تأثیر آبیاری با فاضلاب تصفیه نشده شهری بر تجمع فلزات سنگین در خاک سطحی و زیرسطحی

محورهای موضوعی : آلودگی های محیط زیست (آب، خاک و هوا)

عیسی سلگی ¹ , مهدی شاهوردی نیک ² , مهدی رمضانی ³

1 - دانشیار گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط‌زیست، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - کارشناسی ارشد محیط‌زیست، دانشکده محیط‌زیست و انرژی، دانشگاه آزاداسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران، تهران، ایران.
3 - استادیاردانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط‌زیست، دانشگاه آزاداسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران.

تاریخ دریافت : 1395/09/08 تاریخ پذیرش : 1395/12/09 تاریخ انتشار : 1399/03/01

کلید واژه: خاک, فلزات سنگین, آبیاری با فاضلاب, تغییرات عمقی,

چکیده مقاله :

زمینه و هدف: به دلیل کمبود آب شیرین برای آبیاری، فاضلاب به عنوان یک مکمل مهم و منبع آب جایگزین در دهه های اخیر در آبیاری زمین های کشاورزی های استفاده شده است. آبیاریمزارع با فاضلاب سبب آلودگی فلزات سنگین در خاک، محصولات کشاورزی و آب های زیرزمینی می شود، در نتیجه تهدیدی برای سلامت انسان و امنیت غذایی است. هـدف از انجـام ایـن پژوهش بررسی اثر آبیاری با فاضلاب تصفیه نشده شهری بر تجمع سرب، کادمیوم مس و روی در خاک سطحی و زیرسطحی و ویژگی های خاک سطحی بود. روش بررسی :در تحقیق حاضر به منظور برداشت نمونه های خاک سطحی (0-20 سانتی متر) و زیر سطحی (20-40 سانتی متر) از اراضی کشاورزی جنوب شهر بروجرد، 13 مزرعه آبیاری شده با فاضلاب تصفیه نشده شهری و 7 مزرعه آبیاری شده با آب چاه که بافت خاک مشابهی داشتند انتخاب شدند. نمونه های خاک برای اندازه گیری سرب، کادمیوم، مس ، روی،pH ، EC و مواد آلی خاک طبق روش های استاندارد آنالیز شدند. یافته ها: نتایج بدست آمده نشان داد که میانگین غلظت همه فلزات سنگین در خاک سطحی (بجز مس) و زیرسطحی آبیاری شده با فاضلاب تصفیه نشده شهری در مقایسه با خاک آبیاری شده با آب چاه بیشتر بود. روند تغییرات عمقی فلزات در خاک آبیاری شده به این شکل بود: 1-با فاضلاب شهری: سرب و مس خاک زیرسطحی>خاک سطحی ؛ کادمیوم و روی خاک سطحی>خاک زیرسطحی و 2-با آب چاه: سرب و مس خاک سطحی>خاک زیرسطحی ؛ کادمیوم و روی خاک زیرسطحی > خاک سطحی. بحث و نتیجه گیری: به نظر می رسد بافت سبک خاک سبب انتقال این فلزات به لایه های پایین خاک شده است. به طور کلی، غلظت سرب، مس و روی پایین تر از استاندار FAO/WHO و کادمیوم بالاتر از آن بود. بنابراین، به منظور حصول اطمینان از ایمنی غذایی و استفاده از فاضلاب برای آبیاری، نظارت مستمر و کنترل آلودگی مورد نیاز است. در ضمن چنانچه تصفیه فاضلاب به طور مناسب انجام شود، تجمع فلزات سنگین در خاک و محصولات کشاورزی کمتر اتفاق خواهد افتاد.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Background and Objective: Due to the shortage of freshwater for irrigation, wastewater has been used in agricultural irrigation as an important supplement and alternative water resources in recent decades. Irrigation of fields with wastewater can cause potential contamination with heavy metals to soil crops and groundwater, therefore pose a threat to human health and food safety. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of irrigation with untreated municipal wastewater on the accumulation of cadmium lead (Pb), (Cd), copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) in topsoil and subsoil and top soil properties. Method: In the present study in order to collection of topsoil (0-20 cm) and subsoil (0-40 cm) samples from south of the Borujerd city, 13 fields irrigated with untreated wastewater and 7 fields irrigated with well water were selected with same soil texture. Soil samples were analyzed by the standard methods for Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM).  Findings: Findings indicated that untreated wastewater irrigated soil contained higher concentrations of all heavy metals in topsoil (with the exception of Cu) and in subsoil, compared to well water irrigated soil. Trend of depth variations of metals in irrigated soil followed this form: 1-With wastewater: Pb and Cu in subsoil>topsoil; Cd and Zn in topsoil > subsoil and 2-With well water: Pb and Cu in topsoil > subsoil; Cd and Zn in subsoil > topsoil. Discussion and Conclusion: It seems that light soil texture has been resulted to transport of the metals to deeper soil layers. Overall, the concentrations of Pb, Cu, and Zn were lower than the FAO/WHO standards in soil, while Cd higher than this. Thus, in order to ensure food safety and use of wastewater for irrigation, continuous monitoring and pollution control is required. Besides, if treatment of wastewater is done appropriately, accumulation of heavy metals in soils and crops will occur less.  

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