تاثیر قرق بر برخی خصوصیات شیمیایی و آلی خاک (مطالعه موردی: حوضه گنبد شهر همدان)
محورهای موضوعی : منابع طبیعی
1 - دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد مرتعداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری دانشگاه ملایر
2 - دانشیار گروه مهندسی طبیعت، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری دانشگاه ملایر. *(مسول مکاتبات)
کلید واژه: خصوصیات خاک, مرتع, قرق, حوزه گنبد همدان,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: چرای دام بهعنوان یکی از آشفتگیهای اکولوژیک باعث تغییر در خصوصیات خاک و پوشش گیاهی مراتع میشود. هدف از این تحقیق مطالعه اثر قرق بر ذخایر میکروبی زیتوده و برخی خصوصیات خاک مراتع حوضه گنبد شهر همدان است. یکی از این مناطق تحت قرق 20 ساله است و منطقه دیگر در خارج از منطقه حفاظتشده تحت چرای دام است. روش بررسی: نمونهگیری خاک بر اساس روش سیستماتیک- تصادفی انجام شد. پنج ترانسکت 1000 متری با جهت شمالی-جنوبی بهطور تصادفی در هر منطقه (قرق و چرا شده) بهصورت جداگانه در نظر گرفته شد. نمونهبرداری خاک در هر 100 متر ببا روش سیستماتیک- تصادفی و در اردیبهشت ماه سال 95 انجام گرفت. عناصر مس، آهن، پتاسیم، منیزیم، منگنز و روی بهوسیله طیفسنجی جذب اتمی، اسیدیته با دستگاه pH متر، وزن مخصوص ظاهری از روش کلوخهای، نیتروژن کل از روش کجلدال، کربن آلی و ماده آلی خاک از روش اکسیداسیون تر والکی بلک و زیتوده میکروبی کربن به روش تدخین- استخراج محاسبه شد. یافته ها: پس از انجام تجزیه و تحلیلهای آماری مشخص شد که غلظت عناصر پتاسیم و روی در خاک منطقه قرق و غلظت عنصر منیزیم در خاک منطقه چرا شده افزایش معنیداری در سطح 5 درصد داشته است. اسیدیته خاک در منطقه چرا شده از 01/7 در منطقه قرق به مقدار 23/7 افزایش یافت. رطوبت خاک در منطقه چراشده کاهش معنیداری یافته و از 11/27 درصد در منطقه قرق به مقدار 12/18 درصد رسیده بود. جرم مخصوص ظاهری خاک نیز در منطقه چراشده 16/1 گرم بر سانتیمتر مکعب بود که در منطقه قرق کاهش معنیداری داشته و به 98/0 گرم بر سانتیمتر مکعب رسید. زیتوده میکروبی کربن در خاک مناطق قرق و چرا شده تفاوت معنیداری داشت. مقایسه میانگین زیتوده میکروبی کربن در خاک مراتع گنبد نشان داد که این پارامتر از 83/0 گرم بر کیلوگرم در منطقه چرا شده به مقدار 95/0 گرم بر کیلوگرم رسیده و افزایش معنیداری داشته است. بحث و نتیجه گیری: نتایج بهدستآمده نشانگر این نکته است که در منطقه قرق با اعمال قرق، خصوصیات خاک در مسیر توالی و رسیدن به شرایط ایده آل قرارگرفته است اما همچنان این منطقه نیاز به توجه و ادامه حفاظت دارد.
Background and Objective: Grazing as one of ecological disturbances causes changes in soil characteristics of rangelands. This study was carried out to study the effect of Grazed pasture on plant cover, microbial deposits and some soil characteristics of Gonbad in Hamedan. Method: Five transects of 1000 meters were considered separately for soil characteristics in each region (grazed and ungrazed). Systematic sampling of soil was performed every 100 meters in May 2016. The elements of Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn and Zn were measured by atomic absorption spectrometer, acidity with pH meter, bulk density from clavicle method, total nitrogen from Kjeldahl method, organic carbon and soil organic matter by the oxidation method of Walkybak and Zeitous Carbon microbial was calculated by quenching-extraction method. Findings: After analyzing, it was determined that the concentrations of K and Zn in the soil of the sample area and the concentration of Mg in the soil of the control area increased significantly at 5% level. Soil acidity in the control area increased from 7/1 in the sample area to 7/23. Soil moisture content decreased significantly in the control area and from 27.11% in the sample area reached 18.12%. Soil bulk density in the control area was 1.16 g / cm3, which decreased significantly in the sample area and reached 0.98 g / g / cm3. The carbon microbial biomass was significantly differed in the soil of grazed and control areas. The comparison of the mean microbial carbon content in studied rangelands showed that this parameter ranged from 0.83 g / kg in the control area (grazed) to 0.95 g / kg and increased significantly. Discussion and Conclusions: The exclosure area has been enclosed with exclosure, soil characteristics in the path of sequencing and achieving ideal conditions, but it still needs attention and continued conservation.
- Moghadam, M. R. (2009). Rangeland and rangeland management. University of Tehran Publication, Third edition, 470 P.
- Osem, Y., Perevolotsky, A., & Kigel, J. (2002). Grazing effect on diversity of annual plant communities in a semi‐arid rangeland: interactions with small‐scale spatial and temporal variation in primary productivity. Journal of Ecology, 90(6), 936-946.
- Wei, L., Hai-Zhou, H., Zhi-Nan, Z., & Gao-Lin, W. (2011). Effects of grazing on the soil properties and C and N storage in relation to biomass allocation in an alpine meadow. Journal of soil science and plant nutrition, 11(4), 27-39.
- Milchunas, D. G., & Lauenroth, W. K. (1993). Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments. Ecological monographs, 63(4), 327-366.
- Frank, D. A., Gehring, C. A., Machut, L., & Phillips, M. (2003). Soil community composition and the regulation of grazed temperate grassland. Oecologia, 137(4), 603-609.
- Wu, J.H., S.A. Miller, H.K. Hall, & Mooney P.A. )2009(. Factors affecting the efficiency of micropropagation from lateral buds and shoot tips of Rubus. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 99: 17–25.
- Ratliff, R. D. (1985). Meadows in the Sierra Nevada of California: state of knowledge.
- Yates, C. J., Norton, D. A., & Hobbs, R. J. (2000). Grazing effects on plant cover, soil and microclimate in fragmented woodlands in south‐western Australia: implications for restoration. Austral Ecology, 25(1), 36-47.
- Toranjzar, H., Jafari, M., Azarnivand, H., & Ghanadha, M.R. (2005). Investigation of the relationship between soil properties and rangeland vegetation in Vashouneh Rangelands of Qom Province. Desert, 10(2), 349-360.
- Parissi, Z.M., A. Papaioannou, E.M. Abraham, A.P. Kyriazopoulos, P. Sklavou, & Tsiouvaras C.N. (2014). Influence of combined grazing by wild boar and small ruminant on soil and plant nutrient contents in a coppice oak forest. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 177: 783–791.
- Mohammadi Golrang, B., Gezanchian, Gh., Ramezani Moghadam, R., Felahati, H., Rouhani, H., & Mashayekhi, M. (2008). Estimation of forage weight of several species of rangelands by measuring the diameter and plant height. Journal of Rangeland and desert Researches of Iran, 15(2), 158-178.
- Kohandel, A., Arzani, H., & Hosseni Tavasol, M. (2010). Determination of the effect of grazing intensities on soil and vegetation characteristics using multivariable components. Quarterly journal of Iranian rangeland and desert research, 17(4), 518-526.
- Hiernaux, P., Bielders, C.L., Valentin, V., Bationo, A., & Fernández-Rivera, S. (1999). Effects of livestock grazing on physical and chemical properties of sandy soils in Sahelian rangelands. Journal of Arid Environments 41 (3): 231–245
- Briske, D.D., & Richards, J. H. (1995). Plant responses to defoliation: a physiological, morphological and demographic evaluation. Wildland plants: physiological ecology and developmental morphology. Society for Range Management, Denver, CO, 635-710.
- Lavado, R.S., J.O. Sierra, & Hashimoto, P.N. (1996). Impact of grazing on soil nutrients in a Pampean grassland. Journal of Range Management 49: 452-457.
- Bilotta, G. S., R.E. Brazier, and Haygarth P.M. (2007). The impacts of grazing animals on the quality of soils, vegetation, and surface waters in intensively managed grasslands. Advances in Agronomy 94: 237–280.
- Technical Office of the Provincial Natural Resources Management of the Hamadan Province. (2016).
- Sparling GP and West AW, 1988. A direct extraction method to estimate soil microbial carbon: Calibration in situ using microbial respiration and 14C labeled sells. Soil Biol Biochem 20: 337- 343.
- Kavianpour, A.H., Heshmati, Gh., & Hosseni, H. (2015). Investigation of changes in soil characteristics and rangeland yield due to different grazing grazing intensities (Case study: Nasha Mazandaran bird rangelands). Journal of Water and Soil Science, 25(4), 157-168.
- Smoliak, S., J.F. Dormaar and Johnston, A. (1972). long-term grazing effects on Stipa-Bouteloua prairie soils, J. Range manage. 25:246-250.
- Hiernaux, P., C.L. Bielders, C. Valentin, A. Bationo, and Fernández-Rivera, S. (1999). Effects of livestock grazing on physical and chemical properties of sandy soils in Sahelian rangelands. Journal of Arid Environments 41 (3): 231–245
- Matano, A.S., C.K. Kanangire, D.N. Anyona, P.O. Abuom, F.B. Gelder, G.O. Dida, P.O. Owuor, and Ofulla, A.V.O. (2015). Effects of land use change on land degradation reflected by soil properties along Mara River, Kenya and Tanzania. Open Journal of Soil Science 5: 20-38.
- Martínez, K., Fernández, J. (1996). Spatial variabilidad of the physiological propensities and hysterics of the media in mediterranean semi-arid. Universidad de Murcia.
- Liu, N., Zhang, Y., Chang, S., Kan, H., & Lin, L. (2012). Impact of grazing on soil carbon and microbial biomass in typical steppe and desert steppe of Inner Mongolia. PloS one, 7(5), e36434.
- Kioko, J., J.W. Kiringe, and Seno, S.O. (2012). Impacts of livestock grazing on a savanna grassland in Kenya. Journal of Arid Land 4(1): 29-35.
_||_
- Moghadam, M. R. (2009). Rangeland and rangeland management. University of Tehran Publication, Third edition, 470 P.
- Osem, Y., Perevolotsky, A., & Kigel, J. (2002). Grazing effect on diversity of annual plant communities in a semi‐arid rangeland: interactions with small‐scale spatial and temporal variation in primary productivity. Journal of Ecology, 90(6), 936-946.
- Wei, L., Hai-Zhou, H., Zhi-Nan, Z., & Gao-Lin, W. (2011). Effects of grazing on the soil properties and C and N storage in relation to biomass allocation in an alpine meadow. Journal of soil science and plant nutrition, 11(4), 27-39.
- Milchunas, D. G., & Lauenroth, W. K. (1993). Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments. Ecological monographs, 63(4), 327-366.
- Frank, D. A., Gehring, C. A., Machut, L., & Phillips, M. (2003). Soil community composition and the regulation of grazed temperate grassland. Oecologia, 137(4), 603-609.
- Wu, J.H., S.A. Miller, H.K. Hall, & Mooney P.A. )2009(. Factors affecting the efficiency of micropropagation from lateral buds and shoot tips of Rubus. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 99: 17–25.
- Ratliff, R. D. (1985). Meadows in the Sierra Nevada of California: state of knowledge.
- Yates, C. J., Norton, D. A., & Hobbs, R. J. (2000). Grazing effects on plant cover, soil and microclimate in fragmented woodlands in south‐western Australia: implications for restoration. Austral Ecology, 25(1), 36-47.
- Toranjzar, H., Jafari, M., Azarnivand, H., & Ghanadha, M.R. (2005). Investigation of the relationship between soil properties and rangeland vegetation in Vashouneh Rangelands of Qom Province. Desert, 10(2), 349-360.
- Parissi, Z.M., A. Papaioannou, E.M. Abraham, A.P. Kyriazopoulos, P. Sklavou, & Tsiouvaras C.N. (2014). Influence of combined grazing by wild boar and small ruminant on soil and plant nutrient contents in a coppice oak forest. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 177: 783–791.
- Mohammadi Golrang, B., Gezanchian, Gh., Ramezani Moghadam, R., Felahati, H., Rouhani, H., & Mashayekhi, M. (2008). Estimation of forage weight of several species of rangelands by measuring the diameter and plant height. Journal of Rangeland and desert Researches of Iran, 15(2), 158-178.
- Kohandel, A., Arzani, H., & Hosseni Tavasol, M. (2010). Determination of the effect of grazing intensities on soil and vegetation characteristics using multivariable components. Quarterly journal of Iranian rangeland and desert research, 17(4), 518-526.
- Hiernaux, P., Bielders, C.L., Valentin, V., Bationo, A., & Fernández-Rivera, S. (1999). Effects of livestock grazing on physical and chemical properties of sandy soils in Sahelian rangelands. Journal of Arid Environments 41 (3): 231–245
- Briske, D.D., & Richards, J. H. (1995). Plant responses to defoliation: a physiological, morphological and demographic evaluation. Wildland plants: physiological ecology and developmental morphology. Society for Range Management, Denver, CO, 635-710.
- Lavado, R.S., J.O. Sierra, & Hashimoto, P.N. (1996). Impact of grazing on soil nutrients in a Pampean grassland. Journal of Range Management 49: 452-457.
- Bilotta, G. S., R.E. Brazier, and Haygarth P.M. (2007). The impacts of grazing animals on the quality of soils, vegetation, and surface waters in intensively managed grasslands. Advances in Agronomy 94: 237–280.
- Technical Office of the Provincial Natural Resources Management of the Hamadan Province. (2016).
- Sparling GP and West AW, 1988. A direct extraction method to estimate soil microbial carbon: Calibration in situ using microbial respiration and 14C labeled sells. Soil Biol Biochem 20: 337- 343.
- Kavianpour, A.H., Heshmati, Gh., & Hosseni, H. (2015). Investigation of changes in soil characteristics and rangeland yield due to different grazing grazing intensities (Case study: Nasha Mazandaran bird rangelands). Journal of Water and Soil Science, 25(4), 157-168.
- Smoliak, S., J.F. Dormaar and Johnston, A. (1972). long-term grazing effects on Stipa-Bouteloua prairie soils, J. Range manage. 25:246-250.
- Hiernaux, P., C.L. Bielders, C. Valentin, A. Bationo, and Fernández-Rivera, S. (1999). Effects of livestock grazing on physical and chemical properties of sandy soils in Sahelian rangelands. Journal of Arid Environments 41 (3): 231–245
- Matano, A.S., C.K. Kanangire, D.N. Anyona, P.O. Abuom, F.B. Gelder, G.O. Dida, P.O. Owuor, and Ofulla, A.V.O. (2015). Effects of land use change on land degradation reflected by soil properties along Mara River, Kenya and Tanzania. Open Journal of Soil Science 5: 20-38.
- Martínez, K., Fernández, J. (1996). Spatial variabilidad of the physiological propensities and hysterics of the media in mediterranean semi-arid. Universidad de Murcia.
- Liu, N., Zhang, Y., Chang, S., Kan, H., & Lin, L. (2012). Impact of grazing on soil carbon and microbial biomass in typical steppe and desert steppe of Inner Mongolia. PloS one, 7(5), e36434.
- Kioko, J., J.W. Kiringe, and Seno, S.O. (2012). Impacts of livestock grazing on a savanna grassland in Kenya. Journal of Arid Land 4(1): 29-35.