بررسی قواعد و مقررات تجارت انرژی در سازمان تجارت جهانی
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت محیط زیستمنصور پورنوری 1 , حاتم صادقی زیاری 2 , سولماز صادقی 3
1 - استادیارگروه حقوق، عضوهیات علمی، دانشگاه آزادتهران مرکزی. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - استادیارگروه حقوق، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران.
3 - دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین الملل عمومی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تهران مرکزی..
کلید واژه: جهانی شدن, سازمان تجارت جهانی, تجارت انرژی, نظام چند جانبه,
چکیده مقاله :
توسعه اقتصادی وتجارت بین‌المللی،منجربه شکل‌گیری یک نظام اقتصادی به هم وابسته جهانی گشت که درحال حاضر،باتوجه به پیشرفت جوامع بشری و نیازهای اساسی مردم،درحال تبدیل شدن به یک سیستم واحد جهانی است؛ودراین میان، نهادهای بین المللی نقش فراوانی را ایفا نموده اند.اگر قوانین تجاری شفاف و قابل پیش بینی باشند،می تواندهمزمان منافع کشورهای واردکننده و صادرکننده انرژی را تامین کنددرواقع،جهانی شدن تجارت انرژی به واسطه سرمایه‌گذاری های بین‌المللی،مقرّرات زدایی دربازارهای داخلی کشورها و ارتباط نوینِ بخشْ انرژی کشورها بااقتصاد سیاسی جهان، موجب افزایش اهمیت وجایگاه آن در روابط اقتصادی میان کشورها شده است.این مقاله بیانگرگسترش پوشش نظام چندجانبه تجارت جهانی، ایجادسازمان جهانی تجارت وتغییرو تحول درماهیت تجارت محصولات انرژی درجهان است وتلاش نموده تامشخص کندآیامحصولات انرژی متفاوت از دیگرمحصولات هستندونیازبه قوانین خاص تجارتی دارند. همچنین موانع وضع مقرّرات در تجارت انرژیِ سازمان تجارت جهانی را با توجه به خصایص انواع مختلف انرژی بررسی می نماید. ر جایگاه سوم قرار دارد. همچنین مقدار معیار GOF معادل 5235/0 حاصل گردید که نشان از برازش قوی مدل کلی پژوهش دارد.
Economic development and international trade have led to the formation of a global interdependent economic system, which is becoming a unique international system due to the development of human societies and basic needs in the present era, and in this regard, the international institutions have played a major role. If the business rules are clearer and more predictable, they can, at the same time, meet mutual interests of both energy exporting In fact, globalization of energy trading has increased the importance of its role in economic relations between countries through the international investment,deregulation ofdomestic markets of countries,and a new connection between the area of energy in different countries and the political economy in the word.The present studydescriptive way,explored internat ional energy rules as well as energy trade multilateral system and tried to determine whether energy products are different from other products and require certain trade rules.It also examines the obstacles to make regulations in the area of trade energy in wto regarding characteristics of different kinds of energy.
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- Huttner David and Alhaji (2010). OPEC and other Commodity Cartels. A Comparison. Energy policy. No. 15:164
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- Leal- Arcas, Rafael et al (2018). Commentary the Energy Charter Treaty, Edward Elgar, UK: 325
- UNCTAD (2000), Trade Agreement, Petroleum and Energy Policies. UNCTAD/ ITCD/ TSB/ nine, United Nations Conference New York, US, Geneva, Switzerland: 9
- Cossy Mireille (2012).”EnergyTrade and WTO Rules: Reflexions on Sovereignty over Natural Resourses, Export Restrictions and Freedom of Transit“, European Yearbook of International Econimic: 129
- Anez, c, (2003), “the trade of technical Services for Oil and Gas Exploration and Production: Observations by and Old Venezuelan Contractor” in Energy and Environmental Services: NegotiatingObjectives and Development Priorities. UNCTAD, United Nations, NewYork, US, Geneva, Switzerland:65-70
- Mathur, Sajal, (2014), Trade, the WTOand Energy Security:29-30
- Marhold,Anna (2013). The World Trade Organization and Energy, Fuel for Debate. European Society of International Law:85
- Wilson, j. D (2015), Multilateral Organization and the Limits to International Energy Cooperation, Asian studies Review, 38(1):85
- Michalopoulos Constantin (2015), Trade Policy and Market Access Issues for Developing Countries, Implications for the Millennium Round, working paper:8
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- Zarilli, s, (2015), “International Trade in Energy Service and the Developing Countries”: 98
- Laprevote Francois-Charleas &Sungjin Kang (2011). ”Subsides Issues in the WTO AnUpdate”, 10(3) : 104
- Marceau, G, (2010), The WTO in the emerging energy governance debate, Global tradejournal, vol. 5, no. 3: 83
- Matsushita, Mitsuo (2010). “Governance of International Trade under World Trade Organization Agreements-Relationships between World Trade Organization Agreements and Other Trade Agreements”. ProQuest. Journal of World Trade: 44
- Pogoretskyy, vitality (2016). Energy dual pricing in international trade: subsides and anti-dumping perspectives: Regulation of Energy in WTO and Energy Charter. Kluwer Internationl Law. Online version: Avilable http://www. papers ssrn. Com. Last visited 30 Jun 2017. : 121
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- Wald, T, and A, JGunt, (2012)”, international Energy and access to energy network. ”:125
- Danae, Azaria (2015). ”Energy Transit under the Energy Charter Treaty and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade”, Journal of Energy &Natural Resources Law. vol. 27, 4 :52-92
- Huttner David and Alhaji (2010). OPEC and other Commodity Cartels. A Comparison. Energy policy. No. 15:164
- Hochman, Gal, and, David, Zilberman (2015). The Political Ecinimy of OPEC, Energy Economics, 48:203
- Tacoa-Vielma, J, (2003), “Defining Energy Services for the GATS: An issue under Discussion” in Energy and Environmental Services: Negotiating Objectives and Development Priorities, UNCTAD, United Nations, New York, US, Geneva, Switzerland: 34
- Paola D. Farah and Elena Cima (2013), “Energy Trade and the WTO Implications for Renewable Ener Gyand the Opec Cartel”, Journal of international Economic law, Doi: 10. 1093:89
- Selivanova, Yulia (2016), “the WTO and Energy”, WTO Rules and Agreements of Relevance to the Energy Sector, Energy Charter Secretariat. 5.:8-19
- Kim, Talus (2014).”Research Handbook on International Energy Law”, Edward Elgar puplishing:302
- TimothyMeyer,(2016), Explaining Energy Disputes at the World Trade, Organization (American Society of International Law ):106-116
- Omid Bakhsh, Asfandyar, Zahid Talban ,Ali(1385),World Trade Organization Rules and Agreements ,Tehran ,Printing and Publishing Trading,Number2,28-35.(In persian)
- Tobias Peter, worldTrade Organization (WTO) in Frauke Lachenmann and Rudiger Wolfrum (Eds) (2015). International Economic Law, The Max Planck Encyclopedia of public thematic series vol. I, Oxford University press: 28-54
- yong,Alwyn (2005),”learning by Doing and the Dynamic Effect of International Trade “, journal of Economics 106:369-405.
- BaniAsadzada,Mujtaba,(1383),Comparison of the implementation of the World Trade Organization and UNCTAD,Publication of political science,Number14. (In Persian)
- Gibbs, M, (2003), “Energy Services, Energy Policies and the Doha Agenda”, in Energy and Environmental Services: Negotiating Objectives and Development Priorities. UNCTAD, United Nations, New York, US, Geneva, Switzerland: 83
- Stewart, T, P, (2004), “the GATT Uruguay Round: A Negotiating History (1999- 2004): 9-18
- Nancy, D, S, (1989), “Natural Resource Pricing Policies and the international Trading System”, Harvard international law journal, winter 30(1): 635.
- Leal- Arcas, Rafael et al (2018). Commentary the Energy Charter Treaty, Edward Elgar, UK: 325
- UNCTAD (2000), Trade Agreement, Petroleum and Energy Policies. UNCTAD/ ITCD/ TSB/ nine, United Nations Conference New York, US, Geneva, Switzerland: 9
- Cossy Mireille (2012).”EnergyTrade and WTO Rules: Reflexions on Sovereignty over Natural Resourses, Export Restrictions and Freedom of Transit“, European Yearbook of International Econimic: 129
- Anez, c, (2003), “the trade of technical Services for Oil and Gas Exploration and Production: Observations by and Old Venezuelan Contractor” in Energy and Environmental Services: NegotiatingObjectives and Development Priorities. UNCTAD, United Nations, NewYork, US, Geneva, Switzerland:65-70
- Mathur, Sajal, (2014), Trade, the WTOand Energy Security:29-30
- Marhold,Anna (2013). The World Trade Organization and Energy, Fuel for Debate. European Society of International Law:85
- Wilson, j. D (2015), Multilateral Organization and the Limits to International Energy Cooperation, Asian studies Review, 38(1):85
- Michalopoulos Constantin (2015), Trade Policy and Market Access Issues for Developing Countries, Implications for the Millennium Round, working paper:8
- Marku, S, W (2013). Gehring et al,Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Measure in Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs),ICTSD Issue Paper No. 3,Geneva ,p. 4. At: htpp: //www. Ictsd, org /themes /climate-andenergy /research/climate-change-and-“sustainable-energy –measures –in regional –trade” (accessed) 23. 7, 2014: 110
- Zarilli, s, (2015), “International Trade in Energy Service and the Developing Countries”: 98
- Laprevote Francois-Charleas &Sungjin Kang (2011). ”Subsides Issues in the WTO AnUpdate”, 10(3) : 104
- Marceau, G, (2010), The WTO in the emerging energy governance debate, Global tradejournal, vol. 5, no. 3: 83
- Matsushita, Mitsuo (2010). “Governance of International Trade under World Trade Organization Agreements-Relationships between World Trade Organization Agreements and Other Trade Agreements”. ProQuest. Journal of World Trade: 44
- Pogoretskyy, vitality (2016). Energy dual pricing in international trade: subsides and anti-dumping perspectives: Regulation of Energy in WTO and Energy Charter. Kluwer Internationl Law. Online version: Avilable http://www. papers ssrn. Com. Last visited 30 Jun 2017. : 121
- Cotter, T. et al (2015). "Energy in WTO Law and Policy ,"NCCR Trad Regulation Working Paper 25No, ,avalibal at htpp://phasel ,nccr –trade ,org /images/stories/project /ip6%20 Work ing%20paper. Pdf: 155.