ارزیابی آلودگی نفتی و اولویت بندی راهبرد حفاظت محیط زیست دریای خزر بر اساس مدل SWOT
محورهای موضوعی :
آب و محیط زیست
امید نادری
1
(دانشجوی دکتری، گروه محیط زیست، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران.)
پرویز محمدی
2
(دانشیار گروه بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه، موسسه سلامت، مرکز تحقیقات آلاینده‌های محیطی سلامت، کرمانشاه، ایران.)
نسرین چوبکار
3
(دانشیار گروه شیلات، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران. *(مسو.ول مکاتبات).)
حسین نوروزی
4
(استادیار گروه محیط زیست، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران.)
سید احمد حسینی
5
(استادیار گروه محیط زیست، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران.)
تاریخ دریافت : 1399/09/11
تاریخ پذیرش : 1399/12/08
تاریخ انتشار : 1400/06/01
کلید واژه:
آلودگی نفتی,
دریای خزر,
بهبود مدیریت زیست محیطی,
مدل SWOT,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: ترکیبات نفتی مضر در محیط‌های آبی خطرات مختلفی بر موجودات دریایی و نیز انسان دارد، حال با این تهدید آلودگی نفتی در منابع آبی کشور به ویژه دریای خزر چه نقاط قوت و ضعفی برای مقابله با این تهدید می تواند وجود داشته باشد؟
هدف از انجام این پژوهش آشنایی با آلودگی نفتی و مشتقات آن و تبیین اولویت بندی راهبرد حفاظت از محیط زیست دریای خزر در مقابله با تهدیدات ناشی از آلودگی نفتی می‌باشد.
روش بررسی: تجزیه و تحلیل قوت ضعف فرصت تهدید( SWOT) ابزاری مهم برای بررسی استراتژیک، تحلیل وضعیت و ارائه راه حل های مناسب برای دستیابی به بهترین پاسخ مدیریت زیست محیطی است .بنابراین استراتژی اصلی این مطالعه استفاده از مدل SWOT به عنوان ابزاری برای ارزیابی آلودگی نفتی دریای خزر می باشد.
یافته ها: براساس نتایج، با اولویت بندی استراتژیک در کل سهم آلودگی نفتی خزر، دو تهدید (روسیه و آذربایجان) و سه فرصت (قزاقستان، ترکمنستان و ایران) وجود دارد که مهمترین ضعف و تهدید موجود، در منابع رودخانه ای و مهمترین توانمندی و فرصت در منابع شهری شناسایی شده است.
بحث و نتیجه گیری: آنچه که در تحقیقات یاد شده کمتر به آن پرداخت شده است بهره گیری از تحلیل های تشخیصی فرامرزی می باشد زیرا این تحلیل ها، به عنوان گزارش های رسمی مورد تایید سازمان های محیط زیستی بین المللی، می توانند مبنایی برای ارزیابی های دوره ای قرار گیرد و براساس آن ها به تعیین اولویت بندی های استراتژیک در مدیریت کنترل آلودگی های حوزه خزر مبادرت شود.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Harmful oil compounds have various dangers on marine organisms and human. Now with this threat of oil pollution in the country's water resources, especially the Caspian Sea, what strengths and weaknesses can there be to counteract this threat?
The purpose of this study is to get acquainted with oil pollution and its derivatives and to explain the prioritization of the Caspian Sea environmental protection strategy of threats caused by oil pollution.
Material and Methodology: SWOT analysis (Strenghts, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) is an important tool for strategic study, situation analysis and providing appropriate solutions to obtain an answer to this question. Therefore, the main strategy of this study is to use the SWOT model as a tool to assess oil pollution in the Caspian Sea.
Findings: According to the results of this study, with strategic prioritization in the total share of Caspian oil pollution, there are two threats (Russia and Azerbaijan) and three opportunities (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Iran) that the most important weakness and threat in river resources and the most important Capability and opportunity have been identified in urban resources.
Discussion and Conclusion: What has been underreported in these studies is the use of cross-border diagnostic analyzes because these analyzes, as official reports approved by international environmental organizations, can be the basis for periodic evaluations and based on them to determine strategic priorities in pollution control management of the Caspian Basin.
منابع و مأخذ:
Effimoff, I., 2000. The oil and gas resource base of the Caspian region. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 28(4), pp.157-159.
Ismailov, N.M. and Alieva, S.R., 2019. Potential Role of Groundwater in Pollution of Coastal Water of the Caspian Sea by Organic Pollutants. Arid Ecosystems, 9(3), pp.202-208.
Nasrollahzadeh, A., 2010. Caspian Sea and its ecological challenges. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 8(1), pp. 97-104.
Shirneshan, G., Bakhtiari, A.R. and Memariani, M., 2017. Identifying the source of petroleum pollution in sediment cores of southwest of the Caspian Sea using chemical fingerprinting of aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons. Marine pollution bulletin, 115(1-2), pp.383-390.
Nazari, M., Chaichi, M.R., Kamel, H., Grismer, M. and Sadeghi, S.M.M., 2020. Evaluation of Estimation Methods for Monthly Reference Evapotranspiration in Arid Climates. Arid Ecosystems, 10(4), pp.329-336.
Kangas, J., Kurttila, M., Kajanus, M. and Kangas, A., 2003. Evaluating the management strategies of a forestland estate—the SOS approach. Journal of environmental management, 69(4), pp.349-358.
Pashayev, N.M., Ragimov, R.M., Samedov, F.R. and Gahramanova, D.S., 2018. Aerospace monitoring of the oil pollution of the Caspian Sea on the base of GIS technology and radar space images. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 51(30), pp.558-560.
Dastvareh, F., and Rasouli, M., 2017. Caspian Coastline SWOT (Case Study: Babolsar City), 3rd Annual Conference on Architectural, Urban Planning and Urban Management Research, Shiraz. (In Persian)
Nouri, J., Karbassi, A.R. and Mirkia, S., 2008. Environmental management of coastal regions in the Caspian Sea. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 5(1), pp.43-52.
FREIND J., JESSOP W N., 1976. Local government and strategic choice. 2nd Edition, Oxford. Pergamon Press.
Phadermrod, B., Crowder, R.M. and Wills, G.B., 2019. Importance-performance analysis based SWOT analysis. International Journal of Information Management, 44, pp.194-203.
Gurel, E. and Tat, M., 2017. SWOT ANALYSIS: A THEORETICAL REVIEW Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi The Journal of International Social Research, 10, 994.
Kajanus, M., Leskinen, P., Kurttila, M. and Kangas, J., 2012. Making use of MCDS methods in SWOT analysis—Lessons learnt in strategic natural resources management. Forest Policy and Economics, 20, pp.1-9.
Novac, V., Rusu, E. and Scurtu, I.C., 2019. Opportunities and risks related to offshore activities in the Western Black Sea. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology, 20(4), pp.1698-1707.
UNEP and UNDP., 2011. Transboundary diagnostic analysis for the Caspian Sea. The Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, Azerbaijan:http://www.tehranconvention.org/IMG/pdf/Caspian_SoE_Eng_fin.pdf
Sobhanardakani, S., Tayebi, L. and Hosseini, S.V., 2018. Health risk assessment of arsenic and heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Co, Pb, and Sn) through consumption of caviar of Acipenser persicus from Southern Caspian Sea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(3), pp.2664-2671.
Korotenko, K.A., Mamedov, R.M. and Mooers, C.N.K., 2000. Prediction of the dispersal of oil transport in the Caspian Sea resulting from a continuous release. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin, 6(5-6), pp.323-339.
EIA, Overview of oil and natural gas in the Caspian Sea region., 2013: https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/regions-of-interest/Caspian_Sea
Vafai, F., Hadipour, V. and Hadipour, A., 2013. Determination of shoreline sensitivity to oil spills by use of GIS and fuzzy model. Case study–The coastal areas of Caspian Sea in north of Iran. Ocean & Coastal Management, 71, pp.123-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.05.033.
, 2000, Ecological problems of oil exploitation in the Caspian Sea area, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-4105(00)00081-4
Mazaheri, M., and Abdolmanafi, N. A., 2015. Investigation of pollution in the Caspian Sea, Research Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly. Office of Water Infrastructure Studies, Iran. (In Persian)
Meyer, J., Moore, J., Pawlisz, A., Smorong, E. and Breton, R.L., 2001. Investigation/Feasibility study (RI/FS): Baseline Ecological Risk Assessment. British: Mac-Donald Environmental sciences LTd, British.
Ariese, F., Burgers, I., Oudhoff, K., Rutten, T., Stroomberg, G. and Vethaak, D., 1997. Comparison of analytical approaches for PAH metabolites in fish bile samples for marine and estuarine monitoring. Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Yaffe, D., Cohen, Y., Arey, J. and Grosovsky, A.J., 2001. Multimedia analysis of PAHs and nitro‐PAH daughter products in the Los Angeles basin. Risk Analysis, 21(2), pp.275-294.
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Effimoff, I., 2000. The oil and gas resource base of the Caspian region. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 28(4), pp.157-159.
Ismailov, N.M. and Alieva, S.R., 2019. Potential Role of Groundwater in Pollution of Coastal Water of the Caspian Sea by Organic Pollutants. Arid Ecosystems, 9(3), pp.202-208.
Nasrollahzadeh, A., 2010. Caspian Sea and its ecological challenges. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 8(1), pp. 97-104.
Shirneshan, G., Bakhtiari, A.R. and Memariani, M., 2017. Identifying the source of petroleum pollution in sediment cores of southwest of the Caspian Sea using chemical fingerprinting of aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons. Marine pollution bulletin, 115(1-2), pp.383-390.
Nazari, M., Chaichi, M.R., Kamel, H., Grismer, M. and Sadeghi, S.M.M., 2020. Evaluation of Estimation Methods for Monthly Reference Evapotranspiration in Arid Climates. Arid Ecosystems, 10(4), pp.329-336.
Kangas, J., Kurttila, M., Kajanus, M. and Kangas, A., 2003. Evaluating the management strategies of a forestland estate—the SOS approach. Journal of environmental management, 69(4), pp.349-358.
Pashayev, N.M., Ragimov, R.M., Samedov, F.R. and Gahramanova, D.S., 2018. Aerospace monitoring of the oil pollution of the Caspian Sea on the base of GIS technology and radar space images. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 51(30), pp.558-560.
Dastvareh, F., and Rasouli, M., 2017. Caspian Coastline SWOT (Case Study: Babolsar City), 3rd Annual Conference on Architectural, Urban Planning and Urban Management Research, Shiraz. (In Persian)
Nouri, J., Karbassi, A.R. and Mirkia, S., 2008. Environmental management of coastal regions in the Caspian Sea. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 5(1), pp.43-52.
FREIND J., JESSOP W N., 1976. Local government and strategic choice. 2nd Edition, Oxford. Pergamon Press.
Phadermrod, B., Crowder, R.M. and Wills, G.B., 2019. Importance-performance analysis based SWOT analysis. International Journal of Information Management, 44, pp.194-203.
Gurel, E. and Tat, M., 2017. SWOT ANALYSIS: A THEORETICAL REVIEW Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi The Journal of International Social Research, 10, 994.
Kajanus, M., Leskinen, P., Kurttila, M. and Kangas, J., 2012. Making use of MCDS methods in SWOT analysis—Lessons learnt in strategic natural resources management. Forest Policy and Economics, 20, pp.1-9.
Novac, V., Rusu, E. and Scurtu, I.C., 2019. Opportunities and risks related to offshore activities in the Western Black Sea. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology, 20(4), pp.1698-1707.
UNEP and UNDP., 2011. Transboundary diagnostic analysis for the Caspian Sea. The Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, Azerbaijan:http://www.tehranconvention.org/IMG/pdf/Caspian_SoE_Eng_fin.pdf
Sobhanardakani, S., Tayebi, L. and Hosseini, S.V., 2018. Health risk assessment of arsenic and heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Co, Pb, and Sn) through consumption of caviar of Acipenser persicus from Southern Caspian Sea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(3), pp.2664-2671.
Korotenko, K.A., Mamedov, R.M. and Mooers, C.N.K., 2000. Prediction of the dispersal of oil transport in the Caspian Sea resulting from a continuous release. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin, 6(5-6), pp.323-339.
EIA, Overview of oil and natural gas in the Caspian Sea region., 2013: https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/regions-of-interest/Caspian_Sea
Vafai, F., Hadipour, V. and Hadipour, A., 2013. Determination of shoreline sensitivity to oil spills by use of GIS and fuzzy model. Case study–The coastal areas of Caspian Sea in north of Iran. Ocean & Coastal Management, 71, pp.123-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.05.033.
, 2000, Ecological problems of oil exploitation in the Caspian Sea area, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-4105(00)00081-4
Mazaheri, M., and Abdolmanafi, N. A., 2015. Investigation of pollution in the Caspian Sea, Research Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly. Office of Water Infrastructure Studies, Iran. (In Persian)
Meyer, J., Moore, J., Pawlisz, A., Smorong, E. and Breton, R.L., 2001. Investigation/Feasibility study (RI/FS): Baseline Ecological Risk Assessment. British: Mac-Donald Environmental sciences LTd, British.
Ariese, F., Burgers, I., Oudhoff, K., Rutten, T., Stroomberg, G. and Vethaak, D., 1997. Comparison of analytical approaches for PAH metabolites in fish bile samples for marine and estuarine monitoring. Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Yaffe, D., Cohen, Y., Arey, J. and Grosovsky, A.J., 2001. Multimedia analysis of PAHs and nitro‐PAH daughter products in the Los Angeles basin. Risk Analysis, 21(2), pp.275-294.
