وضعیت خاک های منطقه 21 شهرداری تهران از نظر آلودگی به برخی فلزات سنگین

محورهای موضوعی : آلودگی های محیط زیست (آب، خاک و هوا)

فتانه ولی نژاد ¹ , آزاده اربابی سبزواری ² , رضا برنا ³

1 - دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی آب و هواشناسی، گروه جغرافیا، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
2 - دانشیار گروه جغرافیا، واحد اسلامشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - دانشیار گروه جغرافیا، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران.

تاریخ دریافت : 1399/11/23 تاریخ پذیرش : 1399/12/18 تاریخ انتشار : 1400/07/01

کلید واژه: شاخص های آلودگی, غرب تهران, عناصر سنگین, خاک,

چکیده مقاله :

زمینه و هدف: افزایش مصرف ترکیبات شیمیایی در فرایندهای صنعتی سبب تجمع آلاینده ها از جمله فلزات سنگین شده است، که حذف آنها از محیط زیست بسیار هزینه بر و سخت می باشد. هدف این پژوهش کاربردی بررسی میزان آلودگی فلزات سنگین کادمیم، کرم و سرب در خاک غرب تهران با استفاده از شاخص های آلودگی، غنی سازی و زمین انباشت و فاکتور آلودگی می باشد.روش بررسی: به منظور ارزیابی میزان غلظت عناصر سنگین در منطقه مورد بررسی، نمونه برداری در هر سه ناحیه از منطقه 21 شهرداری تهران صورت گرفته و از هر ناحیه 10 نمونه با سه تکرار و در مجموع 90 نمونه در بهار 1399 تهیه شده و غلظت عناصر کادمیم، سرب و کروم در عصاره تیزاب سلطانی و با استفاده از دستگاه جذب اتمی اندازه گیری شد. تحقیق حاضر از نوح تحقیقات توصیفی-تحلیلی است و داده‌های آن از نوع اولیه بوده که به دو روش اسنادی و مطالعات میدانی تهیه گردیده است.یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که تجمعی از این عناصر در خاک سطحی ایجاد شده است. میانگین غلظت عناصر مورد بررسی در ناحیه دو و سه بیشتر از ناحیه یک بود. خاک سطحی ناحیه سه مقادیر بیشتری سرب، کادمیم و کروم نسبت به دو ناحیه دیگر داشت اما این مقادیر اختلاف معنی داری با ناحیه دو نداشت. میانگین مقدار سرب، کروم و کادمیم برای کل منطقه به ترتیب برابر با 1/38، 1/9 و 6/1 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم بود. شاخص غنی سازی در نواحی دو و سه بیشتر از یک بود اما مقدار عددی این شاخص در ناحیه یک کمتر از یک بود. مقادیر شاخص زمین انباشتگی برای عنصر سرب در هر سه ناحیه کلاس غیر آلوده تا کمی آلوده و برای کادمیم و کروم کلاس غیر آلوده را نشان داد. مقدار عددی فاکتور آلودگی به جز در مورد کادمیم و در ناحیه یک، در سایر موارد یک و بیشتر از یک بوده که نشانگر غلظت بالای این عناصر نسبت به غلظت زمینه در منطقه مورد بررسی است.بحث و نتیجه گیری: در اثر فعالیت های صنعتی و ترافیکی، تجمع مقادیر مازاد عناصر انسان پدید در محدوده مورد مطالعه ایجاد شده است.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Background and Objective: Increasing consumption of chemical compounds in industrial processes has led to the accumulation of pollutants, including heavy metals, which are very costly and difficult to absorb from the environment. The purpose of this applied research is to investigate the level of cadmium, chromium and lead contamination in the soil of western Tehran using pollution, enrichment and land geoaccumulation indices and pollution factors.Material and Methodology:  In order to evaluate the concentration of heavy elements in the study area, sampling was done in all three areas of District 21 of Tehran Municipality and 10 samples from each area with three replications and a total of 90 samples were prepared in the spring of 2020 and the concentrations of cadmium, lead and chromium in Soltani acid extract was measured using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The present study is one of the descriptive-analytical researches and its data are of primary type which has been prepared by two methods of documentary and field studies.Findings: The accumulation of these elements has been created in the surface soil. The mean concentrations of the studied elements in zones two and three were higher than one. The topsoil of area three had higher amounts of lead, cadmium and chromium than the other two areas, but these values were not significantly different from area two. The average amounts of lead, chromium and cadmium for the region were 38.1, 9.1 and 1.6 mg/kg, respectively. The enrichment index in zones two and three was more than one, but the numerical value of this index was less than one in zones one. Geoaccumulation index values for lead element in all three areas showed non-contaminated to slightly contaminated class and for cadmium and chromium showed non-contaminated class. The numerical value of the contamination factor, except for cadmium and in zone one, in other cases is one and more than one, which indicates the high concentration of these elements compared to the background concentration in the study area.Discussion and Conclusion: As a result of industrial and traffic activities, the accumulation of excess amounts of man-made elements in the study area has been created.

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