تعهدات زیست محیطی دولت‌ها در سفرهای گردشگری فضایی
محورهای موضوعی : آلودگی های محیط زیست (آب، خاک و هوا)سهیلا کوشا 1 , مجتبی انصاریان 2 , مریم دهقانی 3
1 - دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی، استادیار دانشگاه پیام نور تهران. *(نویسنده مسوول)
2 - دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی، استادیار دانشگاه پیام نور.
3 - کارشناس ارشد رشته حقوق بین‌الملل دانشگاه پیام نور تهران .
کلید واژه: سفرهای گردشگری فضایی, جرم زیست محیطی, زباله‌های فضایی, مسوولیت بین‌المللی دولت‌ها, محیط زیست,
چکیده مقاله :
امروزه با گسترش و تنوع فعالیت‌های فضایی، با افزایش بی رویه زباله های فضایی و آلودگی محیط زیست مواجه هستیم. ازطرفی با افزایش توجه به سفرهای گردشگری فضایی و حضور انسان در فضا، احتمال آلودگی محیط زیست فضا و محیط زیست زمین زیادتر می شود. از همین رو بررسی تعهدات و مسوولیت زیست محیطی دولت متبوع نهادهای مجری سفرهای گردشگری فضایی الزامی است. اگرچه عهدنامه فضای ماورای جو (1967) و کنوانسیون مسوولیت (1972)، نظام حقوقی قابل قبول و جامعی را برای احراز تعهدات بین‌المللی دولت‌ها برقرار نمودهاند، اما هنوز نکات مبهمی درباره حفاظت از محیط زیست فضا و زمین وجود دارند. چون با توجه به توسعه فعالیت‌های فضایی و با عنایت به مخاطرات زیست محیطی اصلاح نشده اند، هر گونه فعالیت فضایی از جمله سفرهای گردشگری فضایی را می توانند با مشکل مواجه کنند. این مقاله با بهره‌مندی از روش پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی به این پرسش پاسخ می دهد که تعهدات زیست محیطی دولت‌ها برای تضمین امنیت و ایمنی سفرهای گردشگری فضایی چیست؟ هدف این مقاله ارایه راهکارهای حقوقی برای جلوگیری از آلودگی محیط زیست فضا و زمین با استناد به مسوولیت دولت‌ها در قبال سفرهای گردشگری فضایی و پیشگیری از ارتکاب جرایم زیست محیطی است.
Nowadays we are confronting with development of different kinds of space activities, the increase of space debris and pollution of the environment of outer space and the Earth due to space tourism. The other thing is that with the increase of the human intentions to space tourism, we can confront with more pollution of outer space. Therefore, studying the environmental duties and responsibilities of states who are the executer of space tourism is inevitable. Not with standing that outer space treaty and liability convention establishing comprehensive and acceptable rules for identification of states international duties, but there are some ambiguous points about protecting the environment of space. As these documents did not develop or revised with the development of this technology during these years specially the environmental pollution of space activities and space tourism. This article by using the descriptive- analytical method of research is about to answer this question that what is the environmental duties of states for safeguarding of space tourism? The aim of this article is giving some legal solution for prevention of the Earth and outer space pollution by quoting responsibilities of states with respect to space tourism and preventing from committing the environmental crimes thereof.
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- Abeyarante Ruwantissa Indaranath Ramya, “space security law”, translated by Soheyla koosha, Tehran, Iran, Javedane Jangal Publication, 2013, pp. 25,27,22,20. (In Persian)
- koosha, soheyla, “International space law”, Tehran, Iran, Majd publication, 2015, pp. 195, 197
- Frangiali, F. (1999), “crystal ball gazing clossier”, the courtier, p. 2
- The documents of International space law”, translated by Heybatollah Najandy Manesh, Yusef Babayee, Esmail Yagobi, Tehran, Iran, khorsandy publisher, 2011, pp. 18,9,19,20,33,37,36,34,38(In Persian)
- Declaration of legal principles governing the activities of states in the exploration and use of outer space including the Moon and other celestial bodies, GA Res 1962 (XVIII), adopted on 13 Dec 1963
- Gal, G. (1993), “Air Crew and Space Crew- Comparative observation de lege frenda”, 16 Proc. IISL, pp. 272-274
- Douglas, J.C., (2004),” Death in Pursuit of Space travels: an analysis of current methods of recovery for families of astronauts and the need for reform”, 26 whittierl. Rev, pp. 333- 335
- Abbaspour, Majid, “energy, environmental and sustainable development”, Tehran, Iran, Sharif University, the Scientific Institute publication, 2007, pp.1008. (In Persian)
- Dabiry, Farhad, Pourhashemi, Sayyed Abbas, Khalatbari Yalda “Formation and development of "future generation rights" concept in international environmental law”, environmental science and technology quarterly, vol. 8, No. 3, 2016, pp.167, 170. (In Persian)
- Kiss Alexander, Shelton Dinah, “Judicial handbook on environmental law”, translated by Mohsen Abdollahi, Tehran, Iran, Korsandy publication, 1994, pp. 155, 158, (in Persian)
- Dadiar, aghileh, “international jurisprudence in settlement of environmental disputes with emphasis on Gabčíkovo- Nagymaro case”, the Msc thesis, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran, p. 136. (In Persian)
- Ramazani Ghavamabadi Mohammad Hossein, “Quick Review of the Principle of the Un harmful (Sustainable) Utilization of Territory in International Environmental Law’’, Environmental Science Journal, summer of 2007, year4, No.4, p. 8
- Kiss Alexander, Lang W., Sand P.H., “Environmental law”, translated by Habiby, M. H., first Volume, Tehran, Iran, Tehran university press, 2000, p. 101. (In Persian)
- Morady, H., “International environmental law”, first Volume, Tehran, Iran, Mizan legal foundation, pp. 83, 86, 87. (In Persian)
- Jusentuliyana, N., (1999),” International space law in the United Nations”, Kulwer, pp. 169-170
- Nesgos, P.D., (1994),” UNCOPUOS symposium on commercial activities in space”, 37 proc. IISL, pp. 305-4
- Moghtader Hooshang, “General International Law”, Tehran, Iran, Bureau of Political and International Studies, first issue, 1993, p. 151. (In Persian)
- Khosravi, Majid, “Air and Space from a Legal Perspective”, first issue, Tehran, Iran, Political and doctorial Organization of the Army of the Islamic Republic of Iran, pp.104,113, 107, 116
- Tallai, Farhad, “United Nations Conventions on the Outer Space”, first issue, Shiraz, kusha mehr publication, 2001, pp. 37, 39. (In Persian)
- Navade Toupchi, H., “International Space Law”, first issue, Tehran, Iran, Khorsandy publication, 2011, p. 143, (in Persian)
- Wallace, Rebecca, “International law”, translated by Seyyed Qasem Zamany, Mahnaz Bahramo, first issue, Tehran, Iran, Share Danesh Institute for Legal Studies and Research,2003, P. 215. (In Persian)
- Mosleh, Zeynab, “Space Law with emphasis on the legal system governing space accidents and space debris”, Tehran, Iran, Jihad Daneshgahi of Shahid Beheshti University, 2014, pp. 18, 19. (In Persian)
- Sundal, M. J. “Unidentified orbital Debris: case for a Market- share liability regime”, 24 Hastings Int. Comp. L. Rev., (2000), pp. 125-54
- Haydar Zadeh, Elham, Mozafarizade Sajjad, “Prevention of environmental crimes”, Biological Ethics Quarterly, No. 7, 2013, p. 163. (In Persian)
- Ryabin Kin, Charity Trelease, (2004), “Let there be flight, it’s time to reform the regulations of commercial space travel”, 69 J. Air law & com, pp. 101-104.
- Morrison, Mark Lee, (1995), “Navigation the tumultuous skies of international aviation: the federal aviation administration’s response to non-compliance with international safety standards”, 2 SW.J.L. & trade. pp. 621-625.
- Kingsburg, Benediet, Krish, Nico & Steward, Richard B., (2005), “The emergence of global administrative law”, 68 law & contemporary probs, p. 15, 22.