تاثیر شدتهای مختلف چرایی بر تنوع و ترکیب پوشش گیاهی مراتع نیمه خشک (مطالعه موردی: مراتع محمدآباد، جیرفت)
محورهای موضوعی : تنوع زیستیاحسان کمالی مسکونی 1 , بهزاد عادلی 2 , ایرج امیری 3
1 - عضو باشگاه پژوهشگران و نخبگان جوان، دانشگاه آزاد، واحد جیرفت، ایران* (مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - دانشجوی دکتری رشته علوم و مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشگاه هرمزگان
3 - دانشجوی دکتری رشته بیابانزدایی، دانشگاه یزد
کلید واژه: شدت چرا, غنای گونهای, جیرفت, تنوع گونهای, مراتع نیمه خشک,
چکیده مقاله :
ز زمینه و هدف: آگاهی از فشارهای محیطی مخرب بر اکوسیستم که باعث تخریب زیستگاه ها و بیوم ها و در نتیجه کاهش تنوع گونه ای می گردد، ضروری است. یکی از فشارهای مخرب فیزیکی بر عرصه مرتع که باعث کاهش تنوع و از بین رفتن عناصر گیاهی حساس می گردد، چرای مفرط می باشد. هدف از انجام این تحقیق بررسی اثر شدت های مختلف چرایی بر تنوع و غنای گونه ای در مراتع نیمه خشک بخش محمد آباد، شهرستان جیرفت، استان کرمان بوده است. روش بررسی:به منظور بررسی اثر شدت های مختلف چرایی بر تنوع و غنای گونه ای سه رویشگاه متفاوت قرق، چرای متوسط و چرایشدید انتخاب و با استفاده از 90 پلات 4 متر مربعی در طول 18 ترانسکت اقدام به نمونه برداری گردید. در داخل هر قاب، فهرست گونه های موجود، درصد تاج پوشش و تعداد افراد هر گونه یادداشت شد. برای ارزیابی شاخص های تنوع و غنا، شاخص های غنای مارگالف و منهینگ و شاخص های تنوع سیمپسون، شانون-واینر، N0 هیل و N1 هیل محاسبه گردید. تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها در نرم افزار SPSS انجام شد و مقایسه شاخص های مختلف تنوع و غنا بین مناطق با شدت های چرایی مختلف توسط آزمون توکی صورت پذیرفت. یافته ها: نتایج حاصل از محاسبه شاخص غنای مارگالف نشان داد که بین تمامی عرصه های چرایی از نظر آماری اختلاف معنی داری وجوددارد. از طرف دیگر بین مناطق مختلف چرایی از نظر شاخص غنای منهینگ اختلاف معنی داری وجود ندارد. نتایج حاصل از محاسبه شاخص های تنوع، در هر چهار شاخص سیمپسون، شانون-واینر، N0هیل و N1 هیل نشان دادند که بین تمامی عرصه های چرایی اختلاف معنی داری وجود دارد. بحث و نتیجهگیری: به طور کلی در منطقه مورد مطالعه شاخص های تنوع و غنای گونه ای به دلیل میزان بارندگی کم منطقه و قرارگیری در ناحیه نیمه خشک نسبتاً پایین است. بنابراین به علت حساس و شکننده بودن این نوع مراتع در بهره برداری از آن ها باید توجه بیش تری داشت تا از تخریب بیش تر جلوگیری شده و ترکیب گیاهی نیز اصلاح گردد.
Background and Objective: It is necessary to be aware of the destructive factors in the ecosystem. These factors cause shelter and biomass destruction, thus decreasing species diversity. Livestock over grazing is one of the most physical destructive pressures on rangeland that leads to a decrease in diversity and vegetation elements. The aim of this study has been conducted to investigate the effect of different grazing intensities on the diversity and richness of plant species in the semi-arid rangelands of Mohammad Abad area of Jiroft, Kerman Province, Iran. Method: We selected 3 sites that included light, moderate and heavy grazing intensities. Sampling was performed using 90 plots (2 m2) along 18 transects. The list of specie, canopy coverage and number of individuals per species were recorded for each sampling unit. To evaluate diversity and richness of the plant species, Margalef and Menhing richness indices, and Simpson, Shannon, Hill N0 and Hill N1 diversity indices were calculated. SPSS software was applied for data analysis. Comparison of different indices of diversity and richness among study sites was performed by the Tukey test. Findings: The results of Margalef richness index showed significant differences between all grazing sites. No significant difference existed in the Menhing richness index of different grazing categories (p<0.01). Results of calculations of diversity indices for Simpson, Shannon, Hill N0 and Hill N1 showed that there were significant difference (p<0.01) between all grazing sites. Discussion and Conclusion: Generally, diversity and species richness indices due to low rainfall and placement in the semi-arid region are relatively low in the case study. Therefore, because of the sensitive and fragile nature of these types of rangelands in the operation, we should pay more attention to prevent further destruction and amended the composition.
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- Rigi, M., Fakhireh, a., 2013. Study of grazing intensities on plant species richness and diversity indices for preserving the ecosystems of Taftan’s rangelands. Journal of Plant Ecosystem Conservation, Vol. 1, pp. 105-118. (In Persian)
- Tamrtash, T., heidare, G., tateyan, M., baghastane, M., 2015. Utilization Intensity Effect on Plant Richness and Diversity in Shourab Rangelands of Golestan Province. Environmental researches, Vol. 5, pp. 13-22. (In Persian)
- Moghadam, M., 2003. Quantitative plant ecology. Tehran University. Pp, 701. (In Persian)
- Hickman, K., Hartnett, D., Cochran, R., Owensby, C., 2004. Grazing management effects on plant species diversity in tallgrass prairie. Journal of Range Management, Vol. 57, pp. 58-65.
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- Salami, A., Zare, H., Amini Eshkevari, T., Jafari, B., 2007. Comparison of plant species diversity in the two grazed and ungrazed rangeland sites in Kohneh Lashak, Nowshahr. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, Vol. 75, pp. 37-46. (In Persian)
- Khani, M., Ghanbarian, G., Kamali Maskooni, E., 2011, Comparison between plant species richness and diversity indices along different grazing gradients in southern warm-arid rangelands of Fars, Journal of rangeland, Vol. 5, pp. 129-136. (In Persian)
- Mligo, C., 2006. Effect of grazing pressure on plant species Composition and diversity in the semi-arid rangelands of Mbulu district, Tanzania. Agricultural Journal, Vol. 1, pp. 277-283.
- Hendricks, H. H., Bond, W. J., Midgley, J. J., Novellie, P. A., 2005. Plant species richness and composition a long livestock grazing intensity gradients in a Namaqualand (South Africa) protected area. Journal of Plant Ecology, Vol. 176, pp.19-33.
- Jouri, M.H., Tomzad, B., Shokri, M., Manihashemi. B., 2009. Comparison of diversity and richness indices for evaluation of mountain rangeland health (Case study: rangelands of Javaherdeh of Ramsar. Journal of rangeland, Vol. 2, pp. 330-344. (In Persian)
- Zarekia, S., Arzani, H., Jafari, M., Zare, N., 2015. Effect of grazing utilization on vegetation and soil properties in steppe rangelands (Case study: steppe rangelands Saveh), Iranian journal of Range and Desert Research, Vol. 22, pp. 745-756. (In persian)
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- Ejtehadi, H., Sepehr, A., Akefi, H.R., 2012. Methods of measuring biodiversity. Ferdousi University. Pp, 226. (In Persian).
- Tessema, Z. K., Boer, W. F., Baars, R.M.T.de., Prins, H. H. T., 2011. Changes in soil nutrients, vegetation structure and herbaceous biomass in response to grazing in a semi-arid savanna of Ethiopia. Journal of Arid Environments, Vol. 75, pp. 662-670.
- Gholami, P., Ghorbani, J., Shokri. M., 2012. Changes in diversity, richness and functional groups of vegetation under different grazing intensities (Case Study: Mahoor, Mamasani Rangelands, Fars province). Iranian journal of Range and Desert Research, Vol. 18, pp. 662-375. (In Persian)
- Zarekia, S., Fayaz, M., Gholami, P. Goudarzi, M., Jafari, F., 2014. Effects of Different Grazing Management Methods on Plant Species Diversity and Richness in the Steppe Rangeland of Saveh, Iran. Iranian Journal of Applied Ecology Isfahan University of Technology, Vol. 2, pp. 1-11. (In Persian)
- Rigi, M., Fakhireh, a., 2013. Study of grazing intensities on plant species richness and diversity indices for preserving the ecosystems of Taftan’s rangelands. Journal of Plant Ecosystem Conservation, Vol. 1, pp. 105-118. (In Persian)
- Tamrtash, T., heidare, G., tateyan, M., baghastane, M., 2015. Utilization Intensity Effect on Plant Richness and Diversity in Shourab Rangelands of Golestan Province. Environmental researches, Vol. 5, pp. 13-22. (In Persian)
- Moghadam, M., 2003. Quantitative plant ecology. Tehran University. Pp, 701. (In Persian)
- Hickman, K., Hartnett, D., Cochran, R., Owensby, C., 2004. Grazing management effects on plant species diversity in tallgrass prairie. Journal of Range Management, Vol. 57, pp. 58-65.
- Gillen, R. L., McCollum, F. T., Tate, K. W., Hodges, M. E., 1998. Tallgrass prairie response to grazing system and stocking rate. Journal of Range Manage, Vol. 51, pp.139-146.
- Khademalhosseini, Z., 2010. Comparison of numerical plant species diversity indices in three different grazing intensities (Case study: Gardaneh Zanbouri – Arsanjan). Journal of rangeland, Vol. 4, pp. 94-104. (In Persian)
- Salami, A., Zare, H., Amini Eshkevari, T., Jafari, B., 2007. Comparison of plant species diversity in the two grazed and ungrazed rangeland sites in Kohneh Lashak, Nowshahr. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, Vol. 75, pp. 37-46. (In Persian)
- Khani, M., Ghanbarian, G., Kamali Maskooni, E., 2011, Comparison between plant species richness and diversity indices along different grazing gradients in southern warm-arid rangelands of Fars, Journal of rangeland, Vol. 5, pp. 129-136. (In Persian)
- Mligo, C., 2006. Effect of grazing pressure on plant species Composition and diversity in the semi-arid rangelands of Mbulu district, Tanzania. Agricultural Journal, Vol. 1, pp. 277-283.
- Hendricks, H. H., Bond, W. J., Midgley, J. J., Novellie, P. A., 2005. Plant species richness and composition a long livestock grazing intensity gradients in a Namaqualand (South Africa) protected area. Journal of Plant Ecology, Vol. 176, pp.19-33.
- Jouri, M.H., Tomzad, B., Shokri, M., Manihashemi. B., 2009. Comparison of diversity and richness indices for evaluation of mountain rangeland health (Case study: rangelands of Javaherdeh of Ramsar. Journal of rangeland, Vol. 2, pp. 330-344. (In Persian)
- Zarekia, S., Arzani, H., Jafari, M., Zare, N., 2015. Effect of grazing utilization on vegetation and soil properties in steppe rangelands (Case study: steppe rangelands Saveh), Iranian journal of Range and Desert Research, Vol. 22, pp. 745-756. (In persian)