija. 2013;56(1):087-96.
14. Najmeddin A, Moore F, Keshavarzi B, Sadegh Z. Pollution, source apportionment and health risk of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban street dust of Mashhad, the second largest city of Iran. Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 2018;190:154-69.
15. Rahnama MR, Abkooh SS. The effect of air pollutant and built environment criteria on unhealthy days in Mashhad, Iran: Using OLS regression. Urban Climate. 2021;37:100836.
16. Azari KA, Arintono S. Congestion pricing scheme in Mashhad, Iran: overview description, impacts and behavioural responsiveness. World Appl Sci J. 2012;20.
17. Sarkhosh M, Mahvi AH, Mohseni SM, Atafar Z, Ghodrati S. Source Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds in Mashhad, Iran. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 2015;23(9):2347-53.
18. Rastegari Mehr M, Keshavarzi B, Moore F, Sacchi E, Lahijanzadeh AR, Eydivand S, et al. Contamination level and human health hazard assessment of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust deposited in Mahshahr, southwest of Iran. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 2016;22(8):1726-48.
19. Soltani N, Keshavarzi B, Moore F, Tavakol T, Lahijanzadeh AR, Jaafarzadeh N, et al. Ecological and human health hazards of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust of Isfahan metropolis, Iran. Science of the Total Environment. 2015;505:712-23.
20. Zakaria MP, Okuda T, Takada H. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and hopanes in stranded tar-balls on the coasts of Peninsular Malaysia: applications of biomarkers for identifying sources of oil pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2001;42(12):1357-66.
21. Zakaria MP, Takada H, Tsutsumi S, Ohno K, Yamada J, Kouno E, et al. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rivers and estuaries in Malaysia: a widespread input of petrogenic PAHs. Environmental science & technology. 2002;36(9):1907-18.
22. Keshavarzi B, Abbasi S, Moore F, Mehravar S, Sorooshian A, Soltani N, et al. Contamination level, source identification and risk assessment of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust of an important commercial center in Iran. Environmental management. 2018;62(4):803-18.
23. Grmasha RA, Al-sareji OJ, Salman JM, Hashim KS. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban street dust within three land-uses of Babylon governorate, Iraq: Distribution, sources, and health risk assessment. Journal of King Saud University-Engineering Sciences. 2020.
24. Saeedi M, Li LY, Salmanzadeh M. Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: pollution and ecological risk assessment in street dust of Tehran. Journal of hazardous materials. 2012;227:9-17.
25. Takada H, Onda T, Harada M, Ogura N. Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust from the Tokyo Metropolitan area. Science of the Total Environment. 1991;107:45-69.
26. Rogge WF, Hildemann LM, Mazurek MA, Cass GR, Simoneit BR. Sources of fine organic aerosol. 5. Natural gas home appliances. Environmental science & technology. 1993;27(13):2736-44.
27. Ravindra K, Sokhi R, Van Grieken R. Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source attribution, emission factors and regulation. Atmospheric Environment. 2008;42(13):2895-921.
28. Moeinaddini M, Sari AE, Bakhtiari AR, Chan AY-C, Taghavi SM, Connell D, et al. Sources and Health Risk of Organic Compounds in Respirable Particles in Tehran, Iran. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. 2014;34(5):469-92.
29. Omar NYM, Abas MRB, Rahman NA, Tahir NM, Rushdi AI, Simoneit BR. Levels and distributions of organic source tracers in air and roadside dust particles of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Environmental Geology. 2007;52(8):1485-500.
30. Azimi A, Bakhtiari AR, Tauler R. Chemometrics analysis of petroleum hydrocarbons sources in the street dust, runoff and sediment of urban rivers in Anzali port-South of Caspian Sea. Environmental Pollution. 2018;243:374-82.
31. Zhang Z-H, Khlystov A, Norford LK, Tan Z-K, Balasubramanian R. Characterization of traffic-related ambient fine particulate matter (PM2. 5) in an Asian city: Environmental and health implications. Atmospheric Environment. 2017;161:132-43.
32. Simoneit BR. Organic matter of the troposphere—III. Characterization and sources of petroleum and pyrogenic residues in aerosols over the western United States. Atmospheric Environment (1967). 1984;18(1):51-67.
33. Yunker MB, Macdonald RW, Vingarzan R, Mitchell RH, Goyette D, Sylvestre S. PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition. Organic geochemistry. 2002;33(4):489-515.
34. Keshavarzi B, Abbasi H S, Moore F, Delshab H, Soltani N. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dust of Bushehr City, Iran: status, source, and human health risk assessment. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. 2020;40(1):61-75.
35. Krahl J, Seidel H, Jeberien H-E, Rückert M, Bahadir M. Pilot study: PAH fingerprints of aircraft exhaust in comparison with diesel engine exhaust. Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry. 1998;360(6):693-6.
36. Rogge WF, Hildemann LM, Mazurek MA, Cass GR, Simoneit BR. Sources of fine organic aerosol. 2. Noncatalyst and catalyst-equipped automobiles and heavy-duty diesel trucks. Environmental science & technology. 1993;27(4):636-51.
37. Volkman JK, Holdsworth DG, Neill GP, Bavor Jr H. Identification of natural, anthropogenic and petroleum hydrocarbons in aquatic sediments. Science of the Total Environment. 1992;112(2-3):203-19.
38. Javed W, Iakovides M, Garaga R, Stephanou EG, Kota SH, Ying Q, et al. Source apportionment of organic pollutants in fine and coarse atmospheric particles in Doha, Qatar. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2019;69(11):1277-92.
39. Bi X, Sheng G, Chen Y, Fu J. Size distribution of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban and rural atmospheres of Guangzhou, China. Atmospheric Environment. 2005;39(3):477-87.
40. Kavouras IG, Lawrence J, Koutrakis P, Stephanou EG, Oyola P. Measurement of particulate aliphatic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in Santiago de Chile: source reconciliation and evaluation of sampling artifacts. Atmospheric Environment. 1999;33(30):4977-86.
41. Duan F, He K, Liu X. Characteristics and source identification of fine particulate n-alkanes in Beijing, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2010;22(7):998-1005.
42. Han F, Cao J, Peng L, Bai H, Hu D, Mu L, et al. Characteristics of hopanoid hydrocarbons in ambient PM 10 and motor vehicle emissions and coal ash in Taiyuan, China. Environmental geochemistry and health. 2015;37(5):813-29.
43. Rushdi AI, Al-Shaikh I, El-Mubarak AH, Alnaimi HA, Al-Shamary N, Hassan HM, et al. Characteristics and sources of anthropogenic and biogenic hydrocarbons in sediments from the coast of Qatar. Marine pollution bulletin. 2017;124(1):56-66.
44. Rogge WF, Mazurek MA, Hildemann LM, Cass GR, Simoneit BR. Quantification of urban organic aerosols at a molecular level: identification, abundance and seasonal variation. Atmospheric Environment Part A General Topics. 1993;27(8):1309-30.