مدلسازی بار فسفات ورودی به دریای خزر از حوزه آبخیز تجن با استفاده از مدل ارزیابی آب و خاک
محورهای موضوعی : آب و محیط زیستفاطمه رجایی 1 , رضا دهمرده بهروز 2 * , مصطفی قلی پور 3
1 - استادیار گروه علوم محیطزیست، دانشکده علوم ، دانشگاه زنجان.
2 - استادیار گروه محیطزیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی دانشگاه زابل.*(مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - دانش آموخته دکتری گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان.
کلید واژه: تجن دریای خزر, مدل SWAT, فسفات, حوزه آبخیز, تغییرات فصلی,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: توسعه کشاورزی برای پاسخگویی به نیاز روز افزون غذا سبب مصرف بیشتر کودهای شیمیایی و درنتیجه آلودگی اکوسیستم های آبی گردیده است. بنابراین برآورد مواد مغذی منابع غیر نقطه ای، بررسی میزان تجاوز آن ها از حد مجاز و نیز ارزیابی سهم آلودگی فسفات ورودی از حوزه آبخیز تجن به دریای خزر یک اولویت بهمنظور ارزیابی سلامت حوضه است. روش بررسی: لذا در این مطالعه از ابزار ارزیابی آب و خاک (SWAT) برای شبیهسازی فسفات طی سالهای 2001 تا 2014 در حوزه آبخیز تجن استفاده شده است. یافته ها: نتایج مدل واسنجی شده نشان داد بار سالانه فسفات از سال 2001 تا 2014 از حدود 29000 تا 102900 کیلوگرم در خروجی حوزه آبخیز متفاوت است. بار فسفات در زمستان و پاییز 98 درصد از کل بار سالانه فسفات را به خود اختصاص داد. بالاترین سطح فسفات در دوره مورد مطالعه در ماه فوریه (بهطور متوسط 11621 کیلوگرم) و کمترین در ماه ژوئن (بهطور متوسط 7/0 کیلوگرم) بود. هم چنین از مقایسه غلظتهای بهدستآمده با استانداردهای کیفیت آب میتوان نتیجه گرفت که غلظت فسفات در اکثر زیرحوضهها بالاتر از حد استاندارد کیفیت آب آشامیدنی برای سلامت انسانی (2/0 میلیگرم در لیتر) است. بنابراین اکثرا زیرحوضه ها در منطقه مورد مطالعه نیازمند کاهش بار فسفات میباشند و می بایست این زیرحوضه ها در برنامه های مدیریتی بهبود کیفیت آب حوضه در اولویت قرار گیرند. بحث و نتیجه گیری: نتایج نشان داد که مدل SWAT می تواند راهنمای خوبی برای استراتژی های کاهش بار آلودگی ها باشد.
Background and Objective: The development of agriculture to respond to growing need for food causes more consumption of chemical fertilizers and water ecosystems pollution. Therefore, in this study estimation of nutrients from non-point sources, the amount of exceed than standard level, evaluation of phosphate pollution input from Tajan watershed to the Caspian Sea is a priority for watershed health assessment. Method: In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for the simulation of phosphate during the years from 2001 to 2014 were used. Findings: The results showed that annual phosphate during 2001 to 2014, from about 29,000 to 102,900 kg in watershed output were different. Phosphate in winter and autumn were allocated 98 percent of total annual load. The highest levels of phosphate were in February (an average of 11 621 kg) and lowest in June (average 0.7 kg). Also, phosphate concentration was higher than drinking water quality standards (0.2 mg/l) in most subbasins. Discussion and Conclusion: It is necessary to reduce the phosphatein in these subbasins. They should be prioritized in water quality management programs. Also, results showed that the SWAT model can be a useful tool for pollution reduction strategies.
- Jafarian, W., Badripour, H., Nayeb Abbasi, M., 2013. Green exploitation in agriculture with emphasis on environmental issues and natural resources, forests and rangelands, No. 98, 6-11.
- Malakouti, M. J., 2010. The relationship between optimal fertilizer use and production of healthy agricultural products, Journal of Crop and Weed Ecophysiology, 16, 133-150.
- National Action Caspian.2005.Caspian Environment Program (CEP). Pollution. st Ed.
- Kang, MS., Park, SW., Lee, J.J. 2006. Yoo KH. Applying SWAT for TMDL programs to a small watershed containing rice paddy field. Agricultural Water Management, 79, 72–92.
- Schilling, K. E., Wolter, C.F. 2009. Modeling nitrate-nitrogen load reduction strategies for the Des Moines River, Iowa Using SWAT. Environmental Management, 44 (4), 671–682.
- Ballantine, D., Walling, D.E., Leeks, G.J. 2009. Mobilization and transport of sediment- associated phosphorus by surface runoff. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 196, 311-320.
- Natha, S.B., Allan, J.D., Dolan, D.M., et al. 2011. Application of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool for six watersheds of Lake Erie: Model parameterization and calibration. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 37 (2), 263–271.
- Niraula, R., Kalin, L., Srivastava, P., Anderson, Ch. 2013. Identifying critical source areas of Nonpoint source pollution with SWAT and GWLF. Ecological Modelling, 268, 123–133.
- Karamooz, M., Ahmadi, A., Taheriun, M., 2009. Evaluating the effects of the best management strategies in the watershed on the quantitative and qualitative exploitation of the reservoir, Iranian watershed management science and engineering, 3 (9), 9-16.
- Imani Amirabad, S., Delavar, M., Nikoskhan, M.H., 2010. The temporal effect of different land uses on the water quality of Zaribar Lake Iranian Geological Quarterly, No. 36, 44-57.
- Mohammadi, J., Shataee, S. 2010. Possibility investigation of tree diversity mapping using Landsat ETM data in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran. Remote Sens. Environ, 114, 1504–1512.
- Salman Mahini, A., Fazli, H., Daryanbard, R., Kamyab, H., Fenderski, F., Davar, L., Azarmodel, H., Mehri, A., Khairabadi, V., 1390. Zoning and determining the degree of ecological sensitivity of coastal areas, Environmental Protection Organization, 231 pages
- American Public Health Association) APHA(. 1992. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater .18th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
- Abbaspour, K.C., Yang, J., Maximov, I., etal. 2007. Modelling hydrology and water quality in the pre-alpine/alpine Thur watershed using SWAT. J. Hydrol, 333, 413-430.
- Moriasi, D.N., Arnold, J.G. 2007. Model evaluation guideline for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulation. T. ASABE, 50 (3), 885- 900.
- Somura, H., TakedaI, Arnold, J.G., Mori, Y., Jeong, J., Kannan, N., Hoffman, D. 2012. Impact of suspended sediment and nutrient loading from land uses against water quality in the Hii River basin, Japan. Journal of Hydrology, 450–451 (5), 25–35.
- Turner, R.E., Rabalais, N.N. 2003. Linking landscape and water quality in the Mississippi River Basin for 200 years. BioScience, 53 (6), 563-572.
- Mehrdadi, N., Ghobadi, M., Nasrabadi, T., Hoveidi, H. 2006. Evaluation of the quality and self-purification potential of Tajan River using qual2E model. Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng, 3, 199-204.
- Ahmadi Mamghani, Y., Khorasani, N., Rafiei, G.R., 1389. Study of pollutants and water quality of Tajan River, Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 317 (4), 357-363.
- Razavian M.1383. Effects of Mazandaran Wood and Paper Factory on Water Quality of Tajan River. Azad University of Research Sciences. Master Thesis.
- Shi, Z.H., Ai, L., Yin, W., Huang, X. 2015. Spatial and seasonal patterns in stream water contamination across mountainous watersheds: Linkage with landscape characteristics. Journal of Hydrology, 2013, 523, 398–408.
- Shen, Z., Hou, X., Li, W., Ainia, G., Chen, L., Gong, Y. 2015. Impact of landscape pattern at multiple spatial scales on water quality: A case study in a typical urbanised watershed in China. Ecological Indicators, 48, 417–427.
- Rast, W., Thornton, J. 1996. Trend in Eutrophivation research and control. Hydrological Process, (10), 295-313.
_||_
- Jafarian, W., Badripour, H., Nayeb Abbasi, M., 2013. Green exploitation in agriculture with emphasis on environmental issues and natural resources, forests and rangelands, No. 98, 6-11.
- Malakouti, M. J., 2010. The relationship between optimal fertilizer use and production of healthy agricultural products, Journal of Crop and Weed Ecophysiology, 16, 133-150.
- National Action Caspian.2005.Caspian Environment Program (CEP). Pollution. st Ed.
- Kang, MS., Park, SW., Lee, J.J. 2006. Yoo KH. Applying SWAT for TMDL programs to a small watershed containing rice paddy field. Agricultural Water Management, 79, 72–92.
- Schilling, K. E., Wolter, C.F. 2009. Modeling nitrate-nitrogen load reduction strategies for the Des Moines River, Iowa Using SWAT. Environmental Management, 44 (4), 671–682.
- Ballantine, D., Walling, D.E., Leeks, G.J. 2009. Mobilization and transport of sediment- associated phosphorus by surface runoff. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 196, 311-320.
- Natha, S.B., Allan, J.D., Dolan, D.M., et al. 2011. Application of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool for six watersheds of Lake Erie: Model parameterization and calibration. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 37 (2), 263–271.
- Niraula, R., Kalin, L., Srivastava, P., Anderson, Ch. 2013. Identifying critical source areas of Nonpoint source pollution with SWAT and GWLF. Ecological Modelling, 268, 123–133.
- Karamooz, M., Ahmadi, A., Taheriun, M., 2009. Evaluating the effects of the best management strategies in the watershed on the quantitative and qualitative exploitation of the reservoir, Iranian watershed management science and engineering, 3 (9), 9-16.
- Imani Amirabad, S., Delavar, M., Nikoskhan, M.H., 2010. The temporal effect of different land uses on the water quality of Zaribar Lake Iranian Geological Quarterly, No. 36, 44-57.
- Mohammadi, J., Shataee, S. 2010. Possibility investigation of tree diversity mapping using Landsat ETM data in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran. Remote Sens. Environ, 114, 1504–1512.
- Salman Mahini, A., Fazli, H., Daryanbard, R., Kamyab, H., Fenderski, F., Davar, L., Azarmodel, H., Mehri, A., Khairabadi, V., 1390. Zoning and determining the degree of ecological sensitivity of coastal areas, Environmental Protection Organization, 231 pages
- American Public Health Association) APHA(. 1992. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater .18th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
- Abbaspour, K.C., Yang, J., Maximov, I., etal. 2007. Modelling hydrology and water quality in the pre-alpine/alpine Thur watershed using SWAT. J. Hydrol, 333, 413-430.
- Moriasi, D.N., Arnold, J.G. 2007. Model evaluation guideline for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulation. T. ASABE, 50 (3), 885- 900.
- Somura, H., TakedaI, Arnold, J.G., Mori, Y., Jeong, J., Kannan, N., Hoffman, D. 2012. Impact of suspended sediment and nutrient loading from land uses against water quality in the Hii River basin, Japan. Journal of Hydrology, 450–451 (5), 25–35.
- Turner, R.E., Rabalais, N.N. 2003. Linking landscape and water quality in the Mississippi River Basin for 200 years. BioScience, 53 (6), 563-572.
- Mehrdadi, N., Ghobadi, M., Nasrabadi, T., Hoveidi, H. 2006. Evaluation of the quality and self-purification potential of Tajan River using qual2E model. Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng, 3, 199-204.
- Ahmadi Mamghani, Y., Khorasani, N., Rafiei, G.R., 1389. Study of pollutants and water quality of Tajan River, Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 317 (4), 357-363.
- Razavian M.1383. Effects of Mazandaran Wood and Paper Factory on Water Quality of Tajan River. Azad University of Research Sciences. Master Thesis.
- Shi, Z.H., Ai, L., Yin, W., Huang, X. 2015. Spatial and seasonal patterns in stream water contamination across mountainous watersheds: Linkage with landscape characteristics. Journal of Hydrology, 2013, 523, 398–408.
- Shen, Z., Hou, X., Li, W., Ainia, G., Chen, L., Gong, Y. 2015. Impact of landscape pattern at multiple spatial scales on water quality: A case study in a typical urbanised watershed in China. Ecological Indicators, 48, 417–427.
- Rast, W., Thornton, J. 1996. Trend in Eutrophivation research and control. Hydrological Process, (10), 295-313.